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All indicators of the Macroscope base for Spain, with sources. Below: what past UN and IMF releases projected and what actually happened.

Open on the chartCSV: all factsAPI
Population
47.9M
persons, 1 July, 2023
UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024
Births
321k
births per year, 2025
Eurostat demo_gind (provisional)
Total fertility rate
1.10
children per woman, 2024
Eurostat demo_gind (births) / demo_find (TFR), retrieved 2026-10-01
Median age
44.9
years, 2023
UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024
International migrants, share
18.5
% of population, 2024
UN DESA, International Migrant Stock 2024
Internet users
95.8
% of population, 2024
World Bank, World Development Indicators
GDP per capita, PPP
49,318
constant 2021 international $, 2025
World Bank, World Development Indicators
Electricity demand per person
5,748
kWh per person a year, 2025
Ember, Yearly Electricity Data

What the data shows

Computed with the same code as the observations under the main chart and in the API (get_insights). Moving together in time does not prove a cause.

How the indicators changed

  • Fertility (TFR): 2.47 in 1950 → 1.10 in 2024 (−55%). Peak: 3.00 in 1964; the latest value is 63% lower. Thresholds: below 2.1 since 1981, below 1.5 since 1987. The trend broke around 1972 and 1989: +0.03 → −0.1 → 0 a year.
  • Births: 563k in 1950 → 321k in 2025 (−43%). Peak: 692k in 1964; the latest value is 54% lower. The trend broke around 1975 and 1986: +4.26k → −24.5k → −1.19k a year.
  • Population: 28.1M in 1950 → 47.9M in 2023 (+71%). The trend broke around 2003 and 2009: +275k → +643k → +77.7k a year.
  • Internet: 0% in 1990 → 95.8% in 2024 (+96 pp). Thresholds: above 10% since 2000, above 50% since 2006, above 90% since 2019. Fastest growth in 1999–2004: 7.1% → 44%.
  • Urban share: 56.5% in 1960 → 80.5% in 2025 (+24 pp). Threshold: above 75% since 1991. The trend broke around 1971 and 1985: +1 → +0.48 → +0.17 a year.
  • GDP per person (PPP): 31,773 PPP dollars in 1990 → 49,318 PPP dollars in 2025 (+55%). The trend broke around 2007 and 2013: +876 → −675 → +625 a year.
  • GDP growth: on average 2.7% in the 1980s, 2.8% in the 1990s, 2.6% in the 2000s, 1.1% in the 2010s, 1.8% in the 2020s. Lowest: −10.9% in 2020; highest: 6.7% in 2021.
  • Inflation: on average 10.2% in the 1980s, 4.3% in the 1990s, 3.0% in the 2000s, 1.2% in the 2010s, 3.3% in the 2020s. Lowest: −0.6% in 2015; highest: 15.6% in 1980.
  • Net migration: on average −94.7k a year in the 1950s, −55.5k a year in the 1960s, 6.21k a year in the 1970s, −5.1k a year in the 1980s, 144k a year in the 1990s, 504k a year in the 2000s, 73.5k a year in the 2010s, 200k a year in the 2020s.
  • Life expectancy, men: 59.3 years in 1950 → 81 years in 2023 (+22 years). Thresholds: above 70 years since 1974, above 80 years since 2023. The trend broke around 1958 and 2017: +0.81 → +0.23 → −0.02 a year.

What changed at the same time

  • The fastest decline of "Fertility (TFR)" was in 1976–1986: 2.76 → 1.55. Over the same years: births 678k → 442k; population 36.2M → 38.7M; urban share 69.6% → 73.8%; GDP growth 3.4% (1986); inflation 8.8% (1986); net migration 2.8k a year → −13.5k a year; life expectancy, men 70.8 years → 73.4 years; no data for the others in those years.
  • Over the last 10 years (2014–2024): fertility (TFR) 1.32 → 1.10; births 425k → 317k; population 46.7M → 47.9M; internet 76.2% → 95.8%; urban share 79.1% → 80.3%; GDP per person (PPP) 41,339 PPP dollars → 48,460 PPP dollars; GDP growth 1.5% → 3.5%; inflation −0.2% → 2.9%; net migration −97.9k a year → 119k a year; life expectancy, men 80 years → 81 years.

How the indicators relate

  • Fertility (TFR) and internet (1990–2024, 35 years): levels are barely related (r = 0.11); year-to-year changes are related too (r = 0.53). Changes line up from year to year too, which is more than a shared trend.
  • Fertility (TFR) and urban share (1960–2024, 65 years): levels are strongly related, in opposite directions (r = −0.90); year-to-year changes show no reliable link (r = 0.33). This looks like a shared trend: both change over time, but not in step from year to year.
  • Fertility (TFR) and GDP per person (PPP) (1990–2024, 35 years): levels are barely related (r = 0.12); year-to-year changes are weakly related (r = 0.35).

Against other countries

  • Fertility (TFR), adjusted for income: countries with the same GDP per person (47,320 PPP dollars) typically have 1.45; here it is 1.12, lower than in 85% of countries at this income (2023, 197 countries).
  • Internet, adjusted for income: countries with the same GDP per person (48,460 PPP dollars) typically have 93.8%; here it is 95.8%, about the same as most countries at this income (2024, 177 countries).
  • Order of events: fertility below 3: already in 1950; urban majority: already in 1960; fertility below 2.1: 1981; half the population online: 2006. Fertility fell below 3 after the urban share passed 50% in 69% of 111 countries where the order is known; median gap 9 years. Fertility fell below 2.1 before half the population went online in 88% of 112 countries where the order is known.

Forecasts vs actual

  • Fertility (TFR): past UN projections. The outcome was below the projection in 10 of 11 revisions (1998–2022) and above in 1; median gap −14%.
  • Fertility (TFR): UN 2024 projection (medium): 2050 — 1.36 (+24% vs 2024), 2100 — 1.48 (+35% vs 2024); low variant for 2100: 0.98.
  • Fertility (TFR): Eurostat projections (EUROPOP). For the latest year with data the outcome was below the projection in 6 of 6 editions (2013–2025) and above in none; median gap −12%. The biggest miss: EUROPOP2015 expected 1.69 for 2024; the outcome was 1.10.
  • Births: past UN projections. The outcome was below the projection in 9 of 12 revisions (1998–2022) and above in 3; median gap −10%.
  • National statistics for 2025: 321k, 3% below the UN 2024 medium variant (330k).
  • Births: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2050 — 318k (−1% vs 2025), 2100 — 245k (−24% vs 2025); low variant for 2100: 93.1k.
  • Population: past UN projections. The outcome was below the projection in 3 of 12 revisions (1998–2022) and above in 9; median gap +3.1%.
  • Population: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2050 — 44.9M (−6% vs 2023), 2100 — 33.1M (−31% vs 2023); low variant for 2100: 23.1M.
  • Why the UN missed the population. The 1998 projection for 2023: 37.1M; the UN's 2024 estimate: 47.9M (+29%). Parts of the gap (plus means more people than projected): the starting population +485k, births +2.64M, deaths +671k (fewer deaths than expected), migration +7.07M; the largest: migration.
  • Why the UN missed the population. The 2010 projection for 2023: 49.2M; the UN's 2024 estimate: 47.9M (−2.6%). Parts of the gap (plus means more people than projected): the starting population +763k, births −952k, deaths +60.3k (fewer deaths than expected), migration −1.13M; the largest: migration.
  • Population: the IMF and the UN disagree. The IMF (April 2026) puts it at 49.7M in 2025, the UN (WPP 2024) at 47.9M: the IMF is 4% higher. Part of the gap may come from whom and which territory each counts.
  • Population: Eurostat projections (EUROPOP). For the latest year with data the outcome was below the projection in none of 7 editions (2013–2025) and above in 7; median gap +1.6%. The biggest miss: EUROPOP2013 expected 44.9M for 2026; the outcome was 49.6M.
  • GDP growth: IMF next-year forecasts (36 editions, 2007–2024). On average the outcome was 0.9 pp below the forecast; below it in 50% of cases; typical error ±2.1 pp. The biggest miss was for 2020: IMF, April 2019 expected 1.9%, the outcome was −10.9%.
  • GDP growth: latest IMF forecast (IMF, April 2026): 2026 — 2.1%, 2028 — 1.8%, 2031 — 1.7%.
  • Inflation: IMF next-year forecasts (36 editions, 2007–2024). On average the outcome was 0.3 pp above the forecast; below it in 47% of cases; typical error ±1.6 pp. The biggest miss was for 2022: IMF, April 2021 expected 1.3%, the outcome was 8.3%.
  • Inflation: latest IMF forecast (IMF, April 2026): 2026 — 3%, 2028 — 2.5%, 2031 — 2%.
  • Net migration: past UN projections. The outcome was above the projection in 12 of 12 revisions (1998–2022) and below in none; median difference +137k a year. The biggest miss: the 1998 revision expected 0 a year for 2020–2025; the outcome was 195k a year (for the years of the period so far).
  • Net migration: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2030 — 67.5k a year, 2050 — 68.3k a year, 2100 — 28.6k a year.
  • Net migration: Eurostat projections (EUROPOP). For the latest year with data the outcome was below the projection in none of 6 editions (2013–2025) and above in 6; median gap +340k a year. The biggest miss: EUROPOP2013 expected −11k a year for 2024; the outcome was 626k a year.
  • Life expectancy, men: past UN projections. The outcome was above the projection in 5 of 12 revisions (1998–2022) and below in 7; median difference −0.2 years. The biggest miss: the 1998 revision expected 77.3 years for 2020–2025; the outcome was 80.1 years (for the years of the period so far).
  • Life expectancy, men: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2030 — 82 years, 2050 — 84.6 years, 2100 — 90.3 years.
  • Life expectancy, men: Eurostat projections (EUROPOP). For the latest year with data the outcome was below the projection in 2 of 5 editions (2015–2025) and above in 2; median gap 0 years. The biggest miss: EUROPOP2019 expected 81.6 years for 2024; the outcome was 81.4 years.

UN projections vs actual

Solid line: actual data, UN WPP 2024 estimates; births and fertility from national statistics from the last year they matched the UN estimate (the UN's figures for the latest years are partly its own projection). Dashed: medium variants of past UN revisions. The table shows what each revision expected for the latest year (or five-year period) with actual data.

Population

persons, 1 July
Spain: PopulationActual 2023: 47.9M35M40M45M50M19902000201020202030
  • Actual
  • UN 1998
  • UN 2000
  • UN 2002
  • UN 2004
  • UN 2006
  • UN 2008
  • UN 2010
  • UN 2012
  • UN 2015
  • UN 2017
  • UN 2019
  • UN 2022
  • UN 2024, medium
ReleaseTarget periodHorizonExpectedActualActual vs expected
UN 1998202325 years37.1M47.9M+29.3%
UN 2000202323 years37.8M47.9M+26.9%
UN 2002202321 years40.5M47.9M+18.2%
UN 2004202319 years44.3M47.9M+8.1%
UN 2006202317 years46.6M47.9M+2.9%
UN 2008202315 years49M47.9M−2.3%
UN 2010202313 years49.2M47.9M−2.6%
UN 2012202311 years48M47.9M−0.2%
UN 201520238 years46.2M47.9M+3.8%
UN 201720236 years46.4M47.9M+3.3%
UN 201920234 years46.7M47.9M+2.6%
UN 202220231 year47.5M47.9M+0.8%

Births

births per year
Spain: BirthsActual 2025: 321k200k300k400k500k600k19902000201020202030
  • Actual
  • UN 1998
  • UN 2000
  • UN 2002
  • UN 2004
  • UN 2006
  • UN 2008
  • UN 2010
  • UN 2012
  • UN 2015
  • UN 2017
  • UN 2019
  • UN 2022
  • UN 2024, medium
ReleaseTarget periodHorizonExpectedActualActual vs expected
UN 19982020–202524 years261k328k+25.6%
UN 20002020–202522 years258k328k+27.2%
UN 20022020–202520 years306k328k+7.1%
UN 20042020–202518 years356k328k−8.1%
UN 20062020–202516 years390k328k−16%
UN 20082020–202514 years448k328k−26.9%
UN 20102020–202512 years432k328k−24.2%
UN 20122020–202510 years406k328k−19.2%
UN 20152020–20258 years364k328k−10%
UN 20172020–20256 years364k328k−10.1%
UN 20192020–20254 years368k328k−11%
UN 202220253 years344k321k−6.7%

Total fertility rate

children per woman
Spain: Total fertility rateActual 2024: 1.1011.21.41.61.819902000201020202030
  • Actual
  • UN 1998
  • UN 2000
  • UN 2002
  • UN 2004
  • UN 2006
  • UN 2008
  • UN 2010
  • UN 2012
  • UN 2015
  • UN 2017
  • UN 2019
  • UN 2022
  • UN 2024, medium
ReleaseTarget periodHorizonExpectedActualActual vs expected
UN 19982015–202020 years1.311.28−2.5%
UN 20002015–202018 years1.221.28+5%
UN 20022015–202016 years1.301.28−1.8%
UN 20042015–202014 years1.491.28−14.2%
UN 20062015–202012 years1.551.28−17.4%
UN 20082015–202010 years1.651.28−22.6%
UN 20102015–20208 years1.591.28−19.4%
UN 20122015–20206 years1.571.28−18.6%
UN 20152015–20202 years1.381.28−7.6%
UN 20172015–20200 years1.391.28−8.2%
UN 202220242 years1.301.10−15.6%

Deaths

thousand deaths per year
Spain: DeathsActual 2023: 44730035040045050055019902000201020202030
  • Actual
  • UN 1998
  • UN 2000
  • UN 2002
  • UN 2004
  • UN 2006
  • UN 2008
  • UN 2010
  • UN 2012
  • UN 2015
  • UN 2017
  • UN 2019
  • UN 2022
  • UN 2024, medium
ReleaseTarget periodHorizonExpectedActualActual vs expected
UN 19982015–202020 years446427−4.3%
UN 20002015–202018 years453427−5.7%
UN 20022015–202016 years439427−2.7%
UN 20042015–202014 years440427−2.9%
UN 20062015–202012 years441427−3.2%
UN 20082015–202010 years434427−1.6%
UN 20102015–20208 years434427−1.6%
UN 20122015–20206 years430427−0.6%
UN 20152015–20202 years422427+1.2%
UN 20172015–20200 years424427+0.8%
UN 202220231 year435447+2.9%

Infant mortality

deaths under age 1 per 1,000 live births
Spain: Infant mortalityActual 2023: 2.40246819902000201020202030
  • Actual
  • UN 1998
  • UN 2000
  • UN 2002
  • UN 2004
  • UN 2006
  • UN 2008
  • UN 2010
  • UN 2012
  • UN 2015
  • UN 2017
  • UN 2019
  • UN 2022
  • UN 2024, medium
ReleaseTarget periodHorizonExpectedActualActual vs expected
UN 19982015–202020 years5.62.6−53.4%
UN 20002015–202018 years4.92.6−46.4%
UN 20022015–202016 years4.62.6−42.6%
UN 20042015–202014 years4.12.6−36.2%
UN 20062015–202012 years3.92.6−33.4%
UN 20082015–202010 years3.62.6−28.2%
UN 20102015–20208 years3.52.6−24.8%
UN 20122015–20206 years2.82.6−5.8%
UN 20152015–20202 years2.52.6+3.9%
UN 20172015–20200 years2.32.6+11.6%
UN 202220231 year2.12.4+13%

Net migration

persons per year
Spain: Net migrationActual 2023: 119k−500k0500k1M19902000201020202030
  • Actual
  • UN 1998
  • UN 2000
  • UN 2002
  • UN 2004
  • UN 2006
  • UN 2008
  • UN 2010
  • UN 2012
  • UN 2015
  • UN 2017
  • UN 2019
  • UN 2022
  • UN 2024, medium
ReleaseTarget periodHorizonExpectedActualActual vs expected
UN 19982020–2025*24 years0195k+195k a year
UN 20002020–2025*22 years30k195k+165k a year
UN 20022020–2025*20 years56k195k+139k a year
UN 20042020–2025*18 years60k195k+135k a year
UN 20062020–2025*16 years105k195k+90k a year
UN 20082020–2025*14 years144k195k+50k a year
UN 20102020–2025*12 years188k195k+6k a year
UN 20122020–2025*10 years100k195k+95k a year
UN 20152020–2025*8 years54.8k195k+140k a year
UN 20172020–2025*6 years50k195k+145k a year
UN 20192020–2025*4 years40k195k+155k a year
UN 202220231 year40k119k+79k a year

Life expectancy at birth, women

years
Spain: Life expectancy at birth, womenActual 2023: 86.380828486889019902000201020202030
  • Actual
  • UN 1998
  • UN 2000
  • UN 2002
  • UN 2004
  • UN 2006
  • UN 2008
  • UN 2010
  • UN 2012
  • UN 2015
  • UN 2017
  • UN 2019
  • UN 2022
  • UN 2024, medium
ReleaseTarget periodHorizonExpectedActualActual vs expected
UN 19982020–2025*24 years83.785.7+2 yrs
UN 20002020–2025*22 years83.985.7+1.8 yrs
UN 20022020–2025*20 years84.885.7+0.9 yrs
UN 20042020–2025*18 years85.685.7+0.1 yrs
UN 20062020–2025*16 years85.985.7−0.3 yrs
UN 20082020–2025*14 years85.885.7−0.1 yrs
UN 20102020–2025*12 years85.985.7−0.2 yrs
UN 20122020–2025*10 years86.785.7−1.1 yrs
UN 20152020–2025*8 years86.585.7−0.9 yrs
UN 20172020–2025*6 years86.785.7−1.1 yrs
UN 20192020–2025*4 years86.785.7−1 yrs
UN 202220231 year86.786.3−0.4 yrs

Life expectancy at birth, men

years
Spain: Life expectancy at birth, menActual 2023: 817277828719902000201020202030
  • Actual
  • UN 1998
  • UN 2000
  • UN 2002
  • UN 2004
  • UN 2006
  • UN 2008
  • UN 2010
  • UN 2012
  • UN 2015
  • UN 2017
  • UN 2019
  • UN 2022
  • UN 2024, medium
ReleaseTarget periodHorizonExpectedActualActual vs expected
UN 19982020–2025*24 years77.380.1+2.8 yrs
UN 20002020–2025*22 years77.480.1+2.7 yrs
UN 20022020–2025*20 years78.580.1+1.6 yrs
UN 20042020–2025*18 years78.580.1+1.6 yrs
UN 20062020–2025*16 years79.580.1+0.6 yrs
UN 20082020–2025*14 years80.380.1−0.2 yrs
UN 20102020–2025*12 years80.580.1−0.4 yrs
UN 20122020–2025*10 years80.380.1−0.2 yrs
UN 20152020–2025*8 years81.480.1−1.3 yrs
UN 20172020–2025*6 years81.380.1−1.3 yrs
UN 20192020–2025*4 years81.380.1−1.2 yrs
UN 202220231 year81.481−0.4 yrs

* The five-year period is not over: the projection is compared with the mean of its years so far (UN facts end in 2023).

IMF forecasts vs actual

Solid line: actual values from the latest IMF edition (data get revised, so we use the newest). Dashed: April editions, current year and five years ahead. The table covers next-year forecasts from all editions: mean error shows bias, mean absolute error shows accuracy.

Real GDP growth

% per year
Spain: Real GDP growthActual 2025: 2.8−15−10−505102000200520102015202020252030
  • Actual (IMF)
  • WEO, April editions
IndicatorForecastsMean errorMean absolute errorActual below forecast
Real GDP growth36−0.9 pp2.1 pp50%
Inflation36+0.3 pp1.6 pp47%
Unemployment rate36+0.4 pp1.9 pp61%
Government gross debt28+3.1 pp7 pp36%
Government budget balance30−1.1 pp1.6 pp60%

All indicators

Demography

Population

47.9M persons, 1 July latest value, 2023

Spain: Population1950: 28.1M; 2023: 47.9M010M20M30M40M50M19501975200020252050

Population on 1 July. UN estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024; past UN revisions for forecast checks.

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Births

321k births per year latest value, 2025

Spain: Births1950: 563k; 2025: 321k0200k400k600k800k19501975200020252050

Live births per calendar year. UN WPP 2024 and national statistics (64 countries, 2015-2025).

Source: Eurostat demo_gind (provisional)

Deaths

447 thousand deaths per year latest value, 2023

Spain: Deaths1950: 310; 2023: 447020040060019501975200020252050

Deaths per calendar year (UN estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024); past UN revisions for forecast checks.

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Natural change

−110.6 thousand persons per year latest value, 2023

Spain: Natural change1950: 252.5; 2023: −110.6010020030040050019501975200020252050

Births minus deaths in the year (UN). Negative: natural decrease, more deaths than births.

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Rate of natural change

−2.3 per 1,000 population per year latest value, 2023

Spain: Rate of natural change1950: 9; 2023: −2.305101519501975200020252050

Births minus deaths in the year per 1,000 people (UN). With the net migration rate it makes up population growth.

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Life expectancy at 65

21.5 years latest value, 2023

Spain: Life expectancy at 651950: 13.4; 2023: 21.5051015202519501975200020252050

Years a person aged 65 would still live at the mortality rates of the year; both sexes (UN).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Infant mortality

2.4 deaths under age 1 per 1,000 live births latest value, 2023

Spain: Infant mortality1950: 74.5; 2023: 2.402040608019501975200020252050

Children per 1,000 live births who die before their first birthday (UN); past UN revisions for forecast checks.

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Life expectancy at birth, women

86.3 years latest value, 2023

Spain: Life expectancy at birth, women1950: 64.1; 2023: 86.302040608010019501975200020252050

Years a newborn girl would live at the mortality rates of the year (UN).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Life expectancy at birth, men

81 years latest value, 2023

Spain: Life expectancy at birth, men1950: 59.3; 2023: 8102040608010019501975200020252050

Years a newborn boy would live at the mortality rates of the year (UN).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Median age

44.9 years latest value, 2023

Spain: Median age1950: 26.5; 2023: 44.9020406019501975200020252050

Age that divides the population in two halves (UN).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Mean age of mothers at childbirth

32.5 years latest value, 2023

Spain: Mean age of mothers at childbirth1950: 30.7; 2023: 32.501020304019501975200020252050

Mean age of mothers at the birth of their children of any order (UN).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Sex ratio at birth

106.4 boys per 100 girls latest value, 2023

Spain: Sex ratio at birth1950: 105.6; 2023: 106.405010015019501975200020252050

Boys born per 100 girls born (UN).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Mean age at first birth

31.5 years latest value, 2023

Spain: Mean age at first birth1975: 25.1; 2023: 31.501020304019801990200020102020

Mean age of mothers at the birth of their first child (adjusted for the age structure of women). Human Fertility Database, summary indicators.

Source: Human Fertility Database, summary indicators (HFDLite)

Completed cohort fertility

1.36 children per woman; year = birth year of women latest value, 1979

Spain: Completed cohort fertility1935: 2.68; 1979: 1.3600.511.522.5195019551960196519701975

Children per woman born in a given year by the end of childbearing (observed to age 44 or more). The year is the birth year of the women, not a calendar year. Human Fertility Database.

Source: Human Fertility Database, summary indicators (HFDLite)

Childlessness by cohort

24.9 % of women; year = birth year of women latest value, 1979

Spain: Childlessness by cohort1960: 9.5; 1979: 24.905101520251960196519701975

Share of women born in a given year who had no live births (observed to age 44 or more). The year is the birth year of the women. Human Fertility Database, which advises caution with cohort parity distributions.

Source: Human Fertility Database, summary indicators (HFDLite)

First child by age 26

12.9 % of women; year = birth year of women latest value, 1997

Spain: First child by age 261960: 48.8; 1997: 12.9010203040501960197019801990

Share of women born in a given year who had a first child by the end of the year they turned 26 (26.5 on average): cumulative first births per woman × 100, from birth registers. The year is the birth year of the women; only cohorts already past that age, no projection. Human Fertility Database (ccfrVHbo).

Source: Human Fertility Database, cumulative cohort fertility by age and birth order (ccfrVHbo, OWID download of 22 October 2025)

First child by age 30

26.1 % of women; year = birth year of women latest value, 1993

Spain: First child by age 301960: 70.8; 1993: 26.10204060801960196519701975198019851990

Share of women born in a given year who had a first child by the end of the year they turned 30 (30.5 on average), from birth registers. The year is the birth year of the women; only cohorts already past that age. Human Fertility Database (ccfrVHbo).

Source: Human Fertility Database, cumulative cohort fertility by age and birth order (ccfrVHbo, OWID download of 22 October 2025)

Excess deaths

4.6 % above the 2015-2019 trend latest value, 2025

Spain: Excess deaths2020: 16.7; 2025: 4.60510152020202025

How many percent more deaths (minus: fewer) the year had than the straight line through 2015-2019 of the same country. Macroscope's calculation from the Human Mortality Database: weekly deaths (Short-Term Mortality Fluctuations, ISO years scaled to 52.18 weeks), annual deaths where those are missing; no ageing adjustment beyond the trend, so the further from 2019, the rougher the estimate.

Source: Human Mortality Database, weekly deaths (Short-Term Mortality Fluctuations, September 2026 release, Our World in Data copy); excess deaths: Macroscope's calculation

Births: long series

319.8 thousand births per year latest value, 2023

Spain: Births: long series1908: 658; 2023: 319.8020040060080019501960197019801990200020102020

Live births per year from the Human Mortality Database, from the first year it publishes (Sweden 1749, France 1806, Denmark 1835), within the borders of the time. United Kingdom from 1922; Germany before 1990 = East plus West. Where it overlaps the UN series (from 1950) it usually differs by less than 1%.

Source: Human Mortality Database, live births (September 2025 release, Our World in Data copy)

Crude birth rate: long series

6.6 births per 1,000 people a year latest value, 2023

Spain: Crude birth rate: long series1908: 33.3; 2023: 6.6051015202519501960197019801990200020102020

Live births per 1,000 people. Macroscope's calculation from the Human Mortality Database: births divided by the mean of the populations on 1 January of the year and of the next. Starts when HMD publishes the population (Sweden 1751, France 1816). In years of border changes the divisor mixes the old and new territory.

Source: Human Mortality Database: births per 1,000 people, Macroscope's calculation (births: September 2025 release, Our World in Data copy; population: mean of 1 January of the year and the next, HMD summary tables)

Total fertility rate (HFD)

1.12 children per woman latest value, 2023

Spain: Total fertility rate (HFD)1922: 4.1; 2023: 1.120123419501960197019801990200020102020

Children a woman would have at the age-specific fertility rates of the year. Human Fertility Database: official summary tables from 1960; earlier years from the Our World in Data copy of the same database (Sweden 1891, Denmark 1916, USA 1933, France 1946). May differ slightly from the UN estimate.

Source: Human Fertility Database, summary indicators (HFDLite)

Crude marriage rate

3.65 marriages per 1,000 people latest value, 2024

Spain: Crude marriage rate1950: 7.44; 2024: 3.65024681019501960197019801990200020102020

Marriages in the year per 1,000 people: marriages from national offices (Korea, Japan, Taiwan, China, the USA, the UK, Russia, Brazil and others, where they publish more than the international databases), Eurostat and the UN, divided by the UN WPP 2024 population. Where most births are within marriage, marriages come before births.

Source: Eurostat, demo_nind

Marriages

175k marriages a year latest value, 2024

Spain: Marriages1950: 209k; 2024: 175k0100k200k300k19501960197019801990200020102020

Marriages in the year (couples). National offices (Korea, Japan, Taiwan, China, the USA, the UK, Russia, Brazil and others), Eurostat for Europe, the UN for the rest; by year of registration or of occurrence, as each country counts.

Source: Eurostat, demo_nind

Adolescent fertility rate

4.9 births per 1,000 women aged 15-19 latest value, 2024

Spain: Adolescent fertility rate1960: 9.2; 2024: 4.901020301960197019801990200020102020

Births to women aged 15-19 per 1,000 women of that age (World Bank, from UN World Population Prospects).

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Old-age dependency

32 persons 65+ per 100 aged 20-64 latest value, 2020

Spain: Old-age dependency1950: 12.8; 2020: 3202040608019501975200020252050

Persons aged 65+ per 100 aged 20-64, every five years (UN).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Children under 15

6,352 thousand persons, 1 July latest value, 2023

Spain: Children under 151950: 7,436; 2023: 6,35202,0004,0006,0008,00010,00019501975200020252050

Children aged 0-14 on 1 July: the sum of the five-year groups 0-4, 5-9 and 10-14 (UN; estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Children under 5

1,763 thousand persons, 1 July latest value, 2023

Spain: Children under 51950: 2,663; 2023: 1,76301,0002,0003,0004,00019501975200020252050

Children aged 0-4 on 1 July (UN; estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

People aged 65 and over

9,896 thousand persons, 1 July latest value, 2023

Spain: People aged 65 and over1950: 2,036; 2023: 9,89605,00010,00015,00020,00019501975200020252050

People aged 65 and over on 1 July: the sum of the five-year groups from 65-69 to 100+ (UN; estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

People aged 80 and over

2,962 thousand persons, 1 July latest value, 2023

Spain: People aged 80 and over1950: 296; 2023: 2,96202,0004,0006,0008,00019501975200020252050

People aged 80 and over on 1 July: the sum of the five-year groups from 80-84 to 100+ (UN; estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Fertility of native-born mothers

1.07 children per woman latest value, 2024

Spain: Fertility of native-born mothers2010: 1.31; 2024: 1.0700.511.5201020152020

Total fertility rate of women born in the country. Macroscope's calculation from Eurostat data: births by age and country of birth of the mother divided by women of the same age and country of birth (checked against the official TFR: median deviation 0.3%). Eurostat publishes no such series; small groups (under 5,000 births a year) are left out.

Source: Eurostat, demography and migration

Fertility of foreign-born mothers

1.22 children per woman latest value, 2024

Spain: Fertility of foreign-born mothers2010: 1.65; 2024: 1.2200.511.52201020152020

Total fertility rate of women born abroad. Macroscope's calculation from Eurostat data, as for native-born mothers; small groups and groups with incomplete counts (Poland after 2022) are left out.

Source: Eurostat, demography and migration

Migration

Net migration

119k persons per year latest value, 2023

Spain: Net migration1950: −130k; 2023: 119k−500k0500k1M19501975200020252050

Immigrants minus emigrants per year (UN estimate and projection). Past UN revisions for forecast checks.

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Net migration rate

2.48 per 1,000 population per year latest value, 2023

Spain: Net migration rate1950: −4.63; 2023: 2.48−100102019501975200020252050

Immigrants minus emigrants per year per 1,000 people: UN net migration divided by the population on 1 July. Comparable across countries of any size.

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Personal remittances received

0.4 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Spain: Personal remittances received1975: 1.2; 2025: 0.400.511.519801990200020102020

Money sent home by people working or living abroad, percent of the receiving country's GDP (World Bank, from IMF balance of payments data).

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

International migrants, share

18.5 % of population latest value, 2024

Spain: International migrants, share1990: 2.1; 2024: 18.5051015201990199520002005201020152020

People born in another country (foreign citizens where birthplace is not recorded) as a share of the population at mid-year (UN, every five years and 2024).

Source: UN DESA, International Migrant Stock 2024

International migrant stock

8.87M persons latest value, 2024

Spain: International migrant stock1990: 814k; 2024: 8.87M02M4M6M8M10M1990199520002005201020152020

Number of people born in another country (or foreign citizens) living in the country at mid-year (UN).

Source: UN DESA, International Migrant Stock 2024

Emigrants, share

3.4 % of home population latest value, 2024

Spain: Emigrants, share1990: 3.5; 2024: 3.4012341990199520002005201020152020

People from the country (born there or its citizens) living in other countries, as a percentage of the population living in the country (UN, International Migrant Stock 2024).

Source: UN DESA, International Migrant Stock 2024

Emigrant stock

1.62M persons latest value, 2024

Spain: Emigrant stock1990: 1.37M; 2024: 1.62M0500k1M1.5M2M1990199520002005201020152020

Number of people from the country (born there or its citizens) living in other countries at mid-year (UN).

Source: UN DESA, International Migrant Stock 2024

Refugees hosted

511k persons, end of year latest value, 2025

Spain: Refugees hosted1951: 2k; 2025: 511k0200k400k600k1960197019801990200020102020

Refugees under UNHCR's mandate (incl. people in refugee-like situations) and other people in need of international protection living in the country; asylum-seekers and internally displaced people are not included.

Source: UNHCR Refugee Data Finder

Refugees hosted per 1,000 people

10.7 per 1,000 population latest value, 2025

Spain: Refugees hosted per 1,000 people1951: 0.1; 2025: 10.70510151960197019801990200020102020

Refugees under UNHCR's mandate and other people in need of international protection living in the country, per 1,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024).

Source: UNHCR Refugee Data Finder

Refugees from the country

0.19k persons, end of year latest value, 2025

Spain: Refugees from the country1970: 0.68k; 2025: 0.19k00.5k1k1.5k2k2.5k197019801990200020102020

Refugees and other people in need of international protection from the country living abroad (UNHCR). Palestine refugees under UNRWA's mandate are not included, so the figure for Palestine is far too low.

Source: UNHCR Refugee Data Finder

Refugees from the country per 1,000 people

0 per 1,000 population of the country latest value, 2025

Spain: Refugees from the country per 1,000 people1970: 0; 2025: 00000.1197019801990200020102020

Refugees and other people in need of international protection from the country per 1,000 people living in it (UNHCR; population: UN WPP 2024). UNRWA refugees not included.

Source: UNHCR Refugee Data Finder

Births to foreign-born mothers

33.2 % of births latest value, 2024

Spain: Births to foreign-born mothers2007: 21.4; 2024: 33.2010203040201020152020

Share of live births to mothers born in another country, among births with a known country of birth of the mother: Europe from Eurostat (demo_facbc), Australia and Canada from their national offices (Canada: among all births).

Source: Eurostat, demography and migration

Asylum applications

2.95 first-time applicants per 1,000 people latest value, 2025

Spain: Asylum applications2010: 0.05; 2025: 2.95012342010201520202025

People who applied for asylum for the first time in the year (Eurostat, migr_asyappctza) per 1,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024). Europe only.

Source: Eurostat, demography and migration

Ordered to leave

53,700 persons a year latest value, 2025

Spain: Ordered to leave2008: 82,940; 2025: 53,700050,000100,000150,0002010201520202025

Non-EU citizens ordered to leave the country in the year: decisions on illegal stay (Eurostat, migr_eiord). These are orders, not removals: some leave later, some stay. Europe only.

Source: Eurostat, demography and migration

Returned after an order to leave

5,705 persons a year latest value, 2025

Spain: Returned after an order to leave2008: 29,785; 2025: 5,705010,00020,00030,0002010201520202025

Non-EU citizens who left the country in the year after an order to leave, forced or voluntary, to any destination (Eurostat, migr_eirtn). A return may follow an order of an earlier year. Europe only.

Source: Eurostat, demography and migration

Resettled refugees

860 persons a year latest value, 2025

Spain: Resettled refugees2008: 0; 2025: 86005001,0001,5002010201520202025

People resettled to the country in the year from third countries (usually referred by UNHCR), Eurostat, migr_asyresa. Excludes relocation within the EU. Europe only.

Source: Eurostat, demography and migration

Citizens under temporary protection in Europe

0 thousand persons, end of year latest value, 2026

Spain: Citizens under temporary protection in Europe2022: 0; 2026: 0000000020202025

Citizens of the country under temporary protection in the EU, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland (all 31 report from 2022), end of December. For the running year: the latest month all have published. Granted from March 2022 to people fleeing the war in Ukraine: almost all are Ukrainians; for other countries, their citizens who lived in Ukraine. Eurostat, migr_asytpsm.

Source: Eurostat, beneficiaries of temporary protection at the end of June 2026 (latest month published; the year is not over)

Temporary protection hosted per 1,000 people

5.7 per 1,000 population latest value, 2026

Spain: Temporary protection hosted per 1,000 people2022: 3.4; 2026: 5.7024620202025

People under EU temporary protection (fleeing the war in Ukraine) living in the country at the end of December, per 1,000 people. Running year: latest month published. Eurostat, migr_asytpsm; population: UN WPP 2024. EU, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland.

Source: Eurostat, beneficiaries of temporary protection at the end of August 2026 (latest month published; the year is not over)

Asylum applications worldwide

3.02 new applications per 1,000 people latest value, 2025

Spain: Asylum applications worldwide2000: 0.19; 2025: 3.0201234200020052010201520202025

New asylum applications lodged in the country in the year per 1,000 people (UNHCR; cases where a country counts cases rather than people; population: UN WPP 2024). All countries; for Europe there is also Eurostat's series of first-time applicants.

Source: UNHCR Refugee Data Finder

Immigration rate

26.9 per 1,000 people a year latest value, 2024

Spain: Immigration rate1990: 0.9; 2024: 26.901020301990199520002005201020152020

Immigrants in the year per 1,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024): Europe by registration data (Eurostat, migr_imm8); Russia (from 2011), Türkiye, Australia, New Zealand, Korea and Kazakhstan from their national offices, each by its own rule (12 of 16 months in Australia and New Zealand, 90 days in Korea, registration for 9 months or more in Russia).

Source: Eurostat, demography and migration

Emigration rate

13.8 per 1,000 people a year latest value, 2024

Spain: Emigration rate2002: 0.9; 2024: 13.80510152005201020152020

Emigrants in the year per 1,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024): Europe by registration data (Eurostat, migr_emi2); Russia (from 2011), Türkiye, Australia, New Zealand, Korea, Kazakhstan and Canada (from 2016) from their national offices, each by its own rule. Departures are recorded less completely than arrivals.

Source: Eurostat, demography and migration

Economy

GDP per capita, PPP

49,318 constant 2021 international $ latest value, 2025

Spain: GDP per capita, PPP1990: 31,773; 2025: 49,318010,00020,00030,00040,00050,00019901995200020052010201520202025

Gross domestic product per person at purchasing power parity, constant 2021 international dollars (World Bank, ICP).

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Real GDP growth

2.8 % per year latest value, 2025

Spain: Real GDP growth1980: 1.2; 2025: 2.8−15−10−5051019801990200020102020

Annual change of GDP at constant prices. Actual values and forecasts from IMF WEO editions.

Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2026

Inflation

2.7 % per year, average latest value, 2025

Spain: Inflation1980: 15.6; 2025: 2.7−50510152019801990200020102020

Change of the annual average consumer price index (IMF WEO).

Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2026

Government gross debt

100.4 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Spain: Government gross debt1980: 16.1; 2025: 100.405010015019801990200020102020

General government gross debt, percent of GDP (IMF WEO).

Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2026

Unemployment rate

10.5 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Spain: Unemployment rate1980: 11; 2025: 10.5010203019801990200020102020

Unemployed as a share of the labour force (IMF WEO; national definitions).

Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2026

Unemployment, ILO estimate

10.4 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Spain: Unemployment, ILO estimate1991: 15.9; 2025: 10.401020301995200020052010201520202025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force by the ILO's single definition: a modelled estimate for every country, including those without surveys (via the World Bank). Unlike the IMF series, one definition for all, but no projections.

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Youth unemployment, 15-24

24.7 % of labour force aged 15-24 latest value, 2025

Spain: Youth unemployment, 15-241991: 30.7; 2025: 24.702040601995200020052010201520202025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force aged 15-24 (ILO modelled estimate, via the World Bank).

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

GDP per capita, US dollars

38,290 current US dollars latest value, 2025

Spain: GDP per capita, US dollars1980: 6,119; 2025: 38,290010,00020,00030,00040,00019801990200020102020

GDP per person in current US dollars at market exchange rates (IMF WEO).

Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2026

Government budget balance

−2.5 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Spain: Government budget balance1980: −2; 2025: −2.5−15−10−50519801990200020102020

General government net lending (+, surplus) or borrowing (−, deficit), percent of GDP (IMF WEO).

Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2026

Current account balance

2.9 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Spain: Current account balance1980: −2.3; 2025: 2.9−10−50519801990200020102020

Balance of trade in goods and services, income and transfers with the rest of the world, percent of GDP: plus means the country earns abroad more than it spends (IMF WEO).

Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2026

Real house prices

99.4 index, 2010 = 100 latest value, 2025

Spain: Real house prices1971: 28.9; 2025: 99.405010015019801990200020102020

House prices adjusted for consumer price inflation (BIS index from national sources, 2010 = 100, mean of four quarters). Compare the changes, not the levels of different countries.

Source: BIS, selected residential property prices

Society

Urban population

80.5 % of population latest value, 2025

Spain: Urban population1960: 56.5; 2025: 80.50204060801001960197019801990200020102020

Share of people living in urban areas as defined by national statistical offices (World Bank, from UN World Urbanization Prospects).

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Tertiary enrolment, women

106.5 % gross latest value, 2024

Spain: Tertiary enrolment, women2001: 65.6; 2024: 106.50501001502005201020152020

Women enrolled in tertiary education as a share of women in the five-year age group after secondary school; can exceed 100 (UNESCO).

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Women with upper secondary education

55.8 % of women 25+ latest value, 2024

Spain: Women with upper secondary education1970: 4; 2024: 55.80204060197019801990200020102020

Share of women aged 25+ who completed at least upper secondary education (UNESCO).

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Female labour force participation

52.8 % of women 15+ latest value, 2025

Spain: Female labour force participation1990: 33.4; 2025: 52.8020406019901995200020052010201520202025

Share of women aged 15+ who work or look for work (ILO modelled estimate, via the World Bank).

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Life expectancy at birth

83.9 years latest value, 2024

Spain: Life expectancy at birth1960: 69.1; 2024: 83.90204060801001960197019801990200020102020

Life expectancy at birth, both sexes (World Bank, from UN and national statistics).

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Digitalisation

Internet users

95.8 % of population latest value, 2024

Spain: Internet users1990: 0; 2024: 95.80204060801001990199520002005201020152020

Share of individuals who used the Internet in the last three months from any device. ITU data.

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Mobile cellular subscriptions

130.3 per 100 people latest value, 2024

Spain: Mobile cellular subscriptions1960: 0; 2024: 130.30501001501960197019801990200020102020

Active mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 people; can exceed 100 when people have several SIM cards. ITU data.

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Fixed broadband subscriptions

39.2 subscriptions per 100 people latest value, 2024

Spain: Fixed broadband subscriptions2000: 0.2; 2024: 39.201020304020002005201020152020

Fixed subscriptions to high-speed Internet (256 kbit/s or more) per 100 people. ITU data.

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Generative AI use, age 16–74

37.88 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Spain: Generative AI use, age 16–742025: 37.88; 2025: 37.8801020304020202025

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Use of generative AI tools: in the last 3 months.

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Generative AI for private use, age 16–74

30.24 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Spain: Generative AI for private use, age 16–742025: 30.24; 2025: 30.2401020304020202025

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Use of generative AI tools: for private purposes.

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Generative AI for work, age 16–74

17.94 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Spain: Generative AI for work, age 16–742025: 17.94; 2025: 17.940510152020202025

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Use of generative AI tools: for professional (work) purposes.

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Generative AI for formal education, age 16–74

16.26 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Spain: Generative AI for formal education, age 16–742025: 16.26; 2025: 16.260510152020202025

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Use of generative AI tools: for formal education.

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Social networking, age 16–74

69.5 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Spain: Social networking, age 16–742011: 34.65; 2025: 69.5020406080201520202025

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Internet use: participating in social networks (creating user profile, posting messages or other contributions to facebook, twitter, etc.).

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Instant messaging, age 16–74

94.75 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Spain: Instant messaging, age 16–742019: 85.06; 2025: 94.7502040608010020202025

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Internet use: instant messaging, i.e. exchanging messages, for example, via Skype, Messenger, WhatsApp, Viber.

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Internet calls, age 16–74

78.21 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Spain: Internet calls, age 16–742008: 12.86; 2025: 78.210204060802010201520202025

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Internet use: telephoning or video calls.

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Online news, age 16–74

72.95 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Spain: Online news, age 16–742013: 50.16; 2025: 72.95020406080201520202025

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Internet use: reading online news sites/newspapers/news magazines.

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Podcasts, age 16–74

37.52 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2024

Spain: Podcasts, age 16–742024: 37.52; 2024: 37.520102030402020

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Internet use: listening to or downloading podcasts (last 3 months).

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Playing or downloading games, age 16–74

34.32 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2024

Spain: Playing or downloading games, age 16–742016: 26.16; 2024: 34.320102030402020

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Internet use: playing or downloading games.

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Online music and downloads, age 16–74

75.86 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2024

Spain: Online music and downloads, age 16–742020: 68.19; 2024: 75.860204060802020

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Internet use: listening to music (e.g. web radio, music streaming) or downloading music.

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Streamed TV and video, age 16–74

85.52 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2024

Spain: Streamed TV and video, age 16–742016: 62.78; 2024: 85.520204060801002020

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Internet use: watching internet streamed TV or videos.

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Internet TV, age 16–74

56.93 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2024

Spain: Internet TV, age 16–742016: 35.66; 2024: 56.9302040602020

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Internet use: watching internet streamed TV (live or catch-up) from TV broadcasters.

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Video on demand, age 16–74

66.93 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2024

Spain: Video on demand, age 16–742016: 21.72; 2024: 66.930204060802020

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Internet use: watching video on demand from commercial services.

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Video-sharing services, age 16–74

75.45 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2024

Spain: Video-sharing services, age 16–742016: 58.32; 2024: 75.450204060802020

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Internet use: watching video content from sharing services.

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Online courses, age 16–74

27.21 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Spain: Online courses, age 16–742007: 4.48; 2025: 27.210102030402010201520202025

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Internet use: doing an online course (of any subject).

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Email, age 16–74

83.63 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Spain: Email, age 16–742002: 15.96; 2025: 83.6302040608010020052010201520202025

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Internet use: sending/receiving e-mails.

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Daily internet use, age 16–74

92.49 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Spain: Daily internet use, age 16–742003: 16.07; 2025: 92.4902040608010020052010201520202025

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Frequency of internet access: daily.

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

TikTok: monthly recipients, DSA H1 2025

23.4 million recipients latest value, 2025

Spain: TikTok: monthly recipients, DSA H1 20252025: 23.4; 2025: 23.4051015202520202025

TikTok DSA report for January–June 2025 (15 April 2026 version), Annex H, pp.26–27. Average monthly active recipients in each of the 27 EU member states, rounded to 100,000 (expressed here in millions). A recipient may access from several countries: country values are not summed as unique people. Provider DSA estimate, not a survey, daily audience, population percentage or count of all residents. The annual chart point represents only H1 2025; other services and periods have their own definitions.

Source: TikTok: DSA Transparency Report, January–June 2025

At least basic digital skills: low education, ages 16–74

41.34 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Spain: At least basic digital skills: low education, ages 16–742021: 38.03; 2025: 41.340102030405020202025

Eurostat survey of individuals aged 16–74; percent of everyone in the stated group, not only internet users. Survey year. DSI 2.0 is a proxy based on reported activities in five areas, not an examination; at least basic overall skills require at least basic skills in all five areas. Education: ISCED 0–2, 3–4, 5–8. Other group characteristics are not controlled. AI use refers to the last three months; purposes can overlap. Source flags and missing values retained; groups and components must not be added.

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

At least basic digital skills: high education, ages 16–74

83.41 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Spain: At least basic digital skills: high education, ages 16–742021: 84.55; 2025: 83.4102040608010020202025

Eurostat survey of individuals aged 16–74; percent of everyone in the stated group, not only internet users. Survey year. DSI 2.0 is a proxy based on reported activities in five areas, not an examination; at least basic overall skills require at least basic skills in all five areas. Education: ISCED 0–2, 3–4, 5–8. Other group characteristics are not controlled. AI use refers to the last three months; purposes can overlap. Source flags and missing values retained; groups and components must not be added.

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Above basic digital skills: ages 16–74

38.86 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Spain: Above basic digital skills: ages 16–742021: 38.06; 2025: 38.8601020304020202025

Eurostat survey of individuals aged 16–74; percent of everyone in the stated group, not only internet users. Survey year. DSI 2.0 is a proxy based on reported activities in five areas, not an examination; at least basic overall skills require at least basic skills in all five areas. Education: ISCED 0–2, 3–4, 5–8. Other group characteristics are not controlled. AI use refers to the last three months; purposes can overlap. Source flags and missing values retained; groups and components must not be added.

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

At least basic digital skills: ages 16–74

66.5 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Spain: At least basic digital skills: ages 16–742021: 64.16; 2025: 66.502040608020202025

Eurostat survey of individuals aged 16–74; percent of everyone in the stated group, not only internet users. Survey year. DSI 2.0 is a proxy based on reported activities in five areas, not an examination; at least basic overall skills require at least basic skills in all five areas. Education: ISCED 0–2, 3–4, 5–8. Other group characteristics are not controlled. AI use refers to the last three months; purposes can overlap. Source flags and missing values retained; groups and components must not be added.

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Communication: at least basic digital skills: ages 16–74

96 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Spain: Communication: at least basic digital skills: ages 16–742021: 92.78; 2025: 9602040608010020202025

Eurostat survey of individuals aged 16–74; percent of everyone in the stated group, not only internet users. Survey year. DSI 2.0 is a proxy based on reported activities in five areas, not an examination; at least basic overall skills require at least basic skills in all five areas. Education: ISCED 0–2, 3–4, 5–8. Other group characteristics are not controlled. AI use refers to the last three months; purposes can overlap. Source flags and missing values retained; groups and components must not be added.

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Content creation: at least basic skills: ages 16–74

74.13 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Spain: Content creation: at least basic skills: ages 16–742021: 73.52; 2025: 74.1302040608020202025

Eurostat survey of individuals aged 16–74; percent of everyone in the stated group, not only internet users. Survey year. DSI 2.0 is a proxy based on reported activities in five areas, not an examination; at least basic overall skills require at least basic skills in all five areas. Education: ISCED 0–2, 3–4, 5–8. Other group characteristics are not controlled. AI use refers to the last three months; purposes can overlap. Source flags and missing values retained; groups and components must not be added.

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Information literacy: at least basic skills: ages 16–74

89.84 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Spain: Information literacy: at least basic skills: ages 16–742021: 87.62; 2025: 89.8402040608010020202025

Eurostat survey of individuals aged 16–74; percent of everyone in the stated group, not only internet users. Survey year. DSI 2.0 is a proxy based on reported activities in five areas, not an examination; at least basic overall skills require at least basic skills in all five areas. Education: ISCED 0–2, 3–4, 5–8. Other group characteristics are not controlled. AI use refers to the last three months; purposes can overlap. Source flags and missing values retained; groups and components must not be added.

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Problem solving: at least basic digital skills: ages 16–74

89.07 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Spain: Problem solving: at least basic digital skills: ages 16–742021: 84.95; 2025: 89.0702040608010020202025

Eurostat survey of individuals aged 16–74; percent of everyone in the stated group, not only internet users. Survey year. DSI 2.0 is a proxy based on reported activities in five areas, not an examination; at least basic overall skills require at least basic skills in all five areas. Education: ISCED 0–2, 3–4, 5–8. Other group characteristics are not controlled. AI use refers to the last three months; purposes can overlap. Source flags and missing values retained; groups and components must not be added.

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Safety: at least basic digital skills: ages 16–74

81.21 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Spain: Safety: at least basic digital skills: ages 16–742021: 77.06; 2025: 81.2102040608010020202025

Eurostat survey of individuals aged 16–74; percent of everyone in the stated group, not only internet users. Survey year. DSI 2.0 is a proxy based on reported activities in five areas, not an examination; at least basic overall skills require at least basic skills in all five areas. Education: ISCED 0–2, 3–4, 5–8. Other group characteristics are not controlled. AI use refers to the last three months; purposes can overlap. Source flags and missing values retained; groups and components must not be added.

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

At least basic digital skills: ages 16–24

82.55 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Spain: At least basic digital skills: ages 16–242021: 84.87; 2025: 82.5502040608010020202025

Eurostat survey of individuals aged 16–74; percent of everyone in the stated group, not only internet users. Survey year. DSI 2.0 is a proxy based on reported activities in five areas, not an examination; at least basic overall skills require at least basic skills in all five areas. Education: ISCED 0–2, 3–4, 5–8. Other group characteristics are not controlled. AI use refers to the last three months; purposes can overlap. Source flags and missing values retained; groups and components must not be added.

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

At least basic digital skills: ages 65–74

34.27 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Spain: At least basic digital skills: ages 65–742021: 26.82; 2025: 34.2701020304020202025

Eurostat survey of individuals aged 16–74; percent of everyone in the stated group, not only internet users. Survey year. DSI 2.0 is a proxy based on reported activities in five areas, not an examination; at least basic overall skills require at least basic skills in all five areas. Education: ISCED 0–2, 3–4, 5–8. Other group characteristics are not controlled. AI use refers to the last three months; purposes can overlap. Source flags and missing values retained; groups and components must not be added.

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Generative AI use: low education, ages 16–74

20.18 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Spain: Generative AI use: low education, ages 16–742025: 20.18; 2025: 20.18051015202520202025

Eurostat survey of individuals aged 16–74; percent of everyone in the stated group, not only internet users. Survey year. DSI 2.0 is a proxy based on reported activities in five areas, not an examination; at least basic overall skills require at least basic skills in all five areas. Education: ISCED 0–2, 3–4, 5–8. Other group characteristics are not controlled. AI use refers to the last three months; purposes can overlap. Source flags and missing values retained; groups and components must not be added.

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Generative AI use: high education, ages 16–74

50.62 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Spain: Generative AI use: high education, ages 16–742025: 50.62; 2025: 50.62020406020202025

Eurostat survey of individuals aged 16–74; percent of everyone in the stated group, not only internet users. Survey year. DSI 2.0 is a proxy based on reported activities in five areas, not an examination; at least basic overall skills require at least basic skills in all five areas. Education: ISCED 0–2, 3–4, 5–8. Other group characteristics are not controlled. AI use refers to the last three months; purposes can overlap. Source flags and missing values retained; groups and components must not be added.

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Generative AI use: ages 16–24

75.56 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Spain: Generative AI use: ages 16–242025: 75.56; 2025: 75.5602040608020202025

Eurostat survey of individuals aged 16–74; percent of everyone in the stated group, not only internet users. Survey year. DSI 2.0 is a proxy based on reported activities in five areas, not an examination; at least basic overall skills require at least basic skills in all five areas. Education: ISCED 0–2, 3–4, 5–8. Other group characteristics are not controlled. AI use refers to the last three months; purposes can overlap. Source flags and missing values retained; groups and components must not be added.

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Generative AI use: ages 65–74

7.34 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Spain: Generative AI use: ages 65–742025: 7.34; 2025: 7.340246820202025

Eurostat survey of individuals aged 16–74; percent of everyone in the stated group, not only internet users. Survey year. DSI 2.0 is a proxy based on reported activities in five areas, not an examination; at least basic overall skills require at least basic skills in all five areas. Education: ISCED 0–2, 3–4, 5–8. Other group characteristics are not controlled. AI use refers to the last three months; purposes can overlap. Source flags and missing values retained; groups and components must not be added.

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Snapchat: monthly recipients, H1 2026

3.32 million monthly recipients latest value, 2026

Spain: Snapchat: monthly recipients, H1 20262026: 3.32; 2026: 3.320123420202025

Snap DSA: average monthly active recipients in January–June 2026, provider estimates. Not daily users, population penetration or advertising reach. Source unit: recipients; displayed in millions. The annual CSV rounds to four decimals; the typed dataset retains the original count. The EU total is separately reported; country values are not added. Snap warns in its H1 2025 report that calculations change and figures are not intended for comparison between periods. This is one snapshot, with no growth rate or comparison to other services’ audiences.

Source: Snapchat: DSA H1 2026

Energy

Electricity demand per person

5,748 kWh per person a year latest value, 2025

Spain: Electricity demand per person1990: 3,857; 2025: 5,74802,0004,0006,0008,00019901995200020052010201520202025

Electricity demand (generation plus net imports, Ember) divided by the UN WPP 2024 population. A physical measure that is hard to dress up.

Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data

Electricity demand growth

1.7 % per year latest value, 2025

Spain: Electricity demand growth1991: 2.2; 2025: 1.7−10−505101995200020052010201520202025

Change in electricity demand from the previous year (Ember). Useful to set against official GDP growth.

Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data

Wind and solar share of electricity

42.3 % of generation latest value, 2025

Spain: Wind and solar share of electricity1990: 0; 2025: 42.30102030405019901995200020052010201520202025

Share of wind and solar power in electricity generation (Ember).

Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data

Low-carbon share of electricity

74.7 % of generation latest value, 2025

Spain: Low-carbon share of electricity1990: 53.1; 2025: 74.702040608019901995200020052010201520202025

Share of renewables and nuclear power in electricity generation (Ember).

Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data

Coal share of electricity

0.3 % of generation latest value, 2025

Spain: Coal share of electricity1990: 39.5; 2025: 0.30102030405019901995200020052010201520202025

Share of coal power in electricity generation (Ember).

Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data

Carbon intensity of electricity

153 g CO2e per kWh latest value, 2025

Spain: Carbon intensity of electricity1990: 437; 2025: 153010020030040050019901995200020052010201520202025

Greenhouse gas emissions of electricity generation per kilowatt-hour (Ember).

Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data

Electricity generation

288 TWh per year latest value, 2025

Spain: Electricity generation1990: 151.2; 2025: 288010020030040019901995200020052010201520202025

Total electricity generation in the country (Ember). Imports are excluded. A volume, not the share of a fuel.

Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data

Electricity generation emissions

44.2 Mt CO2e per year latest value, 2025

Spain: Electricity generation emissions1990: 66.1; 2025: 44.205010015019901995200020052010201520202025

Greenhouse gas emissions of electricity generation (Ember), not of the whole economy.

Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data

Security

Military expenditure

1.4 % of GDP latest value, 2024

Spain: Military expenditure1960: 2.3; 2024: 1.401231960197019801990200020102020

Government military expenditure, percent of GDP (World Bank, from SIPRI).

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Deaths in organised violence

0 persons a year latest value, 2025

Spain: Deaths in organised violence1989: 17; 2025: 00501001502001990200020102020

Deaths in state-based conflict, non-state conflict and one-sided violence against civilians, by where the events took place (UCDP GED, best estimate). 0 means no organised violence above UCDP thresholds (25 deaths a year in one conflict). Events in Gaza and the West Bank are counted for Palestine.

Source: Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), GED 26.1

Deaths in organised violence per 100,000

0 per 100,000 people a year latest value, 2025

Spain: Deaths in organised violence per 100,0001989: 0; 2025: 000.10.20.30.40.51990200020102020

Deaths in organised violence (UCDP GED) per 100,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024).

Source: Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), GED 26.1

Armed conflict in the country

0 0 none, 1 minor, 2 war latest value, 2025

Spain: Armed conflict in the country1946: 0; 2025: 0000111119501960197019801990200020102020

Strongest armed conflict of the year in which the government or territory of the country is disputed (UCDP/PRIO ACD): 1 = 25-999 battle-related deaths, 2 = war, 1,000 or more. In interstate conflicts every primary party is marked even if the fighting was elsewhere (the USA in Iraq, 2003). Historical states are mapped to present-day countries by territory (USSR, Yugoslavia, South Vietnam and others).

Source: UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset 26.1

Battle deaths

0 persons a year latest value, 2025

Spain: Battle deaths1946: 0; 2025: 002040608010019501960197019801990200020102020

Soldiers and civilians killed in combat in state-based armed conflicts on the territory of the country. 1946-1988: PRIO Battle Deaths (best estimate, else the low one; a conflict of several countries split equally); from 1989: UCDP GED by place of the events. For the same conflicts in 1989-2008 PRIO is 1.6 times UCDP, so the drop in 1989 is partly a change of source. One-sided violence against civilians is not included.

Source: Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), GED 26.1

Battle deaths per 100,000

0 per 100,000 people a year latest value, 2025

Spain: Battle deaths per 100,0001950: 0; 2025: 000.10.10.20.20.319501960197019801990200020102020

Battle deaths on the territory of the country (PRIO to 1988, UCDP GED from 1989) per 100,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024), from 1950.

Source: Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), GED 26.1

Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people)

0.7 per 100,000 people latest value, 2023

Spain: Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people)1990: 1.2; 2023: 0.700.511.51990199520002005201020152020

An intentional homicide is defined as an unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury.

Source: Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people)

Purchases and money

Average dietary energy requirement

2,516 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2025

Spain: Average dietary energy requirement2000: 2,522; 2025: 2,51601,0002,0003,000200020052010201520202025

FAOSTAT FS, Average dietary energy requirement (kcal/cap/day). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Commercial bank branches (per 100,000 adults)

31.3 per 100,000 adults latest value, 2024

Spain: Commercial bank branches (per 100,000 adults)2004: 97.7; 2024: 31.30501001502005201020152020

Commercial bank branches are retail locations of resident commercial banks and other resident banks that function as commercial banks that provide financial services to customers and are physically separated from the main office but not organized as legally separated subsidiaries.

Source: Commercial bank branches (per 100,000 adults)

Variation in habitual caloric consumption distribution

0.21 No latest value, 2024

Spain: Variation in habitual caloric consumption distribution2001: 0.21; 2024: 0.2100.050.10.150.20.252005201020152020

FAOSTAT FS, Coefficient of variation of habitual caloric consumption distribution (real number). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider (% of population ages 15+)

98.4 % of people aged 15+ latest value, 2024

Spain: Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider (% of population ages 15+)2011: 93.3; 2024: 98.402040608010020152020

Account denotes the percentage of respondents who report having an account (by themselves or together with someone else) at a bank or another type of financial institution or report personally using a mobile money service in the past 12 months (% age 15+).

Source: Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider (% of population ages 15+)

Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, male (% of population ages 15+)

99 % of men aged 15+ latest value, 2024

Spain: Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, male (% of population ages 15+)2011: 95.2; 2024: 9902040608010020152020

Account denotes the percentage of respondents who report having an account (by themselves or together with someone else) at a bank or another type of financial institution or report personally using a mobile money service in the past 12 months (male, % age 15+).

Source: Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, male (% of population ages 15+)

Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, female (% of population ages 15+)

97.8 % of women aged 15+ latest value, 2024

Spain: Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, female (% of population ages 15+)2011: 91.7; 2024: 97.802040608010020152020

Account denotes the percentage of respondents who report having an account (by themselves or together with someone else) at a bank or another type of financial institution or report personally using a mobile money service in the past 12 months (female, % age 15+).

Source: Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, female (% of population ages 15+)

Alcoholic beverages: energy supply

159.41 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: Alcoholic beverages: energy supply2010: 154.85; 2023: 159.41050100150200201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Alcoholic Beverages. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Alcoholic beverages: quantity supply

107.17 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Spain: Alcoholic beverages: quantity supply2010: 99.15; 2023: 107.17050100150201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Alcoholic Beverages. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Animal products: energy supply

962 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: Animal products: energy supply2010: 864.86; 2023: 96202004006008001,000201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Animal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Animal products: fat supply

61.76 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: Animal products: fat supply2010: 57.15; 2023: 61.76020406080201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Animal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Animal products: protein supply

78.39 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: Animal products: protein supply2010: 71.7; 2023: 78.39020406080201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Animal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Bovine meat: energy supply

45.77 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: Bovine meat: energy supply2010: 51.78; 2023: 45.770204060201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Bovine Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Bovine meat: quantity supply

11.77 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Spain: Bovine meat: quantity supply2010: 13.49; 2023: 11.77051015201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Bovine Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Cereals excluding beer: energy supply

759.92 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: Cereals excluding beer: energy supply2010: 739.22; 2023: 759.920200400600800201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Cereals - Excluding Beer. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Cereals excluding beer: quantity supply

115.72 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Spain: Cereals excluding beer: quantity supply2010: 106.04; 2023: 115.72050100150201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Cereals - Excluding Beer. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Coffee and products: energy supply

2.93 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: Coffee and products: energy supply2010: 2.13; 2023: 2.930123201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Coffee and products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Coffee and products: quantity supply

3.64 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Spain: Coffee and products: quantity supply2010: 4.1; 2023: 3.64012345201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Coffee and products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Eggs: energy supply

52.31 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: Eggs: energy supply2010: 47.11; 2023: 52.310204060201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Eggs. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Eggs: quantity supply

15.4 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Spain: Eggs: quantity supply2010: 13.64; 2023: 15.405101520201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Eggs. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Fish and seafood: energy supply

69.59 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: Fish and seafood: energy supply2010: 74.05; 2023: 69.59020406080201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Fish, Seafood. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Fish and seafood: fat supply

2.79 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: Fish and seafood: fat supply2010: 2.75; 2023: 2.7901234201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Fish, Seafood. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Fish and seafood: protein supply

10.55 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: Fish and seafood: protein supply2010: 11.68; 2023: 10.55051015201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Fish, Seafood. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Fish and seafood: quantity supply

36.8 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Spain: Fish and seafood: quantity supply2010: 42.54; 2023: 36.801020304050201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Fish, Seafood. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Fruits excluding wine: energy supply

140 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: Fruits excluding wine: energy supply2010: 99.21; 2023: 140050100150201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Fruits - Excluding Wine. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Fruits excluding wine: quantity supply

113.83 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Spain: Fruits excluding wine: quantity supply2010: 90.66; 2023: 113.83050100150201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Fruits - Excluding Wine. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Meat: energy supply

404.61 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: Meat: energy supply2010: 388.5; 2023: 404.610100200300400500201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Meat: fat supply

26.61 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: Meat: fat supply2010: 25.68; 2023: 26.610102030201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Meat: protein supply

41.12 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: Meat: protein supply2010: 39.17; 2023: 41.1201020304050201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Meat: quantity supply

100.79 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Spain: Meat: quantity supply2010: 94.51; 2023: 100.79050100150201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Milk excluding butter: energy supply

348.36 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: Milk excluding butter: energy supply2010: 264.97; 2023: 348.360100200300400201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Milk - Excluding Butter. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Milk excluding butter: fat supply

19.87 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: Milk excluding butter: fat supply2010: 16.73; 2023: 19.8705101520201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Milk - Excluding Butter. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Milk excluding butter: protein supply

20.43 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: Milk excluding butter: protein supply2010: 14.06; 2023: 20.430510152025201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Milk - Excluding Butter. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Milk excluding butter: quantity supply

191.53 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Spain: Milk excluding butter: quantity supply2010: 167.84; 2023: 191.53050100150200201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Milk - Excluding Butter. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Treenuts: energy supply

65.42 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: Treenuts: energy supply2010: 39.29; 2023: 65.42020406080201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Treenuts. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Treenuts: quantity supply

15.03 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Spain: Treenuts: quantity supply2010: 7.66; 2023: 15.0305101520201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Treenuts. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetal products: energy supply

2,415.16 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: Vegetal products: energy supply2010: 2,316.59; 2023: 2,415.1605001,0001,5002,0002,500201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetal products: fat supply

91.04 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: Vegetal products: fat supply2010: 87.34; 2023: 91.04020406080100201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetal products: protein supply

39.25 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: Vegetal products: protein supply2010: 37.99; 2023: 39.25010203040201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Pigmeat: energy supply

220.27 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: Pigmeat: energy supply2010: 208.9; 2023: 220.27050100150200250201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Pigmeat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Pigmeat: quantity supply

53.04 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Spain: Pigmeat: quantity supply2010: 48.69; 2023: 53.040204060201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Pigmeat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Poultry meat: energy supply

122.39 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: Poultry meat: energy supply2010: 101.66; 2023: 122.39050100150201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Poultry Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Poultry meat: quantity supply

32.96 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Spain: Poultry meat: quantity supply2010: 27.24; 2023: 32.96010203040201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Poultry Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Pulses: energy supply

51.79 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: Pulses: energy supply2010: 44.89; 2023: 51.790204060201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Pulses. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Pulses: quantity supply

6.22 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Spain: Pulses: quantity supply2010: 5.12; 2023: 6.2202468201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Pulses. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Starchy roots: energy supply

105.28 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: Starchy roots: energy supply2010: 111.97; 2023: 105.28050100150201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Starchy Roots. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Starchy roots: quantity supply

60.13 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Spain: Starchy roots: quantity supply2010: 63.57; 2023: 60.13020406080201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Starchy Roots. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Sugar and sweeteners: energy supply

312.13 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: Sugar and sweeteners: energy supply2010: 300.1; 2023: 312.130100200300400201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Sugar & Sweeteners. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Sugar and sweeteners: quantity supply

32.89 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Spain: Sugar and sweeteners: quantity supply2010: 29.98; 2023: 32.89010203040201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Sugar & Sweeteners. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Tea including mate: energy supply

0.06 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: Tea including mate: energy supply2010: 0.03; 2023: 0.0600.020.040.060.08201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Tea (including mate). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Tea including mate: quantity supply

0.16 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Spain: Tea including mate: quantity supply2010: 0.09; 2023: 0.1600.050.10.150.2201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Tea (including mate). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

All foods: energy supply

3,377.16 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: All foods: energy supply2010: 3,181.45; 2023: 3,377.1601,0002,0003,0004,000201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Grand Total. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

All foods: fat supply

152.8 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: All foods: fat supply2010: 144.48; 2023: 152.8050100150200201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Grand Total. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

All foods: protein supply

117.64 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: All foods: protein supply2010: 109.69; 2023: 117.64050100150201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Grand Total. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetable oils: energy supply

678.9 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: Vegetable oils: energy supply2010: 656.08; 2023: 678.90200400600800201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetable Oils. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetable oils: quantity supply

27.95 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Spain: Vegetable oils: quantity supply2010: 26.92; 2023: 27.95010203040201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetable Oils. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetables: energy supply

81.87 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Spain: Vegetables: energy supply2010: 99.45; 2023: 81.87050100150201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetables. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetables: quantity supply

110.21 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Spain: Vegetables: quantity supply2010: 140.29; 2023: 110.21050100150201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetables. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Six or more online purchases in three months

17.4 % of people aged 16-74 latest value, 2025

Spain: Six or more online purchases in three months2020: 15.2; 2025: 17.40510152020202025

ICT survey, all individuals aged 16-74, not only internet users or buyers. Reference window is defined by the selected Eurostat category; since 2020.

Source: Internet purchases by individuals (2020 onwards)

Healthy-diet animal-source food cost

0.68 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021

Spain: Healthy-diet animal-source food cost2021: 0.68; 2021: 0.6800.20.40.60.820152020

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of animal source foods. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Cost of a healthy diet

4.33 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2025

Spain: Cost of a healthy diet2017: 2.53; 2025: 4.3301234520202025

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of a healthy diet (CoHD). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Healthy-diet fruit cost

0.84 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021

Spain: Healthy-diet fruit cost2021: 0.84; 2021: 0.8400.20.40.60.8120152020

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of fruits. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Healthy-diet legumes and nuts cost

0.23 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021

Spain: Healthy-diet legumes and nuts cost2021: 0.23; 2021: 0.2300.050.10.150.20.2520152020

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of legumes, nuts and seeds. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Healthy-diet oils and fats cost

0.08 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021

Spain: Healthy-diet oils and fats cost2021: 0.08; 2021: 0.0800.020.040.060.080.120152020

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of oils and fats. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Healthy-diet starchy-staple cost

0.31 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021

Spain: Healthy-diet starchy-staple cost2021: 0.31; 2021: 0.3100.10.20.30.420152020

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of starchy staples. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Unable to afford a healthy diet

9.3 % latest value, 2025

Spain: Unable to afford a healthy diet2017: 12.6; 2025: 9.305101520202025

FAOSTAT CAHD, Prevalence of unaffordability (PUA). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

People unable to afford a healthy diet

4.5 million No latest value, 2025

Spain: People unable to afford a healthy diet2017: 5.9; 2025: 4.5024620202025

FAOSTAT CAHD, Number of people unable to afford a healthy diet (NUA). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Healthy-diet vegetable cost

0.8 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021

Spain: Healthy-diet vegetable cost2021: 0.8; 2021: 0.800.20.40.60.8120152020

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of vegetables. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Households and NPISHs final consumption expenditure (% of GDP)

55.6 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Spain: Households and NPISHs final consumption expenditure (% of GDP)1970: 64; 2025: 55.6020406080197019801990200020102020

This field includes expenditure on goods and services by the Household and NPISH sector for the direct satisfaction of human needs or wants, whether individual or collective. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.

Source: Households and NPISHs final consumption expenditure (% of GDP)

Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure per capita (constant 2015 US$)

16,635.5 constant 2015 US dollars latest value, 2025

Spain: Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure per capita (constant 2015 US$)1970: 7,352.2; 2025: 16,635.505,00010,00015,00020,000197019801990200020102020

This field includes expenditure on goods and services by the Household and NPISH sector for the direct satisfaction of human needs or wants, whether individual or collective. The core indicator has been divided by the general population to achieve a per capita estimate.This indicator is expressed in constant prices, meaning the series has been adjusted to account for price changes over time. The reference year for this adjustment is 2015. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.

Source: Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure per capita (constant 2015 US$)

Income share held by lowest 20%

6.5 % of income or consumption latest value, 2023

Spain: Income share held by lowest 20%1980: 6.9; 2023: 6.50246819801990200020102020

Percentage share of income or consumption is the share that accrues to subgroups of population indicated by deciles or quintiles. Percentage shares by quintile may not sum to 100 because of rounding.

Source: Income share held by lowest 20%

Gini index

33.4 index, 0-100 latest value, 2023

Spain: Gini index1980: 34.5; 2023: 33.401020304019801990200020102020

Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of total income received against the cumulative number of recipients, starting with the poorest individual or household. The Gini index measures the area between the Lorenz curve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality, expressed as a percentage of the maximum area under the line. Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.

Source: Gini index

Income share held by highest 20%

40.2 % of income or consumption latest value, 2023

Spain: Income share held by highest 20%1980: 41.7; 2023: 40.20102030405019801990200020102020

Percentage share of income or consumption is the share that accrues to subgroups of population indicated by deciles or quintiles. Percentage shares by quintile may not sum to 100 because of rounding.

Source: Income share held by highest 20%

Minimum dietary energy requirement

1,937 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2025

Spain: Minimum dietary energy requirement2000: 1,940; 2025: 1,93705001,0001,5002,000200020052010201520202025

FAOSTAT FS, Minimum dietary energy requirement (kcal/cap/day). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Adjusted savings: net national savings (% of GNI)

4.7 % of gross national income latest value, 2021

Spain: Adjusted savings: net national savings (% of GNI)1975: 13.8; 2021: 4.705101519801990200020102020

Net national savings are equal to gross national savings less the value of consumption of fixed capital. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross National Income (GNI) which is the total income earned by all residents within an economic territory during an accounting period. It is equal to gross domestic product plus earned income receivable from abroad minus earned income payable abroad.

Source: Adjusted savings: net national savings (% of GNI)

Never bought online

19.4 % of people aged 16-74 latest value, 2025

Spain: Never bought online2020: 27.1; 2025: 19.4010203020202025

ICT survey, all individuals aged 16-74, not only internet users or buyers. Reference window is defined by the selected Eurostat category; since 2020.

Source: Internet purchases by individuals (2020 onwards)

Online purchase in the last year

70.8 % of people aged 16-74 latest value, 2025

Spain: Online purchase in the last year2020: 62.6; 2025: 70.802040608020202025

ICT survey, all individuals aged 16-74, not only internet users or buyers. Reference window is defined by the selected Eurostat category; since 2020.

Source: Internet purchases by individuals (2020 onwards)

Online purchase in the last three months

59.7 % of people aged 16-74 latest value, 2025

Spain: Online purchase in the last three months2020: 53.8; 2025: 59.7020406020202025

ICT survey, all individuals aged 16-74, not only internet users or buyers. Reference window is defined by the selected Eurostat category; since 2020.

Source: Internet purchases by individuals (2020 onwards)

Poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day (2021 PPP) (% of population)

0.8 % of population, 2021 PPP latest value, 2023

Spain: Poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day (2021 PPP) (% of population)1980: 0.8; 2023: 0.800.511.5219801990200020102020

Poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day is the percentage of the population living on less than $3.00 a day at 2021 purchasing power adjusted prices. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions.

Source: Poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day (2021 PPP) (% of population)

At risk of poverty or social exclusion

25.7 % of population latest value, 2025

Spain: At risk of poverty or social exclusion2015: 28.7; 2025: 25.70102030201520202025

Europe 2030 AROPE: at-risk-of-poverty, severe material/social deprivation or very low work intensity, EU-SILC. Not the sum of three rates.

Source: Persons at risk of poverty or social exclusion by age and sex

Caloric losses at retail distribution

2.1 % latest value, 2025

Spain: Caloric losses at retail distribution2000: 2.32; 2025: 2.100.511.522.5200020052010201520202025

FAOSTAT FS, Incidence of caloric losses at retail distribution level (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Health

Total alcohol consumption per capita (liters of pure alcohol, projected estimates, 15+ years of age)

9.2 litres per person aged 15+ latest value, 2020

Spain: Total alcohol consumption per capita (liters of pure alcohol, projected estimates, 15+ years of age)2000: 11.7; 2020: 9.205101520002005201020152020

Total alcohol per capita consumption is defined as the total (sum of recorded and unrecorded alcohol) amount of alcohol consumed per person (15 years of age or older) over a calendar year, in litres of pure alcohol, adjusted for tourist consumption.

Source: Total alcohol consumption per capita (liters of pure alcohol, projected estimates, 15+ years of age)

Anaemia among women aged 15–49

15.6 % latest value, 2023

Spain: Anaemia among women aged 15–492000: 11.2; 2023: 15.60510152020002005201020152020

FAOSTAT FS, Prevalence of anemia among women of reproductive age (15-49 years) (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

COVID economic support index

30.9 mean index 0–100 latest value, 2022

Spain: COVID economic support index2020: 68; 2022: 30.90204060801002020

Mean daily national OxCGRT index with all days present, archived 2020–2022. Codes policies, not compliance, effectiveness or causal impact. Average follows source treatment of vaccination groups.

Source: Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker

COVID containment and health index

37.4 mean index 0–100 latest value, 2022

Spain: COVID containment and health index2020: 49.2; 2022: 37.402040602020

Mean daily national OxCGRT index with all days present, archived 2020–2022. Codes policies, not compliance, effectiveness or causal impact. Average follows source treatment of vaccination groups.

Source: Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker

COVID government response

36.6 mean index 0–100 latest value, 2022

Spain: COVID government response2020: 51.6; 2022: 36.60204060802020

Mean daily national OxCGRT index with all days present, archived 2020–2022. Codes policies, not compliance, effectiveness or causal impact. Average follows source treatment of vaccination groups.

Source: Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker

COVID policy stringency

23.1 mean index 0–100 latest value, 2022

Spain: COVID policy stringency2020: 56.3; 2022: 23.102040602020

Mean daily national OxCGRT index with all days present, archived 2020–2022. Codes policies, not compliance, effectiveness or causal impact. Average follows source treatment of vaccination groups.

Source: Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker

Reported COVID-19 cases

7,654,824 by report dates in year latest value, 2022

Spain: Reported COVID-19 cases2020: 1,919,549; 2022: 7,654,82402,000,0004,000,0006,000,0008,000,0002020

Sum of WHO weekly reports by report date in a completed year, requiring at least 50 nonmissing values. Reported events, not total infections/deaths. Negative revisions retained; testing and reporting coverage changed.

Source: WHO: reported COVID-19 data

Reported COVID-19 deaths

27,668 by report dates in year latest value, 2022

Spain: Reported COVID-19 deaths2021: 37,311; 2022: 27,668010,00020,00030,00040,0002020

Sum of WHO weekly reports by report date in a completed year, requiring at least 50 nonmissing values. Reported events, not total infections/deaths. Negative revisions retained; testing and reporting coverage changed.

Source: WHO: reported COVID-19 data

Diabetes prevalence (% of population ages 20 to 79)

9.7 % of people aged 20-79 latest value, 2024

Spain: Diabetes prevalence (% of population ages 20 to 79)2011: 6.3; 2024: 9.7024681020152020

Diabetes prevalence refers to the percentage of people ages 20-79 who have type 1 or type 2 diabetes. It is calculated by adjusting to a standard population age-structure.

Source: Diabetes prevalence (% of population ages 20 to 79)

Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population (%)

6.5 % of population latest value, 2023

Spain: Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population (%)2015: 7.1; 2023: 6.5024681020152020

The percentage of people in the population who live in households classified as moderately or severely food insecure. A household is classified as moderately or severely food insecure when at least one adult in the household has reported to have been exposed, at times during the year, to low quality diets and might have been forced to also reduce the quantity of food they would normally eat because of a lack of money or other resources.

Source: Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population (%)

Prevalence of severe food insecurity in the population (%)

1.4 % of population latest value, 2023

Spain: Prevalence of severe food insecurity in the population (%)2015: 1.1; 2023: 1.400.511.522.520152020

The percentage of people in the population who live in households classified as severely food insecure. A household is classified as severely food insecure when at least one adult in the household has reported to have been exposed, at times during the year, to several of the most severe experiences described in the FIES questions, such as to have been forced to reduce the quantity of the food, to have skipped meals, having gone hungry, or having to go for a whole day without eating because of a lack of money or other resources.

Source: Prevalence of severe food insecurity in the population (%)

Out-of-pocket expenditure (% of current health expenditure)

20.9 % of current health expenditure latest value, 2023

Spain: Out-of-pocket expenditure (% of current health expenditure)2000: 24.3; 2023: 20.9051015202520002005201020152020

Share of out-of-pocket payments of total current health expenditures. Out-of-pocket payments are spending on health directly out-of-pocket by households.

Source: Out-of-pocket expenditure (% of current health expenditure)

Current health expenditure (% of GDP)

9.2 % of GDP latest value, 2023

Spain: Current health expenditure (% of GDP)2000: 6.8; 2023: 9.205101520002005201020152020

Level of current health expenditure expressed as a percentage of GDP. Estimates of current health expenditures include healthcare goods and services consumed during each year. This indicator does not include capital health expenditures such as buildings, machinery, IT and stocks of vaccines for emergency or outbreaks.

Source: Current health expenditure (% of GDP)

Current health expenditure per capita (current US$)

3,106.6 current US dollars latest value, 2023

Spain: Current health expenditure per capita (current US$)2000: 1,005.3; 2023: 3,106.601,0002,0003,0004,00020002005201020152020

Current expenditures on health per capita in current US dollars. Estimates of current health expenditures include healthcare goods and services consumed during each year.

Source: Current health expenditure per capita (current US$)

Healthy life years at age 65, men

12.4 years latest value, 2024

Spain: Healthy life years at age 65, men2004: 9.8; 2024: 12.40510152005201020152020

Expected years without activity limitation, EU-SILC/Eurostat, combining mortality and self-reported limitation. Different from IHME healthy life years.

Source: Healthy life years by sex (from 2004 onwards)

Healthy life years at age 65, women

12.5 years latest value, 2024

Spain: Healthy life years at age 65, women2004: 9.6; 2024: 12.50510152005201020152020

Expected years without activity limitation, EU-SILC/Eurostat, combining mortality and self-reported limitation. Different from IHME healthy life years.

Source: Healthy life years by sex (from 2004 onwards)

Healthy life years at birth, men

68.6 years latest value, 2024

Spain: Healthy life years at birth, men2004: 62.6; 2024: 68.60204060802005201020152020

Expected years without activity limitation, EU-SILC/Eurostat, combining mortality and self-reported limitation. Different from IHME healthy life years.

Source: Healthy life years by sex (from 2004 onwards)

Healthy life years at birth, women

68.6 years latest value, 2024

Spain: Healthy life years at birth, women2004: 62.6; 2024: 68.60204060802005201020152020

Expected years without activity limitation, EU-SILC/Eurostat, combining mortality and self-reported limitation. Different from IHME healthy life years.

Source: Healthy life years by sex (from 2004 onwards)

Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49)

0.3 % of people aged 15-49 latest value, 2024

Spain: Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49)1990: 0.4; 2024: 0.300.10.20.30.40.50.61990199520002005201020152020

Prevalence of HIV refers to the percentage of people ages 15-49 who are infected with HIV.

Source: Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49)

Hospital beds (per 1,000 people)

2.9 per 1,000 people latest value, 2023

Spain: Hospital beds (per 1,000 people)1970: 4.7; 2023: 2.90246197019801990200020102020

Hospital beds include inpatient beds available in public, private, general, and specialized hospitals and rehabilitation centers. In most cases beds for both acute and chronic care are included.

Source: Hospital beds (per 1,000 people)

Low birthweight

9.6 % latest value, 2020

Spain: Low birthweight2000: 8.9; 2020: 9.6024681020002005201020152020

FAOSTAT FS, Prevalence of low birthweight (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people)

6.4 per 1,000 people latest value, 2022

Spain: Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people)1990: 2.8; 2022: 6.4024681990199520002005201020152020

Nurses and midwives include professional nurses, professional midwives, auxiliary nurses, auxiliary midwives, enrolled nurses, enrolled midwives and other associated personnel, such as dental nurses and primary care nurses.

Source: Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people)

Obesity among adults aged 18+

15.3 % latest value, 2024

Spain: Obesity among adults aged 18+2000: 18.5; 2024: 15.3051015202520002005201020152020

FAOSTAT FS, Prevalence of obesity in the adult population (18 years and older) (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Physicians (per 1,000 people)

4.3 per 1,000 people latest value, 2022

Spain: Physicians (per 1,000 people)1990: 2; 2022: 4.30123451990199520002005201020152020

Physicians include generalist and specialist medical practitioners.

Source: Physicians (per 1,000 people)

Mortality caused by road traffic injury (per 100,000 population)

3.9 per 100,000 people latest value, 2019

Spain: Mortality caused by road traffic injury (per 100,000 population)2000: 15.4; 2019: 3.9051015202000200520102015

Mortality caused by road traffic injury is estimated road traffic fatal injury deaths per 100,000 population.

Source: Mortality caused by road traffic injury (per 100,000 population)

Bad or very bad self-rated health

7.4 % of people aged 16+ in group latest value, 2025

Spain: Bad or very bad self-rated health2005: 12.5; 2025: 7.405101520052010201520202025

Self-rated bad or very bad health, EU-SILC, both sexes aged 16+. Not a medical diagnosis.

Source: Self-perceived health by sex, age and income quintile

Bad or very bad self-rated health in the highest income quintile

5.1 % of people aged 16+ in group latest value, 2025

Spain: Bad or very bad self-rated health in the highest income quintile2005: 5.6; 2025: 5.1024620052010201520202025

Self-rated bad or very bad health, EU-SILC, both sexes aged 16+. Not a medical diagnosis.

Source: Self-perceived health by sex, age and income quintile

Bad or very bad self-rated health in the lowest income quintile

10.2 % of people aged 16+ in group latest value, 2025

Spain: Bad or very bad self-rated health in the lowest income quintile2005: 20; 2025: 10.2051015202520052010201520202025

Self-rated bad or very bad health, EU-SILC, both sexes aged 16+. Not a medical diagnosis.

Source: Self-perceived health by sex, age and income quintile

Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 population)

8.7 per 100,000 people latest value, 2021

Spain: Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 population)2000: 8.6; 2021: 8.7024681020002005201020152020

Suicide mortality rate is the number of suicide deaths in a year per 100,000 population. Crude suicide rate (not age-adjusted).

Source: Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 population)

Prevalence of current tobacco use (% of adults)

27.6 % of adults latest value, 2024

Spain: Prevalence of current tobacco use (% of adults)2000: 34.7; 2024: 27.601020304020002005201020152020

The percentage of the population ages 15 years and over who currently use any tobacco product (smoked and/or smokeless tobacco) on a daily or non-daily basis. Tobacco products include cigarettes, pipes, cigars, cigarillos, waterpipes (hookah, shisha), bidis, kretek, heated tobacco products, and all forms of smokeless (oral and nasal) tobacco. Tobacco products exclude e-cigarettes (which do not contain tobacco), “e-cigars”, “e-hookahs”, JUUL and “e-pipes”. The rates are age-standardized to the WHO Standard Population.

Source: Prevalence of current tobacco use (% of adults)

Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people)

7.9 per 100,000 people latest value, 2024

Spain: Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people)2000: 30; 2024: 7.901020304020002005201020152020

Incidence of tuberculosis is the estimated number of new and relapse tuberculosis cases arising in a given year, expressed as the rate per 100,000 population. All forms of TB are included, including cases in people living with HIV. Estimates for all years are recalculated as new information becomes available and techniques are refined, so they may differ from those published previously.

Source: Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people)

Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population)

2.5 % of population latest value, 2023

Spain: Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population)2001: 2.5; 2023: 2.500.511.522.532005201020152020

Prevalence of undernourishment is the percentage of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normal active and healthy life. Data showing as 2.5 may signify a prevalence of undernourishment below 2.5%.

Source: Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population)

Unmet medical examination needs in the highest income quintile

1.3 % of people aged 16+ in group latest value, 2025

Spain: Unmet medical examination needs in the highest income quintile2008: 0.4; 2025: 1.300.511.522010201520202025

Self-reported unmet medical examination needs due to cost, distance or waiting lists, EU-SILC, age 16+. Source flags and questionnaire changes are preserved; do not add reasons.

Source: Self-reported unmet needs for medical examination by sex, age, main reason declared and income quintile

Unmet medical examination needs in the lowest income quintile

1.6 % of people aged 16+ in group latest value, 2025

Spain: Unmet medical examination needs in the lowest income quintile2008: 0.7; 2025: 1.600.511.522010201520202025

Self-reported unmet medical examination needs due to cost, distance or waiting lists, EU-SILC, age 16+. Source flags and questionnaire changes are preserved; do not add reasons.

Source: Self-reported unmet needs for medical examination by sex, age, main reason declared and income quintile

Immunization, DPT (% of children ages 12-23 months)

94 % of children aged 12-23 months latest value, 2024

Spain: Immunization, DPT (% of children ages 12-23 months)1984: 95; 2024: 940204060801001990200020102020

Child immunization, DPT, measures the percentage of children ages 12-23 months who received DPT vaccinations before 12 months or at any time before the survey. A child is considered adequately immunized against diphtheria, pertussis (or whooping cough), and tetanus (DPT) after receiving three doses of vaccine.

Source: Immunization, DPT (% of children ages 12-23 months)

Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)

97 % of children aged 12-23 months latest value, 2024

Spain: Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)1981: 8; 2024: 970204060801001990200020102020

Child immunization, measles, measures the percentage of children ages 12-23 months who received the measles vaccination before 12 months or at any time before the survey. A child is considered adequately immunized against measles after receiving one dose of vaccine.

Source: Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)

Culture and time

International tourism, receipts (current US$)

31,592,000,000 current US dollars latest value, 1998

Spain: International tourism, receipts (current US$)1995: 27,369,000,000; 1998: 31,592,000,000010,000,000,00020,000,000,00030,000,000,00040,000,000,0001995

International tourism receipts are expenditures by international inbound visitors, including payments to national carriers for international transport. These receipts include any other prepayment made for goods or services received in the destination country. They also may include receipts from same-day visitors, except when these are important enough to justify separate classification. For some countries they do not include receipts for passenger transport items. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

Source: International tourism, receipts (current US$)

International tourism, number of arrivals

36,410,000 arrivals per year latest value, 2020

Spain: International tourism, number of arrivals1995: 52,460,000; 2020: 36,410,000050,000,000100,000,000150,000,000199520002005201020152020

International inbound tourists (overnight visitors) are the number of tourists who travel to a country other than that in which they have their usual residence, but outside their usual environment, for a period not exceeding 12 months and whose main purpose in visiting is other than an activity remunerated from within the country visited. When data on number of tourists are not available, the number of visitors, which includes tourists, same-day visitors, cruise passengers, and crew members, is shown instead. Sources and collection methods for arrivals differ across countries. In some cases data are from border statistics (police, immigration, and the like) and supplemented by border surveys. In other cases data are from tourism accommodation establishments. For some countries number of arrivals is limited to arrivals by air and for others to arrivals staying in hotels. Some countries include arrivals of nationals residing abroad while others do not. Caution should thus be used in comparing arrivals across countries. The data on inbound tourists refer to the number of arrivals, not to the number of people traveling. Thus a person who makes several trips to a country during a given period is counted each time as a new arrival.

Source: International tourism, number of arrivals

Land and housing

Agricultural land (% of land area)

49.6 % of land area latest value, 2023

Spain: Agricultural land (% of land area)1961: 66.5; 2023: 49.6020406080197019801990200020102020

Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable, under permanent crops, and under permanent pastures. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded. Land under permanent crops is land cultivated with crops that occupy the land for long periods and need not be replanted after each harvest, such as cocoa, coffee, and rubber. This category includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees, and vines, but excludes land under trees grown for wood or timber. Permanent pasture is land used for five or more years for forage, including natural and cultivated crops.

Source: Agricultural land (% of land area)

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added per worker (constant 2015 US$)

45,338.7 constant 2015 US dollars latest value, 2025

Spain: Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added per worker (constant 2015 US$)1995: 17,885.6; 2025: 45,338.7010,00020,00030,00040,00050,0001995200020052010201520202025

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing corresponds to ISIC (Rev. 4) divisions 01-03 and includes the exploitation of vegetal and animal natural resources, comprising the activities of growing of crops, raising and breeding of animals, harvesting of timber and other plants, animals or animal products from a farm or their natural habitats.Value added is the contribution to the economy by a producer or an industry or an institutional sector, which is estimated by the total value of output produced and deducting the total value of intermediate consumption of goods and services used to produce that output. This indicator is expressed in constant prices, meaning the series has been adjusted to account for price changes over time. The reference year for this adjustment is 2015. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.

Source: Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added per worker (constant 2015 US$)

Land used for aquaculture

0.25 1000 ha latest value, 2020

Spain: Land used for aquaculture2017: 0.34; 2020: 0.2500.10.20.30.420152020

FAOSTAT RL, Land used for aquaculture. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Price of arable land

12,778 euro per hectare latest value, 2024

Spain: Price of arable land2011: 12,325; 2024: 12,77805,00010,00015,00020152020

Published agricultural land price excluding buildings, national Eurostat series. Transaction composition and coverage differ.

Source: Agricultural land prices by region

Annual rent of arable land

325 euro per hectare per year latest value, 2024

Spain: Annual rent of arable land2016: 177; 2024: 32501002003004002020

Published annual agricultural land rental price, national Eurostat series. Not a purchase price.

Source: Agricultural land renting prices for one year by region

Arable land (% of land area)

23 % of land area latest value, 2023

Spain: Arable land (% of land area)1961: 32.5; 2023: 23010203040197019801990200020102020

Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded.

Source: Arable land (% of land area)

Cereal yield (kg per hectare)

3,785.9 kg per hectare latest value, 2024

Spain: Cereal yield (kg per hectare)1961: 1,082.5; 2024: 3,785.901,0002,0003,0004,0005,000197019801990200020102020

Cereal yield, measured as kilograms per hectare of harvested land, includes wheat, rice, maize, barley, oats, rye, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, and mixed grains. Production data on cereals relate to crops harvested for dry grain only. Cereal crops harvested for hay or harvested green for food, feed, or silage and those used for grazing are excluded. The FAO allocates production data to the calendar year in which the bulk of the harvest took place. Most of a crop harvested near the end of a year will be used in the following year.

Source: Cereal yield (kg per hectare)

Certified organic agricultural land

2,471.56 1000 ha latest value, 2024

Spain: Certified organic agricultural land2012: 1,366.9; 2024: 2,471.5605001,0001,5002,0002,50020152020

FAOSTAT RL, Agriculture area certified organic. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Housing cost overburden

7.2 % of population latest value, 2025

Spain: Housing cost overburden2004: 4.9; 2025: 7.205101520052010201520202025

People in households with housing costs exceeding 40% of disposable income, EU-SILC; all ages and sexes.

Source: Housing cost overburden rate by age, sex and poverty status

Actually irrigated agricultural land

3,753.3 1000 ha latest value, 2024

Spain: Actually irrigated agricultural land2001: 3,727; 2024: 3,753.301,0002,0003,0004,0002005201020152020

FAOSTAT RL, Agriculture area actually irrigated. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Land equipped for irrigation

3,759.4 1000 ha latest value, 2024

Spain: Land equipped for irrigation1961: 1,950; 2024: 3,759.401,0002,0003,0004,000197019801990200020102020

FAOSTAT RL, Land area equipped for irrigation. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Age of leaving the parental household

30.2 years, estimate latest value, 2025

Spain: Age of leaving the parental household2000: 29.4; 2025: 30.2010203040200020052010201520202025

Estimated mean age of leaving the parental household under the Eurostat method, both sexes. Not the mean age of observed moves during the year.

Source: Estimated average age of young persons leaving the parental household

Cropland under zero or no tillage

3,582.65 1000 ha latest value, 2024

Spain: Cropland under zero or no tillage2016: 739.13; 2024: 3,582.6501,0002,0003,0004,0005,0002020

FAOSTAT RL, Cropland area under zero or no tillage. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Price of permanent grassland

4,360 euro per hectare latest value, 2024

Spain: Price of permanent grassland2011: 5,014; 2024: 4,36002,0004,0006,00020152020

Published agricultural land price excluding buildings, national Eurostat series. Transaction composition and coverage differ.

Source: Agricultural land prices by region

Annual rent of permanent grassland

76 euro per hectare per year latest value, 2024

Spain: Annual rent of permanent grassland2016: 65; 2024: 760204060802020

Published annual agricultural land rental price, national Eurostat series. Not a purchase price.

Source: Agricultural land renting prices for one year by region

Planted forest

2,819.17 1000 ha latest value, 2025

Spain: Planted forest1990: 1,945.19; 2025: 2,819.1701,0002,0003,00019901995200020052010201520202025

FAOSTAT RL, Planted Forest. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Everyday environment

Air transport, passengers carried

94,101,520.5 passengers per year latest value, 2023

Spain: Air transport, passengers carried1970: 6,347,400; 2023: 94,101,520.5020,000,00040,000,00060,000,00080,000,000100,000,000197019801990200020102020

Air carrier data per country refers to passengers carried by airlines registered in that country regardless of the origin or destination of the passengers.

Source: Air transport, passengers carried

Unable to keep home adequately warm

15.9 % of population in group latest value, 2025

Spain: Unable to keep home adequately warm2004: 9.5; 2025: 15.9051015202520052010201520202025

Self-reported inability to keep home adequately warm, EU-SILC. The at-risk group has income below 60% of the national median.

Source: Inability to keep home adequately warm

Unable to keep home adequately warm (at risk of poverty)

28.3 % of population in group latest value, 2025

Spain: Unable to keep home adequately warm (at risk of poverty)2004: 17.1; 2025: 28.301020304020052010201520202025

Self-reported inability to keep home adequately warm, EU-SILC. The at-risk group has income below 60% of the national median.

Source: Inability to keep home adequately warm

Access to electricity (% of population)

100 % of population latest value, 2024

Spain: Access to electricity (% of population)1990: 100; 2024: 1000204060801001201990199520002005201020152020

Access to electricity is the percentage of population with access to electricity. Electrification data are collected from industry, national surveys and international sources.

Source: Access to electricity (% of population)

Fertilizer consumption (kilograms per hectare of arable land)

115.1 kg of nutrients per hectare latest value, 2023

Spain: Fertilizer consumption (kilograms per hectare of arable land)1961: 44.9; 2023: 115.1050100150200197019801990200020102020

Fertilizer consumption measures the quantity of plant nutrients used per unit of arable land. Fertilizer products cover nitrogenous, potash, and phosphate fertilizers (including ground rock phosphate). Traditional nutrients--animal and plant manures--are not included. For the purpose of data dissemination, FAO has adopted the concept of a calendar year (January to December). Some countries compile fertilizer data on a calendar year basis, while others are on a split-year basis. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded.

Source: Fertilizer consumption (kilograms per hectare of arable land)

Forest area (% of land area)

37.2 % of land area latest value, 2023

Spain: Forest area (% of land area)1990: 27.8; 2023: 37.20102030401990199520002005201020152020

Forest area (% of land area) is the share of total land area that is under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters in situ, whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems (for example, in fruit plantations and agroforestry systems) and trees in urban parks and gardens.

Source: Forest area (% of land area)

Household electricity price

0.26 euro per kWh, mean of both half-years latest value, 2025

Spain: Household electricity price2008: 0.15; 2025: 0.2600.10.20.30.42010201520202025

Arithmetic mean of both half-year prices including taxes in the selected Eurostat consumption band. Partial years excluded; not a sales-weighted annual price.

Source: Electricity prices for household consumers - bi-annual data (from 2007 onwards)

Household gas price

0.09 euro per kWh, mean of both half-years latest value, 2025

Spain: Household gas price2008: 0.06; 2025: 0.0900.050.10.152010201520202025

Arithmetic mean of both half-year prices including taxes in the selected Eurostat consumption band. Partial years excluded; not a sales-weighted annual price.

Source: Gas prices for household consumers - bi-annual data

Land temperature anomaly

2.3 °C latest value, 2025

Spain: Land temperature anomaly1961: 0.74; 2025: 2.30123197019801990200020102020

FAOSTAT ET, Meteorological year. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Municipal waste generated

456 kg per inhabitant latest value, 2024

Spain: Municipal waste generated1995: 505; 2024: 4560200400600800199520002005201020152020

Municipal waste by treatment operation, Eurostat, kg per inhabitant. National scope of municipal waste differs.

Source: Municipal waste by waste management operations

Municipal waste landfilled

216 kg per inhabitant latest value, 2024

Spain: Municipal waste landfilled1995: 305; 2024: 2160100200300400199520002005201020152020

Municipal waste by treatment operation, Eurostat, kg per inhabitant. National scope of municipal waste differs.

Source: Municipal waste by waste management operations

Municipal waste recycled

194 kg per inhabitant latest value, 2024

Spain: Municipal waste recycled1995: 36; 2024: 194050100150200250199520002005201020152020

Municipal waste by treatment operation, Eurostat, kg per inhabitant. National scope of municipal waste differs.

Source: Municipal waste by waste management operations

PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (micrograms per cubic meter)

10.1 micrograms/m³, annual mean exposure latest value, 2023

Spain: PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (micrograms per cubic meter)1990: 16.5; 2023: 10.1051015201990199520002005201020152020

Population-weighted exposure to ambient PM2.5 pollution is defined as the average level of exposure of a nation's population to concentrations of suspended particles measuring less than 2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter, which are capable of penetrating deep into the respiratory tract and causing severe health damage. Exposure is calculated by weighting mean annual concentrations of PM2.5 by population in both urban and rural areas.

Source: PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (micrograms per cubic meter)

Railways, passengers carried (million passenger-km)

17,002 million passenger-km latest value, 2021

Spain: Railways, passengers carried (million passenger-km)1995: 16,594; 2021: 17,002010,00020,00030,000199520002005201020152020

Passengers carried by railway are the number of passengers transported by rail multiplied by kilometers traveled.

Source: Railways, passengers carried (million passenger-km)

People using safely managed drinking water services (% of population)

99.5 % of population latest value, 2024

Spain: People using safely managed drinking water services (% of population)2000: 99.4; 2024: 99.502040608010020002005201020152020

The percentage of people using drinking water from an improved source that is accessible on premises, available when needed and free from fecal and priority chemical contamination. Improved water sources include piped water, boreholes or tubewells, protected dug wells, protected springs, and packaged or delivered water.

Source: People using safely managed drinking water services (% of population)

People using safely managed sanitation services (% of population)

88.3 % of population latest value, 2024

Spain: People using safely managed sanitation services (% of population)2000: 92.7; 2024: 88.302040608010020002005201020152020

The percentage of people using improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households and where excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and treated offsite. Improved sanitation facilities include flush/pour flush to piped sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines: ventilated improved pit latrines, composting toilets or pit latrines with slabs.

Source: People using safely managed sanitation services (% of population)

Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources

43.3 % of available freshwater resources latest value, 2022

Spain: Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources1975: 49.2; 2022: 43.302040608019801990200020102020

The level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources is the ratio between total freshwater withdrawn by all major sectors and total renewable freshwater resources, after taking into account environmental water requirements. Main sectors, as defined by ISIC standards, include agriculture; forestry and fishing; manufacturing; electricity industry; and services. This indicator is also known as water withdrawal intensity.

Source: Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources

Work and skills

Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)

99.7 % of people aged 15+ latest value, 2021

Spain: Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)1981: 92.8; 2021: 99.70204060801001990200020102020

Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.

Source: Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)

Children out of school (% of primary school age)

1.2 % of primary-school-age children latest value, 2024

Spain: Children out of school (% of primary school age)2001: 0; 2024: 1.201232005201020152020

Children out of school are the percentage of primary-school-age children who are not enrolled in primary or secondary school. Children in the official primary age group that are in preprimary education should be considered out of school.

Source: Children out of school (% of primary school age)

Early leavers from education and training

12.8 % of people aged 18-24 latest value, 2025

Spain: Early leavers from education and training1992: 40.4; 2025: 12.8010203040501995200020052010201520202025

People aged 18-24 with at most lower secondary education and no recent education/training, Eurostat LFS.

Source: Early leavers from education and training by labour status

Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP)

4.6 % of GDP latest value, 2022

Spain: Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP)1970: 1.8; 2022: 4.6012345197019801990200020102020

General government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers) is expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. General government usually refers to local, regional and central governments.

Source: Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP)

Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate)

51.5 % of population aged 15+ latest value, 2025

Spain: Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate)1991: 41.8; 2025: 51.502040601995200020052010201520202025

Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed.

Source: Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate)

Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate)

57.4 % of population aged 15+ latest value, 2025

Spain: Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate)1990: 49.9; 2025: 57.4020406019901995200020052010201520202025

Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.

Source: Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate)

Learning poverty: Share of Children at the End-of-Primary age below minimum reading proficiency adjusted by Out-of-School Children (%)

7.3 % of children of end-of-primary age latest value, 2021

Spain: Learning poverty: Share of Children at the End-of-Primary age below minimum reading proficiency adjusted by Out-of-School Children (%)2006: 8.9; 2021: 7.30246810201020152020

The share of 10-year-olds who cannot read and understand a short passage of age-appropriate material—in other words, those who are below the “minimum proficiency” threshold for reading. This measure is defined as the union of two deprivations: 1) schooling deprivation and 2) learning deprivation. A child is considered schooling-deprived (SD) if he or she is of primary school age and out-of-school. The dimension of learning deprivation (LD) applies only for children in school, and identifies those pupils who are below the minimum proficiency level (MPL) for reading, as defined by the Global Alliance to Monitor Learning (GAML), measured in standard learning assessments, and reported in the context of the SDG 4.1.1b monitoring. This “union approach” to measurement reflects the choice that, as presented in the SDGs, all age 10 children must be both in school and learning. The final learning poverty measure combines the two dimensions in a single indicator using the following formula: LP = SD + [(1-SD) x LD]

Source: Learning poverty: Share of Children at the End-of-Primary age below minimum reading proficiency adjusted by Out-of-School Children (%)

New business density (new registrations per 1,000 people ages 15-64)

3.7 per 1,000 people aged 15-64 latest value, 2024

Spain: New business density (new registrations per 1,000 people ages 15-64)2006: 4.9; 2024: 3.7012345201020152020

The number of newly registered firms with limited liability per 1,000 working-age people (ages 15-64) per calendar year.

Source: New business density (new registrations per 1,000 people ages 15-64)

Part-time employment

13.5 % of employed people aged 15-64 latest value, 2025

Spain: Part-time employment2009: 12.4; 2025: 13.5051015202010201520202025

Employed people aged 15-64 working part-time as a share of employment, Eurostat LFS, both sexes.

Source: Part-time employment and temporary contracts - annual data

Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)

98.5 % of relevant age group latest value, 2024

Spain: Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)2004: 100.6; 2024: 98.50501001502005201020152020

Primary completion rate, or gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, is the number of new entrants (enrollments minus repeaters) in the last grade of primary education, regardless of age, divided by the population at the entrance age for the last grade of primary education. Data limitations preclude adjusting for students who drop out during the final year of primary education.

Source: Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)

Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

10.1 % of employment latest value, 2025

Spain: Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)1991: 20.3; 2025: 10.105101520251995200020052010201520202025

Vulnerable employment is contributing family workers and own-account workers as a percentage of total employment.

Source: Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Actual weekly hours worked

36.1 hours latest value, 2025

Spain: Actual weekly hours worked2008: 38.3; 2025: 36.10102030402010201520202025

Mean actual hours in the main job among those who worked in the reference week, age 15+, both sexes and all employment types/industries, Eurostat LFS. Full-week absentees excluded.

Source: Average actual weekly hours worked in the main job of persons who worked in this job during the reference week by professional status, full-time/part-time employment and economic activity (NACE Rev. 2) (2008-2026)

Literacy rate, youth total (% of people ages 15-24)

99.7 % of people aged 15-24 latest value, 2021

Spain: Literacy rate, youth total (% of people ages 15-24)1981: 98.6; 2021: 99.70204060801001990200020102020

Youth literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15-24 who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.

Source: Literacy rate, youth total (% of people ages 15-24)

Share of youth not in education, employment or training, total (% of youth population)

10.5 % of youth aged 15-24 latest value, 2025

Spain: Share of youth not in education, employment or training, total (% of youth population)1986: 31.1; 2025: 10.50102030401990200020102020

The share of youth not in education, employment or training (also known as “the NEET rate”) conveys the number of young persons not in education, employment or training as a percentage of the total youth population. Youth not in education are those who were neither enrolled in school nor in a formal training program (e.g. vocational training). For the purposes of this indicator, youth is defined as all persons between the ages of 15 and 24 (inclusive).

Source: Share of youth not in education, employment or training, total (% of youth population)

Science, space and technology

GitHub developer accounts at year end

2,574,611 accounts latest value, 2025

Spain: GitHub developer accounts at year end2020: 812,307; 2025: 2,574,61101,000,0002,000,0003,000,00020202025

Fourth-quarter end snapshot; includes inactive accounts/organizations/repositories. GitHub Innovation Graph: public GitHub activity only. Geography reflects mode location, not nationality. Suppressed small groups are not zeros; not a professional-programmer count.

Source: GitHub Innovation Graph

GitHub git pushes

15,886,348 git pushes latest value, 2025

Spain: GitHub git pushes2020: 6,177,190; 2025: 15,886,34805,000,00010,000,00015,000,00020,000,00020202025

Sum of all four published quarters of git pushes. One push may include multiple commits. GitHub Innovation Graph: public GitHub activity only. Geography reflects mode location, not nationality. Suppressed small groups are not zeros; not a professional-programmer count.

Source: GitHub Innovation Graph

GitHub organizations at year end

126,774 organizations latest value, 2025

Spain: GitHub organizations at year end2020: 48,652; 2025: 126,774050,000100,000150,00020202025

Fourth-quarter end snapshot; includes inactive accounts/organizations/repositories. GitHub Innovation Graph: public GitHub activity only. Geography reflects mode location, not nationality. Suppressed small groups are not zeros; not a professional-programmer count.

Source: GitHub Innovation Graph

GitHub repositories at year end

5,805,695 repositories latest value, 2025

Spain: GitHub repositories at year end2020: 2,087,164; 2025: 5,805,69502,000,0004,000,0006,000,00020202025

Fourth-quarter end snapshot; includes inactive accounts/organizations/repositories. GitHub Innovation Graph: public GitHub activity only. Geography reflects mode location, not nationality. Suppressed small groups are not zeros; not a professional-programmer count.

Source: GitHub Innovation Graph

High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)

9.3 % of manufactured exports latest value, 2024

Spain: High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)2007: 5.6; 2024: 9.3051015201020152020

High-technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery.

Source: High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)

Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)

1.5 % of GDP latest value, 2023

Spain: Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)1996: 0.8; 2023: 1.500.511.520002005201020152020

Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.

Source: Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)

R&D expenditure per inhabitant

492.4 euro per inhabitant latest value, 2024

Spain: R&D expenditure per inhabitant1981: 18.8; 2024: 492.401002003004005001990200020102020

Gross domestic R&D expenditure, all sectors, current euro per inhabitant, Eurostat. Exchange-rate and inflation changes remain.

Source: GERD by sector of performance

Researchers in R&D (per million people)

3,653.8 full-time equivalents per million people latest value, 2023

Spain: Researchers in R&D (per million people)1996: 1,286.1; 2023: 3,653.801,0002,0003,0004,00020002005201020152020

The number of researchers engaged in Research &Development (R&D), expressed as per million. Researchers are professionals who conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models techniques instrumentation, software of operational methods. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.

Source: Researchers in R&D (per million people)

Patent applications, residents

1,308 applications per year latest value, 2021

Spain: Patent applications, residents1980: 1,876; 2021: 1,30801,0002,0003,0004,00019801990200020102020

Patent applications are worldwide patent applications filed through the Patent Cooperation Treaty procedure or with a national patent office for exclusive rights for an invention--a product or process that provides a new way of doing something or offers a new technical solution to a problem. A patent provides protection for the invention to the owner of the patent for a limited period, generally 20 years.

Source: Patent applications, residents

Business R&D, % of GDP

0.84 % of GDP latest value, 2024

Spain: Business R&D, % of GDP1981: 0.18; 2024: 0.8400.20.40.60.811990200020102020

BERD — R&D performed by businesses, as a share of GDP. It is part of GERD; the rest is performed by government institutes, universities and non-profits. Counted by who performs the work, not by who pays for it. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

Government-sector R&D, % of GDP

0.29 % of GDP latest value, 2024

Spain: Government-sector R&D, % of GDP1981: 0.12; 2024: 0.2900.10.20.31990200020102020

GOVERD — R&D performed by government research bodies (excluding universities), as a share of GDP. Part of GERD; counted by performer, not by source of funds. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

University R&D, % of GDP

0.37 % of GDP latest value, 2024

Spain: University R&D, % of GDP1981: 0.09; 2024: 0.3700.10.20.30.41990200020102020

HERD — R&D performed by universities and other higher-education institutions, as a share of GDP. Part of GERD; counted by performer, not by source of funds. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

R&D funded by business

48 % of GERD latest value, 2023

Spain: R&D funded by business1981: 42.8; 2023: 4802040601990200020102020

Share of all domestic R&D spending (GERD) paid for by businesses, whoever performed the work. GERD is all R&D performed in the country, whoever performs it: businesses, government institutes, universities and non-profits (Frascati Manual). OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

R&D funded by government

38.3 % of GERD latest value, 2023

Spain: R&D funded by government1981: 56; 2023: 38.302040601990200020102020

Share of all domestic R&D spending (GERD) paid for by government, including public money for universities. GERD is all R&D performed in the country, whoever performs it: businesses, government institutes, universities and non-profits (Frascati Manual). OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

R&D funded from abroad

9 % of GERD latest value, 2023

Spain: R&D funded from abroad1981: 1.1; 2023: 902468101990200020102020

Share of domestic R&D spending (GERD) paid for from abroad: foreign companies, international organisations, EU programmes. GERD is all R&D performed in the country, whoever performs it: businesses, government institutes, universities and non-profits (Frascati Manual). OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

R&D spending, billion dollars

33.6 billion USD PPP, 2020 prices latest value, 2024

Spain: R&D spending, billion dollars1981: 3.4; 2024: 33.60102030401990200020102020

All domestic R&D spending (GERD) in billions of US dollars at purchasing power parity, constant 2020 prices, so years compare without inflation. GERD is all R&D performed in the country, whoever performs it: businesses, government institutes, universities and non-profits (Frascati Manual). OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

Researchers per 1,000 employed

8.4 per 1,000 employed, FTE latest value, 2024

Spain: Researchers per 1,000 employed1981: 1.6; 2024: 8.402468101990200020102020

Researchers in full-time equivalents (FTE: two half-timers count as one) per 1,000 people employed. Researchers only, excluding technicians and support staff; not a headcount. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

Researchers, thousands

184.4 thousand full-time equivalents latest value, 2024

Spain: Researchers, thousands1981: 19.3; 2024: 184.40501001502001990200020102020

Researchers in all sectors in full-time equivalents (two half-timers count as one), thousands. Excludes technicians and support staff; the headcount is usually larger. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

Government R&D budget, billion dollars

13.4 billion USD PPP, 2020 prices latest value, 2024

Spain: Government R&D budget, billion dollars1981: 2.2; 2024: 13.4051015201990200020102020

GBARD — R&D appropriations in the central government budget, billions of US dollars at PPP, 2020 prices. A budget, not GERD spending: it includes money spent abroad and given to international organisations, and excludes business money. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

Defence share of government R&D budget

3.8 % of GBARD latest value, 2024

Spain: Defence share of government R&D budget1981: 4.9; 2024: 3.80102030401990200020102020

Share of government R&D appropriations (GBARD) earmarked for defence. GBARD is a budget, not actual spending. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

Space share of civil government R&D budget

5.9 % of civil GBARD latest value, 2024

Spain: Space share of civil government R&D budget1981: 3.7; 2024: 5.902468101990200020102020

Share of civil government R&D appropriations (GBARD excluding defence) for space exploration and exploitation. Military space is not included. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

Triadic patent families

303 families per year latest value, 2023

Spain: Triadic patent families1985: 34; 2023: 30301002003004001990200020102020

Inventions filed at all three of the European, Japanese and US patent offices, by inventors' country and priority year, fractionally counted across co-inventing countries. Applications, not grants; counts inventions, not individual filings. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

Government R&D budget, % of GDP

0.6 % of GDP latest value, 2024

Spain: Government R&D budget, % of GDP1981: 0.26; 2024: 0.600.20.40.60.811990200020102020

GBARD — central government R&D appropriations as a share of GDP, both in national currency at current prices from the same OECD table. A budget, not GERD spending; business money is not included. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

Business R&D per inhabitant

274.4 euro per inhabitant latest value, 2024

Spain: Business R&D per inhabitant1981: 8.6; 2024: 274.401002003001990200020102020

R&D performed by businesses (BERD), euros at current prices per inhabitant. Counted by who performs the work, not by who pays. Eurostat, rd_e_gerdtot (sector BES).

Source: Eurostat research and development statistics

Researchers, thousand people

289.9 thousand people latest value, 2024

Spain: Researchers, thousand people1985: 40.8; 2024: 289.901002003001990200020102020

Number of people working as researchers in all sectors — each person counts once, however many hours they spend on research (headcount). Hence larger than full-time equivalents (researchers_fte). Eurostat, rd_p_persocc.

Source: Eurostat research and development statistics

Women among researchers

41.7 % of researchers latest value, 2023

Spain: Women among researchers1997: 32.8; 2023: 41.70102030405020002005201020152020

Share of women among researchers in all sectors (business, government, higher education, non-profit), by headcount: each person counts once, however many hours they spend on research. Not the share among paper authors or inventors. UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), indicator FRESP.THC.

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS): science, technology and innovation

Patent applications by origin, worldwide

8,307 applications per year latest value, 2024

Spain: Patent applications by origin, worldwide1980: 1,900; 2024: 8,30702,0004,0006,0008,00010,00019801990200020102020

All applications for patents for inventions filed in a year by applicants from the country at any patent office worldwide — at home and abroad (direct filings and PCT national phase entries). Country = first applicant's address (origin), not the filing office. Applications, not grants; one invention filed in five countries counts five times. Residents' filings at their own office are a separate series, resident_patent_applications. WIPO IP Statistics Data Center (the last update is stated in the export file).

Source: WIPO IP Statistics Data Center

Patent applications abroad by origin

4,951 applications per year latest value, 2024

Spain: Patent applications abroad by origin1980: 24; 2024: 4,95102,0004,0006,00019801990200020102020

Applications for patents for inventions filed in a year by applicants from the country at foreign and regional offices (such as the European Patent Office): how much the country's inventions seek protection in other markets. Country = first applicant's address; applications, not grants. WIPO IP Statistics Data Center (the last update is stated in the export file).

Source: WIPO IP Statistics Data Center

PCT international patent applications

1,595 applications per year latest value, 2025

Spain: PCT international patent applications1995: 195; 2025: 1,59505001,0001,5002,0001995200020052010201520202025

International applications under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) by filing date and first applicant's country. One PCT application defers the choice of countries where the invention will be protected; it is neither a patent nor a filing at a particular office. The incomplete current year is excluded. WIPO IP Statistics Data Center (the last update is stated in the export file).

Source: WIPO IP Statistics Data Center

Contribution to ESA programmes

292.3 million euro latest value, 2026

Spain: Contribution to ESA programmes2016: 152; 2026: 292.3010020030020202025

What the country contributes to the budget of European Space Agency programmes in a year, million euro at current prices, from ESA's yearly "ESA budget" infographic. A budget for the year, not actual spending; EU and EUMETSAT money that ESA spends on their behalf is not included, nor are national space agencies.

Source: European Space Agency: yearly "ESA budget" infographics

Electric cars: share of new car sales

20 % of new car sales latest value, 2025

Spain: Electric cars: share of new car sales2010: 0; 2025: 2005101520252010201520202025

Share of electric cars among all new cars sold in the year. Sales are new cars in the year, not all cars on the road (that is the stock). Electric cars are battery-electric (BEV) and plug-in hybrids (PHEV, a battery charged from the grid plus a petrol engine); ordinary hybrids without a plug and fuel-cell cars are not included. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Electric cars: new car sales

230,000 cars a year latest value, 2025

Spain: Electric cars: new car sales2010: 76; 2025: 230,000050,000100,000150,000200,000250,0002010201520202025

New electric cars sold in the year. Electric cars are battery-electric (BEV) and plug-in hybrids (PHEV, a battery charged from the grid plus a petrol engine); ordinary hybrids without a plug and fuel-cell cars are not included. IEA rounds values to two significant figures. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Battery-electric cars (BEV): sales

110,000 cars a year latest value, 2025

Spain: Battery-electric cars (BEV): sales2010: 76; 2025: 110,000050,000100,000150,0002010201520202025

New battery-electric cars (BEV: battery only, no combustion engine) sold in the year. Plug-in hybrids are not included. IEA rounds values to two significant figures. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Plug-in hybrid cars (PHEV): sales

120,000 cars a year latest value, 2025

Spain: Plug-in hybrid cars (PHEV): sales2011: 8; 2025: 120,000050,000100,000150,000201520202025

New plug-in hybrid cars (PHEV: battery charged from the grid plus a combustion engine) sold in the year. Ordinary hybrids without a plug are not included. IEA rounds values to two significant figures. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Electric cars on the road (stock)

630,000 cars latest value, 2025

Spain: Electric cars on the road (stock)2010: 76; 2025: 630,0000200,000400,000600,000800,0002010201520202025

Electric cars on the road at the end of the year: the whole stock, not the sales of the year. Electric cars are battery-electric (BEV) and plug-in hybrids (PHEV, a battery charged from the grid plus a petrol engine); ordinary hybrids without a plug and fuel-cell cars are not included. IEA rounds values to two significant figures. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Electric cars: share of all cars on the road

2 % of the car stock latest value, 2025

Spain: Electric cars: share of all cars on the road2010: 0; 2025: 200.511.522.52010201520202025

Share of electric cars among all cars on the road (the stock), not among the sales of the year. Electric cars are battery-electric (BEV) and plug-in hybrids (PHEV, a battery charged from the grid plus a petrol engine); ordinary hybrids without a plug and fuel-cell cars are not included. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Electric buses: share of new bus sales

10 % of new bus sales latest value, 2025

Spain: Electric buses: share of new bus sales2014: 0.4; 2025: 10051015201520202025

Share of electric buses (battery-electric and plug-in hybrid) among all new buses sold in the year. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Electric trucks: share of new truck sales

0.9 % of new truck sales latest value, 2025

Spain: Electric trucks: share of new truck sales2016: 0.1; 2025: 0.900.511.5220202025

Share of electric trucks (medium and heavy; battery-electric and plug-in hybrid) among all new trucks sold in the year. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Public EV charging points

53,600 charging points latest value, 2025

Spain: Public EV charging points2012: 400; 2025: 53,600020,00040,00060,000201520202025

Publicly available charging points (outlets that can each serve one car at a time) at the end of the year, slow and fast together. A point is not a station: one station can have many points. Home and private workplace chargers are not included. IEA rounds values to two significant figures. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Fast public charging points (over 22 kW)

16,600 charging points latest value, 2025

Spain: Fast public charging points (over 22 kW)2013: 91; 2025: 16,60005,00010,00015,00020,000201520202025

Publicly available charging points over 22 kW at the end of the year, including ultra-fast ones (150 kW and more). A point is not a station. IEA rounds values to two significant figures. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Slow public charging points (up to 22 kW)

37,000 charging points latest value, 2025

Spain: Slow public charging points (up to 22 kW)2012: 400; 2025: 37,000010,00020,00030,00040,000201520202025

Publicly available charging points of up to 22 kW at the end of the year. A point is not a station. IEA rounds values to two significant figures. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Electric cars per public charging point

12 vehicles per point latest value, 2025

Spain: Electric cars per public charging point2012: 2.5; 2025: 120510152025201520202025

Light-duty electric vehicles on the road (cars and vans, BEV and PHEV) per publicly available charging point. Higher means fewer public chargers per car; it is high where people charge at home, without a shortage of chargers. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

New cars: battery-electric (BEV), share

8.7 % of new car registrations latest value, 2025

Spain: New cars: battery-electric (BEV), share2013: 0.1; 2025: 8.70246810201520202025

Share of first registrations of new passenger cars in the year (close to sales; not the whole stock). Battery-electric: battery and electric motor only, no petrol or diesel engine (Eurostat code ELC). Eurostat, road_eqr_carpda.

Source: Eurostat: new passenger car registrations and the car stock by motor energy (road_eqr_carpda, road_eqs_carpda)

New cars: plug-in hybrids (PHEV), share

10.5 % of new car registrations latest value, 2025

Spain: New cars: plug-in hybrids (PHEV), share2014: 0; 2025: 10.5051015201520202025

Share of first registrations of new passenger cars in the year (close to sales; not the whole stock). Plug-in hybrids: a battery charged from the grid plus a petrol or diesel engine (ELC_PET_PI + ELC_DIE_PI). Eurostat, road_eqr_carpda.

Source: Eurostat: new passenger car registrations and the car stock by motor energy (road_eqr_carpda, road_eqs_carpda)

New cars: hybrids without a plug, share

40 % of new car registrations latest value, 2025

Spain: New cars: hybrids without a plug, share2014: 0.9; 2025: 4001020304050201520202025

Share of first registrations of new passenger cars in the year (close to sales; not the whole stock). Ordinary hybrids without a plug (full and mild): the engine charges the battery; these are not electric cars (ELC_PET_HYB + ELC_DIE_HYB). Eurostat, road_eqr_carpda.

Source: Eurostat: new passenger car registrations and the car stock by motor energy (road_eqr_carpda, road_eqs_carpda)

New battery-electric cars (BEV): registrations

105,074 cars a year latest value, 2025

Spain: New battery-electric cars (BEV): registrations2013: 936; 2025: 105,074050,000100,000150,000201520202025

First registrations of new battery-electric passenger cars in the year (close to sales). Battery-electric: battery and electric motor only, no petrol or diesel engine (Eurostat code ELC). Eurostat, road_eqr_carpda.

Source: Eurostat: new passenger car registrations and the car stock by motor energy (road_eqr_carpda, road_eqs_carpda)

All cars on the road: battery-electric (BEV), share

1.1 % of all passenger cars latest value, 2025

Spain: All cars on the road: battery-electric (BEV), share2013: 0; 2025: 1.100.511.5201520202025

Share of all registered passenger cars at the end of the year (the stock, not the sales of the year). Battery-electric: battery and electric motor only, no petrol or diesel engine (Eurostat code ELC). Eurostat, road_eqs_carpda.

Source: Eurostat: new passenger car registrations and the car stock by motor energy (road_eqr_carpda, road_eqs_carpda)

All cars on the road: plug-in hybrids (PHEV), share

1.4 % of all passenger cars latest value, 2025

Spain: All cars on the road: plug-in hybrids (PHEV), share2014: 0; 2025: 1.400.511.5201520202025

Share of all registered passenger cars at the end of the year (the stock, not the sales of the year). Plug-in hybrids: a battery charged from the grid plus a petrol or diesel engine (ELC_PET_PI + ELC_DIE_PI). Eurostat, road_eqs_carpda.

Source: Eurostat: new passenger car registrations and the car stock by motor energy (road_eqr_carpda, road_eqs_carpda)

All cars on the road: hybrids without a plug, share

7.4 % of all passenger cars latest value, 2025

Spain: All cars on the road: hybrids without a plug, share2014: 0.3; 2025: 7.402468201520202025

Share of all registered passenger cars at the end of the year (the stock, not the sales of the year). Ordinary hybrids without a plug (full and mild): the engine charges the battery; these are not electric cars (ELC_PET_HYB + ELC_DIE_HYB). Eurostat, road_eqs_carpda.

Source: Eurostat: new passenger car registrations and the car stock by motor energy (road_eqr_carpda, road_eqs_carpda)

Satellites and spacecraft put into orbit

15 payloads a year latest value, 2025

Spain: Satellites and spacecraft put into orbit1974: 1; 2025: 150510152019801990200020102020

Payloads (satellites, crewed and cargo ships, probes; no rocket stages, debris or dummies) put into orbit by successful launches in the year. The country is the payload owner in GCAT, not the rocket's country: a Turkish satellite on a Falcon 9 is Turkey. Thousands of Starlink satellites since 2019 are the US. Data from GCAT (J. McDowell, planet4589.org/space/gcat), CC BY 4.0.

Source: GCAT — General Catalog of Artificial Space Objects (J. McDowell)

Communities and participation

Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%)

44.3 % of seats latest value, 2025

Spain: Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%)1997: 24.7; 2025: 44.301020304050200020052010201520202025

Women in parliaments are the percentage of parliamentary seats in a single or lower chamber held by women.

Source: Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%)

Religion and beliefs

Christians — population share

69.5 % of population latest value, 2020

Spain: Christians — population share2010: 78.6; 2020: 69.5020406080201020152020

Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Christians — population

33,120 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Spain: Christians — population2010: 36,840; 2020: 33,120010,00020,00030,00040,000201020152020

Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Muslims — population share

3.6 % of population latest value, 2020

Spain: Muslims — population share2010: 2.1; 2020: 3.601234201020152020

Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Muslims — population

1,700 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Spain: Muslims — population2010: 990; 2020: 1,70005001,0001,5002,000201020152020

Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religiously unaffiliated — population share

26.4 % of population latest value, 2020

Spain: Religiously unaffiliated — population share2010: 19; 2020: 26.40102030201020152020

Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religiously unaffiliated — population

12,570 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Spain: Religiously unaffiliated — population2010: 8,890; 2020: 12,57005,00010,00015,000201020152020

Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Hindus — population share

0.1 % of population latest value, 2020

Spain: Hindus — population share2020: 0.1; 2020: 0.10000.10.10.10.120152020

Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Hindus — population

60 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Spain: Hindus — population2010: 20; 2020: 60020406080201020152020

Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Jews — population

10 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Spain: Jews — population2010: 10; 2020: 10024681012201020152020

Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Other religions — population share

0.4 % of population latest value, 2020

Spain: Other religions — population share2010: 0.2; 2020: 0.400.10.20.30.40.5201020152020

Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Other religions — population

210 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Spain: Other religions — population2010: 90; 2020: 210050100150200250201020152020

Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religious diversity — country rank

53 rank among 201 latest value, 2020

Spain: Religious diversity — country rank2010: 70; 2020: 53020406080201020152020

Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religious diversity index

5.2 index points (0–10) latest value, 2020

Spain: Religious diversity index2010: 4; 2020: 5.20246201020152020

Pew index, 0–10, based on seven broad groups. 10 means seven equal groups; 0 means everyone belongs to one group. Does not measure religious freedom, intensity of belief or conflict. Values below 0.1 are retained as bounds in the table. Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religious composition: balance between two groups

8 index points (0–10) latest value, 2020

Spain: Religious composition: balance between two groups2010: 6.5; 2020: 80246810201020152020

Pew index, 0–10, based on seven broad groups. 10 means two equal groups, which may be any two religions. It is not an affiliated/unaffiliated index. Does not measure religious freedom, intensity of belief or conflict. Values below 0.1 are retained as bounds in the table. Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religiously affiliated — population share

73.6 % of population latest value, 2020

Spain: Religiously affiliated — population share2010: 81; 2020: 73.6020406080100201020152020

Macroscope calculation: total population minus Unaffiliated. A subtotal of six religious groups, not an eighth group or a count of believers in God. Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religiously affiliated — population

35,110 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Spain: Religiously affiliated — population2010: 37,960; 2020: 35,110010,00020,00030,00040,000201020152020

Macroscope calculation: total population minus Unaffiliated. A subtotal of six religious groups, not an eighth group or a count of believers in God. Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religiously affiliated adults

56 % of adults latest value, 2024

Spain: Religiously affiliated adults2024: 56; 2024: 5602040602020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Religion is very important in life

20 % of adults latest value, 2024

Spain: Religion is very important in life2024: 20; 2024: 2005101520252020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Belief in God

57 % of adults latest value, 2024

Spain: Belief in God2024: 57; 2024: 5702040602020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Animals can have spirits or spiritual energies

36 % of adults latest value, 2024

Spain: Animals can have spirits or spiritual energies2024: 36; 2024: 360102030402020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Nature can have spirits or spiritual energies

37 % of adults latest value, 2024

Spain: Nature can have spirits or spiritual energies2024: 37; 2024: 370102030402020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Objects can have spirits or spiritual energies

19 % of adults latest value, 2024

Spain: Objects can have spirits or spiritual energies2024: 19; 2024: 19051015202020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Something spiritual beyond the natural world

53 % of adults latest value, 2024

Spain: Something spiritual beyond the natural world2024: 53; 2024: 5302040602020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Definitely or probably life after death

47 % of adults latest value, 2024

Spain: Definitely or probably life after death2024: 47; 2024: 47010203040502020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Ancestors’ spirits can help or hurt

32 % of adults latest value, 2024

Spain: Ancestors’ spirits can help or hurt2024: 32; 2024: 320102030402020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Belief in reincarnation

26 % of adults latest value, 2024

Spain: Belief in reincarnation2024: 26; 2024: 2601020302020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Belief that magic and curses affect lives

32 % of adults latest value, 2024

Spain: Belief that magic and curses affect lives2024: 32; 2024: 320102030402020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Prayer at least daily

22 % of adults latest value, 2024

Spain: Prayer at least daily2024: 22; 2024: 2205101520252020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Religious services at least monthly

19 % of adults latest value, 2024

Spain: Religious services at least monthly2024: 19; 2024: 19051015202020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Fasting during holy times

14 % of adults latest value, 2024

Spain: Fasting during holy times2024: 14; 2024: 140510152020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Consulting fortune tellers or horoscopes

11 % of adults latest value, 2024

Spain: Consulting fortune tellers or horoscopes2024: 11; 2024: 110510152020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Lighting candles or incense for spiritual reasons

23 % of adults latest value, 2024

Spain: Lighting candles or incense for spiritual reasons2024: 23; 2024: 2305101520252020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Wearing or carrying religious items or symbols

25 % of adults latest value, 2024

Spain: Wearing or carrying religious items or symbols2024: 25; 2024: 250510152025302020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Government restrictions on religion

2 index points (0–10) latest value, 2023

Spain: Government restrictions on religion2023: 2; 2023: 200.511.522.52020

Pew coding of published materials for 2023, 198 countries and territories. Scores from 0 to 10, not population percentages. GRI covers government restrictions; SHI covers hostile acts by private individuals and groups. They measure different things and must not be summed. North Korea is not scored due to insufficient reliable observations; missing is not no restrictions. Released June 15, 2026.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious restrictions and social hostilities

Social hostilities involving religion

3.7 index points (0–10) latest value, 2023

Spain: Social hostilities involving religion2023: 3.7; 2023: 3.7012342020

Pew coding of published materials for 2023, 198 countries and territories. Scores from 0 to 10, not population percentages. GRI covers government restrictions; SHI covers hostile acts by private individuals and groups. They measure different things and must not be summed. North Korea is not scored due to insufficient reliable observations; missing is not no restrictions. Released June 15, 2026.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious restrictions and social hostilities

Catholicism: retained since childhood

45 % of all adults latest value, 2024

Spain: Catholicism: retained since childhood2024: 45; 2024: 45010203040502020

Percentages of ALL adults in each country, surveyed in 2024 (US 2023–2024), published April 23, 2026. Raised, remained, left and joined compare childhood with current identity, not annual flows. Categories overlap: retained affiliation is included in raised. Rounded numbers must not be added to reconstruct current Catholic/Protestant shares. Rounded zero does not mean no people; differences are not declared statistically significant.

Source: Pew Research Center: Catholic and Protestant switching since childhood

Catholicism: left since childhood

34 % of all adults latest value, 2024

Spain: Catholicism: left since childhood2024: 34; 2024: 340102030402020

Percentages of ALL adults in each country, surveyed in 2024 (US 2023–2024), published April 23, 2026. Raised, remained, left and joined compare childhood with current identity, not annual flows. Categories overlap: retained affiliation is included in raised. Rounded numbers must not be added to reconstruct current Catholic/Protestant shares. Rounded zero does not mean no people; differences are not declared statistically significant.

Source: Pew Research Center: Catholic and Protestant switching since childhood

Catholicism: raised in the tradition

80 % of all adults latest value, 2024

Spain: Catholicism: raised in the tradition2024: 80; 2024: 800204060801002020

Percentages of ALL adults in each country, surveyed in 2024 (US 2023–2024), published April 23, 2026. Raised, remained, left and joined compare childhood with current identity, not annual flows. Categories overlap: retained affiliation is included in raised. Rounded numbers must not be added to reconstruct current Catholic/Protestant shares. Rounded zero does not mean no people; differences are not declared statistically significant.

Source: Pew Research Center: Catholic and Protestant switching since childhood

Catholicism: joined since childhood

2 % of all adults latest value, 2024

Spain: Catholicism: joined since childhood2024: 2; 2024: 20112232020

Percentages of ALL adults in each country, surveyed in 2024 (US 2023–2024), published April 23, 2026. Raised, remained, left and joined compare childhood with current identity, not annual flows. Categories overlap: retained affiliation is included in raised. Rounded numbers must not be added to reconstruct current Catholic/Protestant shares. Rounded zero does not mean no people; differences are not declared statistically significant.

Source: Pew Research Center: Catholic and Protestant switching since childhood

Protestantism: retained since childhood

3 % of all adults latest value, 2024

Spain: Protestantism: retained since childhood2024: 3; 2024: 3012342020

Percentages of ALL adults in each country, surveyed in 2024 (US 2023–2024), published April 23, 2026. Raised, remained, left and joined compare childhood with current identity, not annual flows. Categories overlap: retained affiliation is included in raised. Rounded numbers must not be added to reconstruct current Catholic/Protestant shares. Rounded zero does not mean no people; differences are not declared statistically significant.

Source: Pew Research Center: Catholic and Protestant switching since childhood

Protestantism: left since childhood

4 % of all adults latest value, 2024

Spain: Protestantism: left since childhood2024: 4; 2024: 40123452020

Percentages of ALL adults in each country, surveyed in 2024 (US 2023–2024), published April 23, 2026. Raised, remained, left and joined compare childhood with current identity, not annual flows. Categories overlap: retained affiliation is included in raised. Rounded numbers must not be added to reconstruct current Catholic/Protestant shares. Rounded zero does not mean no people; differences are not declared statistically significant.

Source: Pew Research Center: Catholic and Protestant switching since childhood

Protestantism: raised in the tradition

7 % of all adults latest value, 2024

Spain: Protestantism: raised in the tradition2024: 7; 2024: 7024682020

Percentages of ALL adults in each country, surveyed in 2024 (US 2023–2024), published April 23, 2026. Raised, remained, left and joined compare childhood with current identity, not annual flows. Categories overlap: retained affiliation is included in raised. Rounded numbers must not be added to reconstruct current Catholic/Protestant shares. Rounded zero does not mean no people; differences are not declared statistically significant.

Source: Pew Research Center: Catholic and Protestant switching since childhood

Protestantism: joined since childhood

3 % of all adults latest value, 2024

Spain: Protestantism: joined since childhood2024: 3; 2024: 3012342020

Percentages of ALL adults in each country, surveyed in 2024 (US 2023–2024), published April 23, 2026. Raised, remained, left and joined compare childhood with current identity, not annual flows. Categories overlap: retained affiliation is included in raised. Rounded numbers must not be added to reconstruct current Catholic/Protestant shares. Rounded zero does not mean no people; differences are not declared statistically significant.

Source: Pew Research Center: Catholic and Protestant switching since childhood

Christians among immigrants — share

61.7 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Spain: Christians among immigrants — share1990: 53.3; 2020: 61.70204060801990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Christians among immigrants — population

4,220 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Spain: Christians among immigrants — population1990: 440; 2020: 4,22001,0002,0003,0004,0005,0001990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Muslims among immigrants — share

15.8 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Spain: Muslims among immigrants — share1990: 19; 2020: 15.8051015201990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Muslims among immigrants — population

1,080 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Spain: Muslims among immigrants — population1990: 160; 2020: 1,08005001,0001,5001990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Religiously unaffiliated among immigrants — share

19.1 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Spain: Religiously unaffiliated among immigrants — share1990: 24.9; 2020: 19.105101520251990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Religiously unaffiliated among immigrants — population

1,300 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Spain: Religiously unaffiliated among immigrants — population1990: 200; 2020: 1,30005001,0001,5001990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Buddhists among immigrants — share

0.8 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Spain: Buddhists among immigrants — share1990: 0.6; 2020: 0.800.20.40.60.811990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Buddhists among immigrants — population

60 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Spain: Buddhists among immigrants — population2005: 30; 2020: 600204060802005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Hindus among immigrants — share

0.5 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Spain: Hindus among immigrants — share1990: 0.4; 2020: 0.500.10.20.30.40.50.61990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Hindus among immigrants — population

40 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Spain: Hindus among immigrants — population2005: 20; 2020: 40010203040502005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Jews among immigrants — share

0.5 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Spain: Jews among immigrants — share1990: 0.6; 2020: 0.500.20.40.61990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Jews among immigrants — population

40 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Spain: Jews among immigrants — population2000: 10; 2020: 400102030405020002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Other religions among immigrants — share

1.6 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Spain: Other religions among immigrants — share1990: 1.1; 2020: 1.600.511.521990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Other religions among immigrants — population

110 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Spain: Other religions among immigrants — population1995: 10; 2020: 110050100150199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Christians among emigrants — share

77 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Spain: Christians among emigrants — share1990: 76.6; 2020: 770204060801990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Christians among emigrants — population

1,200 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Spain: Christians among emigrants — population1990: 1,140; 2020: 1,20005001,0001,5001990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Muslims among emigrants — share

1.1 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Spain: Muslims among emigrants — share1990: 1; 2020: 1.100.511.51990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Muslims among emigrants — population

20 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Spain: Muslims among emigrants — population1990: 10; 2020: 2005101520251990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Religiously unaffiliated among emigrants — share

20.3 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Spain: Religiously unaffiliated among emigrants — share1990: 20.9; 2020: 20.305101520251990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Religiously unaffiliated among emigrants — population

320 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Spain: Religiously unaffiliated among emigrants — population1990: 310; 2020: 32001002003004001990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Buddhists among emigrants — share

0.2 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Spain: Buddhists among emigrants — share1990: 0.1; 2020: 0.200.10.10.20.20.31990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Hindus among emigrants — share

0.2 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Spain: Hindus among emigrants — share1990: 0.3; 2020: 0.200.10.20.31990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Jews among emigrants — share

0.5 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Spain: Jews among emigrants — share1990: 0.5; 2020: 0.500.20.40.61990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Other religions among emigrants — share

0.6 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Spain: Other religions among emigrants — share1990: 0.6; 2020: 0.600.20.40.61990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Religion very important: EVS

17.2 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Spain: Religion very important: EVS2018: 17.2; 2018: 17.2051015202015

EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.

Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables

Religion not at all important: EVS

30.7 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Spain: Religion not at all important: EVS2018: 30.7; 2018: 30.70102030402015

EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.

Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables

Belong to a denomination: EVS

62.9 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Spain: Belong to a denomination: EVS2018: 62.9; 2018: 62.90204060802015

EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.

Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables

No denominational affiliation: EVS

37.1 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Spain: No denominational affiliation: EVS2018: 37.1; 2018: 37.10102030402015

EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.

Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables

Never attend services: EVS

46.9 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Spain: Never attend services: EVS2018: 46.9; 2018: 46.9010203040502015

EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.

Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables

Identify as religious: EVS

48.7 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Spain: Identify as religious: EVS2018: 48.7; 2018: 48.7010203040502015

EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.

Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables

Identify as non-religious: EVS

36.6 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Spain: Identify as non-religious: EVS2018: 36.6; 2018: 36.60102030402015

EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.

Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables

Identify as convinced atheists: EVS

14.7 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Spain: Identify as convinced atheists: EVS2018: 14.7; 2018: 14.70510152015

EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.

Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables

Believe in God: EVS

68 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Spain: Believe in God: EVS2018: 68; 2018: 680204060802015

EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.

Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables

Do not believe in God: EVS

32 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Spain: Do not believe in God: EVS2018: 32; 2018: 320102030402015

EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.

Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables

Believe in life after death: EVS

43.6 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Spain: Believe in life after death: EVS2018: 43.6; 2018: 43.6010203040502015

EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.

Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables

Believe in hell: EVS

27.6 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Spain: Believe in hell: EVS2018: 27.6; 2018: 27.601020302015

EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.

Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables

Believe in heaven: EVS

36.7 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Spain: Believe in heaven: EVS2018: 36.7; 2018: 36.70102030402015

EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.

Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables

Believe in reincarnation: EVS

25.7 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Spain: Believe in reincarnation: EVS2018: 25.7; 2018: 25.701020302015

EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.

Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables

Belief in a personal God: EVS

36.8 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Spain: Belief in a personal God: EVS2018: 36.8; 2018: 36.80102030402015

EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.

Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables

Belief in a spirit or life force: EVS

29.5 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Spain: Belief in a spirit or life force: EVS2018: 29.5; 2018: 29.501020302015

EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.

Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables

Unsure what to think about God: EVS

18.3 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Spain: Unsure what to think about God: EVS2018: 18.3; 2018: 18.3051015202015

EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.

Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables

No God, spirit or life force: EVS

15.4 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Spain: No God, spirit or life force: EVS2018: 15.4; 2018: 15.4051015202015

EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.

Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables

Daily prayer: EVS

18.4 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Spain: Daily prayer: EVS2018: 18.4; 2018: 18.4051015202015

EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.

Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables

Never pray: EVS

39.9 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Spain: Never pray: EVS2018: 39.9; 2018: 39.90102030402015

EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.

Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables

Catholics — population, 2010 estimate

34,670 thousand persons latest value, 2010

Spain: Catholics — population, 2010 estimate2010: 34,670; 2010: 34,670010,00020,00030,00040,00020052010

Historical all-age estimates for 2010 from Pew’s 2011 release, 232 countries/territories. Pew’s 2025 revision does not update this detailed split: do not splice into the revised Christian total series. Affiliation, not practice. Protestant includes Anglicans and independent churches; Orthodox includes Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches. Other Christians include, among others, Latter-day Saints and Jehovah’s Witnesses under the source classification. Counts of at least 10,000 are rounded to 10,000; <1,000 and <10,000 remain bounds in the typed table only. The source states that <10,000 means 1,000–9,999, not zero. World is the sum of the five regions in the same release. Netherlands Antilles and Channel Islands are not assigned to a single present-day country. Geography follows the 2011 release; South Sudan is separate. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.

Source: Pew: Christian traditions, 2010 estimates (2011 release)

Protestants — population, 2010 estimate

460 thousand persons latest value, 2010

Spain: Protestants — population, 2010 estimate2010: 460; 2010: 460010020030040050020052010

Historical all-age estimates for 2010 from Pew’s 2011 release, 232 countries/territories. Pew’s 2025 revision does not update this detailed split: do not splice into the revised Christian total series. Affiliation, not practice. Protestant includes Anglicans and independent churches; Orthodox includes Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches. Other Christians include, among others, Latter-day Saints and Jehovah’s Witnesses under the source classification. Counts of at least 10,000 are rounded to 10,000; <1,000 and <10,000 remain bounds in the typed table only. The source states that <10,000 means 1,000–9,999, not zero. World is the sum of the five regions in the same release. Netherlands Antilles and Channel Islands are not assigned to a single present-day country. Geography follows the 2011 release; South Sudan is separate. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.

Source: Pew: Christian traditions, 2010 estimates (2011 release)

Eastern and Oriental Orthodox — population, 2010 estimate

900 thousand persons latest value, 2010

Spain: Eastern and Oriental Orthodox — population, 2010 estimate2010: 900; 2010: 90002004006008001,00020052010

Historical all-age estimates for 2010 from Pew’s 2011 release, 232 countries/territories. Pew’s 2025 revision does not update this detailed split: do not splice into the revised Christian total series. Affiliation, not practice. Protestant includes Anglicans and independent churches; Orthodox includes Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches. Other Christians include, among others, Latter-day Saints and Jehovah’s Witnesses under the source classification. Counts of at least 10,000 are rounded to 10,000; <1,000 and <10,000 remain bounds in the typed table only. The source states that <10,000 means 1,000–9,999, not zero. World is the sum of the five regions in the same release. Netherlands Antilles and Channel Islands are not assigned to a single present-day country. Geography follows the 2011 release; South Sudan is separate. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.

Source: Pew: Christian traditions, 2010 estimates (2011 release)

Other Christians — population, 2010 estimate

210 thousand persons latest value, 2010

Spain: Other Christians — population, 2010 estimate2010: 210; 2010: 21005010015020025020052010

Historical all-age estimates for 2010 from Pew’s 2011 release, 232 countries/territories. Pew’s 2025 revision does not update this detailed split: do not splice into the revised Christian total series. Affiliation, not practice. Protestant includes Anglicans and independent churches; Orthodox includes Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches. Other Christians include, among others, Latter-day Saints and Jehovah’s Witnesses under the source classification. Counts of at least 10,000 are rounded to 10,000; <1,000 and <10,000 remain bounds in the typed table only. The source states that <10,000 means 1,000–9,999, not zero. World is the sum of the five regions in the same release. Netherlands Antilles and Channel Islands are not assigned to a single present-day country. Geography follows the 2011 release; South Sudan is separate. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.

Source: Pew: Christian traditions, 2010 estimates (2011 release)

Markets and valuations

Equity price change (WDI)

−10.96 % per year latest value, 2022

Spain: Equity price change (WDI)1990: −13.25; 2022: −10.9602040601990199520002005201020152020

Annual equity index price change, without adding dividends. WDI describes USD S&P BMI indices but separately specifies local prices and CAC40, DAX, Nikkei, FTSE and S&P500 for France, Germany, Japan, the UK and US. Do not treat all countries as one USD portfolio. Coverage and currency bases differ; a historical sample, not live quotes. Source definition: S&P Global Equity Indices measure the U.S. dollar price change in the stock markets covered by the S&P BMI country indices.

Source: World Bank WDI: financial markets (WFE, IMF)

Stock market capitalisation / GDP

68.07 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Spain: Stock market capitalisation / GDP1975: 28.95; 2025: 68.0705010015019801990200020102020

Year-end market value of listed domestic equities divided by annual GDP: a stock/flow ratio, not P/E or a bubble diagnosis. Foreign revenues and the share of business outside exchanges vary across countries. India, 2025: WDI reports USD 10.56 trillion of capitalisation, while NSE Market Pulse January 2026 reports about USD 5.3 trillion for India. The reason is unresolved. That year’s capitalisation and capitalisation/GDP are retained in the typed dataset with quality=source_discrepancy but excluded from annual charts and automatic analysis pending review. Source definition: Market capitalization (also known as market value) is the share price times the number of shares outstanding (including their several classes) for listed domestic companies. Investment funds, unit trusts, and companies whose only business goal is to hold shares of other listed companies are excluded. Data are end of year values.

Source: World Bank WDI: financial markets (WFE, IMF)

Listed domestic equity capitalisation

1,297.63 US$ bn latest value, 2025

Spain: Listed domestic equity capitalisation1975: 33.2; 2025: 1,297.6305001,0001,5002,00019801990200020102020

Price times outstanding shares at year end, in current US dollars. Funds and companies that only hold other companies’ shares are excluded. Changes include repricing, listings, delistings and exchange rates; this is not portfolio return. India, 2025: WDI reports USD 10.56 trillion of capitalisation, while NSE Market Pulse January 2026 reports about USD 5.3 trillion for India. The reason is unresolved. That year’s capitalisation and capitalisation/GDP are retained in the typed dataset with quality=source_discrepancy but excluded from annual charts and automatic analysis pending review. Source definition: Market capitalization (also known as market value) is the share price times the number of shares outstanding (including their several classes) for listed domestic companies. Investment funds, unit trusts, and companies whose only business goal is to hold shares of other listed companies are excluded. Data are end of year values converted to U.S. dollars using corresponding year-end foreign exchange rates.

Source: World Bank WDI: financial markets (WFE, IMF)

Equity trading value / GDP

24.62 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Spain: Equity trading value / GDP1975: 1.58; 2025: 24.62010020030019801990200020102020

Annual value of domestic and foreign shares traded divided by GDP, counting one side of each transaction. Trading volume is neither market capitalisation nor invested savings. Source definition: The value of shares traded is the total number of shares traded, both domestic and foreign, multiplied by their respective matching prices. Figures are single counted (only one side of the transaction is considered). Companies admitted to listing and admitted to trading are included in the data. Data are end of year values.

Source: World Bank WDI: financial markets (WFE, IMF)

Domestic equity turnover ratio

36.64 % per year latest value, 2024

Spain: Domestic equity turnover ratio1975: 5.44; 2024: 36.64010020030040019801990200020102020

Domestic shares traded relative to their capitalisation; WDI annualises the monthly average by multiplying by 12. High turnover measures trading activity, not investment return. Source definition: Turnover ratio is the value of domestic shares traded divided by their market capitalization. The value is annualized by multiplying the monthly average by 12.

Source: World Bank WDI: financial markets (WFE, IMF)

Listed domestic companies

272 companies latest value, 2025

Spain: Listed domestic companies1975: 941; 2025: 27201,0002,0003,0004,00019801990200020102020

Companies with listed shares at year end, including foreign companies exclusively listed locally. Multiple share classes count as one company; investment funds are excluded. Source definition: Listed domestic companies, including foreign companies which are exclusively listed, are those which have shares listed on an exchange at the end of the year. Investment funds, unit trusts, and companies whose only business goal is to hold shares of other listed companies, such as holding companies and investment companies, regardless of their legal status, are excluded. A company with several classes of shares is counted once. Only companies admitted to listing on the exchange are included.

Source: World Bank WDI: financial markets (WFE, IMF)

Private-sector credit / GDP

74.22 % of GDP latest value, 2024

Spain: Private-sector credit / GDP2001: 94.94; 2024: 74.220501001502002005201020152020

Financial resources supplied to the private sector by financial corporations relative to GDP. Includes loans and other debt claims; country coverage differs. Neither government debt nor mortgages alone. Source definition: Domestic credit to private sector refers to financial resources provided to the private sector by financial corporations, such as through loans, purchases of nonequity securities, and trade credits and other accounts receivable, that establish a claim for repayment. For some countries these claims include credit to public enterprises. The financial corporations include monetary authorities and deposit money banks, as well as other financial corporations where data are available (including corporations that do not accept transferable deposits but do incur such liabilities as time and savings deposits). Examples of other financial corporations are finance and leasing companies, money lenders, insurance corporations, pension funds, and foreign exchange companies. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.

Source: World Bank WDI: financial markets (WFE, IMF)

Bank nonperforming loans

2.58 % of gross loans latest value, 2025

Spain: Bank nonperforming loans2012: 5.71; 2025: 2.5802468201520202025

Loans 90+ days overdue or unlikely to be repaid in full divided by gross loans, before provisions and collateral deductions. National rules and coverage can differ. Source definition: The indicator measures the proportion of a deposit taker’s loan portfolio that is impaired or at risk of default. It is calculated as the ratio of non-performing loans (NPLs) to total gross loans, where NPLs are defined as loans that are past due by 90 days or more or are otherwise considered unlikely to be repaid in full without the realization of collateral. Both non-performing loans and total gross loans should be reported at their gross book value, without deducting for loan-loss provisions or collateral. This indicator provides a key measure of asset quality and potential credit risk in the banking system.

Source: World Bank WDI: financial markets (WFE, IMF)

Equities: latest month (OECD)

181.74 2015 = 100 latest value, 2026

Spain: Equities: latest month (OECD)1985: 9.13; 2026: 181.740501001502001990200020102020

The annual axis selects the last published month of each year, labelled with its actual date. The current year is incomplete; this is neither a full-year mean nor a live quote. OECD national indices, normally monthly means of daily closes, 2015 = 100. Index composition differs across countries; dividends are not added. Index changes are not total-market capitalisation growth. Monthly averages smooth intramonth falls.

Source: OECD: monthly financial markets, national sources

Long-term yields: latest month (OECD)

3.92 % per year latest value, 2026

Spain: Long-term yields: latest month (OECD)1980: 16.23; 2026: 3.920510152019801990200020102020

The annual axis selects the last published month of each year, labelled with its actual date. The current year is incomplete; this is neither a full-year mean nor a live quote. National-currency long-term government bond rates, normally around ten years, monthly national-source observations. Maturity, coverage and methodology vary by country. A quoted yield is not investor total return.

Source: OECD: monthly financial markets, national sources

Nominal residential property prices

134.22 index, 2010 = 100 latest value, 2025

Spain: Nominal residential property prices1971: 1.61; 2025: 134.2205010015019801990200020102020

BIS residential property prices in local currency, without inflation adjustment. Mean of four quarters; incomplete years omitted. Housing coverage and methods differ across countries. Compare with BIS real prices; excludes rental income and does not establish a bubble.

Source: BIS: nominal and real residential property prices

Cryptoassets

Cryptoasset ownership (ECB)

9.4 % of adults latest value, 2024

Spain: Cryptoasset ownership (ECB)2022: 4; 2024: 9.402468102020

ECB SPACE 2024, chart tables 41–42, euro-area adults aged 18+. Ownership uses all adults; purposes use crypto owners only. The ownership question became standalone in 2024, potentially affecting responses and limiting comparisons with 2022. 2024 fieldwork: September–November 2023 and April–June 2024; Germany and Netherlands use national surveys. Croatia has no 2022 observation: its Excel zero is excluded. Euro area is a region, not the world.

Source: ECB: SPACE 2024

Cryptoasset owners: investment only

57.5 % of cryptoasset owners latest value, 2024

Spain: Cryptoasset owners: investment only2024: 57.5; 2024: 57.502040602020

ECB SPACE 2024, chart tables 41–42, euro-area adults aged 18+. Ownership uses all adults; purposes use crypto owners only. The ownership question became standalone in 2024, potentially affecting responses and limiting comparisons with 2022. 2024 fieldwork: September–November 2023 and April–June 2024; Germany and Netherlands use national surveys. Croatia has no 2022 observation: its Excel zero is excluded. Euro area is a region, not the world.

Source: ECB: SPACE 2024

Cryptoasset owners: payments only

19 % of cryptoasset owners latest value, 2024

Spain: Cryptoasset owners: payments only2024: 19; 2024: 19051015202020

ECB SPACE 2024, chart tables 41–42, euro-area adults aged 18+. Ownership uses all adults; purposes use crypto owners only. The ownership question became standalone in 2024, potentially affecting responses and limiting comparisons with 2022. 2024 fieldwork: September–November 2023 and April–June 2024; Germany and Netherlands use national surveys. Croatia has no 2022 observation: its Excel zero is excluded. Euro area is a region, not the world.

Source: ECB: SPACE 2024

Cryptoasset owners: investment and payments

19.8 % of cryptoasset owners latest value, 2024

Spain: Cryptoasset owners: investment and payments2024: 19.8; 2024: 19.8051015202020

ECB SPACE 2024, chart tables 41–42, euro-area adults aged 18+. Ownership uses all adults; purposes use crypto owners only. The ownership question became standalone in 2024, potentially affecting responses and limiting comparisons with 2022. 2024 fieldwork: September–November 2023 and April–June 2024; Germany and Netherlands use national surveys. Croatia has no 2022 observation: its Excel zero is excluded. Euro area is a region, not the world.

Source: ECB: SPACE 2024

Cryptoasset owners: refused or do not know

3.8 % of cryptoasset owners latest value, 2024

Spain: Cryptoasset owners: refused or do not know2024: 3.8; 2024: 3.8012342020

ECB SPACE 2024, chart tables 41–42, euro-area adults aged 18+. Ownership uses all adults; purposes use crypto owners only. The ownership question became standalone in 2024, potentially affecting responses and limiting comparisons with 2022. 2024 fieldwork: September–November 2023 and April–June 2024; Germany and Netherlands use national surveys. Croatia has no 2022 observation: its Excel zero is excluded. Euro area is a region, not the world.

Source: ECB: SPACE 2024

Industry and waste

Municipal waste per person

465 kg per person a year latest value, 2024

Spain: Municipal waste per person1995: 501; 2024: 4650200400600800199520002005201020152020

Municipal waste generated in the year per inhabitant. Municipal waste is collected by or on behalf of municipalities: household waste and similar waste of shops, offices and institutions. Industrial, construction and mining waste are outside it; national scopes differ. OECD, MUNW.

Source: OECD, Municipal waste: generation and treatment (MUNW)

Municipal waste landfilled

47.3 % of treated latest value, 2024

Spain: Municipal waste landfilled1990: 74.3; 2024: 47.30204060801001990199520002005201020152020

Landfill as a share of municipal waste treated in the year. Municipal waste is collected by or on behalf of municipalities: household waste and similar waste of shops, offices and institutions. Industrial, construction and mining waste are outside it; national scopes differ. OECD, MUNW.

Source: OECD, Municipal waste: generation and treatment (MUNW)

Municipal waste recycled

21.5 % of treated latest value, 2024

Spain: Municipal waste recycled1990: 0.5; 2024: 21.505101520251990199520002005201020152020

Material recycling (composting excluded) as a share of municipal waste treated in the year, as reported by the country; not the secondary material finally produced. Municipal waste is collected by or on behalf of municipalities: household waste and similar waste of shops, offices and institutions. Industrial, construction and mining waste are outside it; national scopes differ. OECD, MUNW.

Source: OECD, Municipal waste: generation and treatment (MUNW)

Municipal waste composted

21 % of treated latest value, 2024

Spain: Municipal waste composted1990: 20.3; 2024: 2105101520251990199520002005201020152020

Composting and digestion as a share of municipal waste treated in the year. Municipal waste is collected by or on behalf of municipalities: household waste and similar waste of shops, offices and institutions. Industrial, construction and mining waste are outside it; national scopes differ. OECD, MUNW.

Source: OECD, Municipal waste: generation and treatment (MUNW)

Municipal waste incinerated

10.2 % of treated latest value, 2024

Spain: Municipal waste incinerated1990: 4.8; 2024: 10.20510151990199520002005201020152020

Incineration, with and without energy recovery, as a share of municipal waste treated in the year. Municipal waste is collected by or on behalf of municipalities: household waste and similar waste of shops, offices and institutions. Industrial, construction and mining waste are outside it; national scopes differ. OECD, MUNW.

Source: OECD, Municipal waste: generation and treatment (MUNW)

Packaging waste per person

179.2 kg per person a year latest value, 2023

Spain: Packaging waste per person1997: 145.7; 2023: 179.205010015020020002005201020152020

All packaging that became waste in the year (paper, plastic, glass, metal, wood, other) per inhabitant. Eurostat equates it with packaging placed on the market. Eurostat, env_waspac.

Source: Eurostat, waste statistics (env_waspac, env_wasgen)

Plastic packaging waste per person

38 kg per person a year latest value, 2023

Spain: Plastic packaging waste per person1997: 25.8; 2023: 380102030405020002005201020152020

Plastic packaging that became waste in the year per inhabitant (Eurostat). Eurostat, env_waspac.

Source: Eurostat, waste statistics (env_waspac, env_wasgen)

Packaging recycling rate

67.6 % of packaging waste generated latest value, 2023

Spain: Packaging recycling rate1997: 33.5; 2023: 67.602040608020002005201020152020

Recycled packaging as a percentage of packaging waste generated, all materials. From 2020 Eurostat measures recycling at a new calculation point (after sorting, closer to actual recycling), so rates before and after 2020 are not fully comparable. Eurostat, env_waspac.

Source: Eurostat, waste statistics (env_waspac, env_wasgen)

Plastic packaging recycling rate

46.2 % of plastic packaging waste generated latest value, 2023

Spain: Plastic packaging recycling rate1997: 7.3; 2023: 46.2020406020002005201020152020

Recycled plastic packaging as a percentage of plastic packaging waste generated: recycling, not collection for recycling. From 2020 Eurostat measures recycling at a new calculation point (after sorting, closer to actual recycling), so rates before and after 2020 are not fully comparable. Eurostat, env_waspac.

Source: Eurostat, waste statistics (env_waspac, env_wasgen)

All waste per person (all activities and households)

2,304 kg per person a year latest value, 2022

Spain: All waste per person (all activities and households)2004: 3,743; 2022: 2,30401,0002,0003,0004,0002005201020152020

All waste generated in the year by all economic activities and households per inhabitant, including mineral waste from construction and mining (soil, rock), usually the largest part. Reported every two years (2004-2022). Not municipal waste, which covers only household and similar waste collected by municipalities. Eurostat, env_wasgen.

Source: Eurostat, waste statistics (env_waspac, env_wasgen)

Waste excluding major mineral waste per person

1,471 kg per person a year latest value, 2022

Spain: Waste excluding major mineral waste per person2004: 1,906; 2022: 1,47105001,0001,5002,0002005201020152020

Waste from all activities and households excluding major mineral wastes (soil, rock, construction and demolition waste) per inhabitant; Eurostat uses it to compare countries with different construction and mining. Reported every two years (2004-2022). Not municipal waste, which covers only household and similar waste collected by municipalities. Eurostat, env_wasgen.

Source: Eurostat, waste statistics (env_waspac, env_wasgen)

Household waste per person

495 kg per person a year latest value, 2022

Spain: Household waste per person2004: 569; 2022: 49502004006002005201020152020

Waste generated by households themselves per inhabitant. Not equal to municipal waste, which also includes similar waste from shops and offices. Reported every two years (2004-2022). Not municipal waste, which covers only household and similar waste collected by municipalities. Eurostat, env_wasgen.

Source: Eurostat, waste statistics (env_waspac, env_wasgen)

Manufacturing waste per person

292 kg per person a year latest value, 2022

Spain: Manufacturing waste per person2004: 661; 2022: 29202004006008002005201020152020

Waste generated by manufacturing (NACE section C) per inhabitant of the country. Reported every two years (2004-2022). Not municipal waste, which covers only household and similar waste collected by municipalities. Eurostat, env_wasgen.

Source: Eurostat, waste statistics (env_waspac, env_wasgen)

Industrial production index

102.6 index, 2021 = 100 latest value, 2025

Spain: Industrial production index1992: 94.6; 2025: 102.60501001501995200020052010201520202025

Volume of industrial output: mining, manufacturing, electricity and gas (NACE sections B-D). Volume index of output, 2021 = 100, calendar adjusted. Compares a country only with itself, not countries with each other. Eurostat, sts_inpr_a.

Source: Eurostat, short-term business statistics (sts_inpr_a)

Manufacturing production index

102.5 index, 2021 = 100 latest value, 2025

Spain: Manufacturing production index1992: 94.5; 2025: 102.50501001501995200020052010201520202025

Volume of manufacturing output (NACE section C): factories, excluding mining and energy. Volume index of output, 2021 = 100, calendar adjusted. Compares a country only with itself, not countries with each other. Eurostat, sts_inpr_a.

Source: Eurostat, short-term business statistics (sts_inpr_a)

Industrial production (OECD index)

105.7 index, 2015 = 100 latest value, 2025

Spain: Industrial production (OECD index)1961: 21.2; 2025: 105.7050100150197019801990200020102020

Industrial output volume — mining, manufacturing, electricity, gas and water (ISIC B-E), annual average, 2015 = 100. It tracks physical volume, not revenue; compare countries by their change, not by their level. OECD short-term statistics (production volume, not seasonally adjusted).

Source: OECD short-term statistics: industrial production index

Manufacturing, share of GDP

10.6 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Spain: Manufacturing, share of GDP1995: 16.3; 2025: 10.6051015201995200020052010201520202025

Manufacturing value added (ISIC section C: factories, excluding mining, utilities and construction) as a percentage of GDP. The share can fall while output grows if the rest of the economy grows faster. World Bank, WDI. Source note: Manufacturing includes industries classified in ISIC (Rev. 3) major division C and is defined as the physical or chemical transformation of materials or components into new products. Value added is the contribution to the economy by a producer or an industry or an institutional sector, which is estimated by the total value of output produced and deducting the total value of intermediate consumption of goods and services used to produce that output. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.

Source: World Bank WDI: national accounts (industry)

Industry incl. construction, share of GDP

19.6 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Spain: Industry incl. construction, share of GDP1995: 28.4; 2025: 19.601020301995200020052010201520202025

Value added of industry in the broad sense (mining, manufacturing, utilities and construction; ISIC B-F) as a percentage of GDP. World Bank, WDI. Source note: Industry (including construction) corresponds to ISIC (Rev.4) divisions 05-43. It is comprised of mining, manufacturing, construction, electricity, water, and gas industries. Value added is the contribution to the economy by a producer or an industry or an institutional sector, which is estimated by the total value of output produced and deducting the total value of intermediate consumption of goods and services used to produce that output. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.

Source: World Bank WDI: national accounts (industry)

Manufacturing value added per person

3,289 constant 2015 US$ per person latest value, 2025

Spain: Manufacturing value added per person1995: 2,881; 2025: 3,28901,0002,0003,0004,0001995200020052010201520202025

Manufacturing value added at constant 2015 US dollars divided by population (UN WPP 2024): factory output net of inputs, not revenue. World Bank, WDI. Source note: Manufacturing includes industries classified in ISIC (Rev. 3) major division C and is defined as the physical or chemical transformation of materials or components into new products. Value added is the contribution to the economy by a producer or an industry or an institutional sector, which is estimated by the total value of output produced and deducting the total value of intermediate consumption of goods and services used to produce that output. This indicator is expressed in constant prices, meaning the series has been adjusted to account for price changes over time. The reference year for this adjustment is 2015. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.

Source: World Bank WDI: national accounts (industry)

Manufacturing value added per person (UNIDO)

3,824 constant 2020 US$ per person latest value, 2025

Spain: Manufacturing value added per person (UNIDO)2000: 4,060; 2025: 3,82401,0002,0003,0004,0005,000200020052010201520202025

Manufacturing value added (ISIC section C) per person at constant 2020 US dollars. UNIDO National Accounts Database via the UN SDG database (indicator 9.2.1). Differs from the World Bank series by its base year (2020 rather than 2015) and UNIDO estimates for countries without recent accounts. Series: Manufacturing value added per capita (constant 2020 United States dollars).

Source: UNIDO via the UN SDG database: manufacturing value added

Manufacturing, share of GDP (UNIDO)

11.5 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Spain: Manufacturing, share of GDP (UNIDO)2000: 15.7; 2025: 11.505101520200020052010201520202025

Manufacturing value added as a percentage of GDP, constant prices. UNIDO via the UN SDG database (indicator 9.2.1). Series: Manufacturing value added (constant 2020 United States dollars) as a proportion of GDP (%).

Source: UNIDO via the UN SDG database: manufacturing value added

Coal production

0 million tonnes a year latest value, 2024

Spain: Coal production1981: 35.7; 2024: 00102030401990200020102020

Hard coal and lignite in physical tonnes (not adjusted for energy content), million tonnes a year. Source: Energy Institute, Statistical Review of World Energy 2026 (via the Our World in Data copy).

Source: Energy Institute: Statistical Review of World Energy 2026

Crude steel production

11.8 million tonnes a year latest value, 2025

Spain: Crude steel production2017: 14.4; 2025: 11.805101520202025

Crude steel output by all processes (basic oxygen and electric arc furnaces), million tonnes a year. The 20 largest producers of the latest year and the world; each year from the newest World Steel in Figures edition. Source: World Steel Association.

Source: World Steel Association: World Steel in Figures and Short Range Outlook

E-waste generated

16.6 kg per person a year latest value, 2023

Spain: E-waste generated2021: 14.3; 2023: 16.6051015202020

Discarded electrical and electronic equipment — from phones and lamps to fridges and solar panels — kg per person a year. A UNITAR model estimate from sales and lifetimes, not weighed waste. UNITAR (Global E-waste Monitor) via the UN SDG database.

Source: UNITAR Global E-waste Monitor via the UN SDG database

E-waste formally collected

9.3 kg per person a year latest value, 2023

Spain: E-waste formally collected2006: 3.6; 2023: 9.30246810201020152020

E-waste collected and documented by formal take-back systems, kg per person a year. Collected is not recycled: part is exported or lost; undocumented collection and recycling are not included. UNITAR (Global E-waste Monitor) via the UN SDG database.

Source: UNITAR Global E-waste Monitor via the UN SDG database

E-waste recycled

6.5 kg per person a year latest value, 2023

Spain: E-waste recycled2006: 2.5; 2023: 6.502468201020152020

E-waste recycled in documented, environmentally sound conditions, kg per person a year. UNITAR (Global E-waste Monitor) via the UN SDG database.

Source: UNITAR Global E-waste Monitor via the UN SDG database

Municipal waste per person (World Bank)

589 kg per person a year latest value, 2021

Spain: Municipal waste per person (World Bank)2021: 589; 2021: 589020040060020152020

Municipal solid waste generation, kg per person a year (kg a day × 365). Municipal solid waste: households plus similar waste from shops, institutions and streets — excluding industrial, construction and mining waste. One reported year a country, the years differ. World Bank, What a Waste 3.0 (2026).

Source: World Bank: What a Waste 3.0 (2026)

Municipal waste sent to recycling

17 % of municipal waste latest value, 2021

Spain: Municipal waste sent to recycling2021: 17; 2021: 170510152020152020

Share of municipal waste sent to recycling, as reported by the country. Sent is not the same as recycled: sorting rejects and exports are included; composting and incineration are not. Municipal solid waste: households plus similar waste from shops, institutions and streets — excluding industrial, construction and mining waste. One reported year a country, the years differ. World Bank, What a Waste 3.0 (2026).

Source: World Bank: What a Waste 3.0 (2026)

Education and skills

PISA: reading, mean score of 15-year-olds

474 PISA points latest value, 2022

Spain: PISA: reading, mean score of 15-year-olds2000: 493; 2022: 474010020030040050020002005201020152020

Mean score in the OECD PISA test of reading literacy. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. PISA scale: in the cycle when the domain was first the major one (2000) the OECD mean = 500, standard deviation = 100; the series is comparable from 2000. A 10-15 point change between cycles is often within the error (standard errors and significance are in the education_pisa dataset). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.

Source: OECD, PISA — Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA 2009-2022 results, StatLink tables)

PISA: mathematics, mean score of 15-year-olds

473 PISA points latest value, 2022

Spain: PISA: mathematics, mean score of 15-year-olds2003: 485; 2022: 47301002003004005002005201020152020

Mean score in the OECD PISA test of mathematical literacy. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. PISA scale: in the cycle when the domain was first the major one (2003) the OECD mean = 500, standard deviation = 100; the series is comparable from 2003. A 10-15 point change between cycles is often within the error (standard errors and significance are in the education_pisa dataset). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.

Source: OECD, PISA — Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA 2009-2022 results, StatLink tables)

PISA: science, mean score of 15-year-olds

485 PISA points latest value, 2022

Spain: PISA: science, mean score of 15-year-olds2006: 488; 2022: 4850100200300400500201020152020

Mean score in the OECD PISA test of scientific literacy. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. PISA scale: in the cycle when the domain was first the major one (2006) the OECD mean = 500, standard deviation = 100; the series is comparable from 2006. A 10-15 point change between cycles is often within the error (standard errors and significance are in the education_pisa dataset). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.

Source: OECD, PISA — Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA 2009-2022 results, StatLink tables)

PISA: reading, share of 15-year-olds below baseline

24.4 % of students latest value, 2022

Spain: PISA: reading, share of 15-year-olds below baseline2009: 19.6; 2022: 24.40510152025201020152020

Share of 15-year-olds who did not reach Level 2 in the PISA reading literacy test (below 407 points) — the level the OECD treats as the baseline for full participation in life and learning. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. Shares are comparable from 2009 (for reading, the latest OECD reports give shares only from 2009). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.

Source: OECD, PISA — Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA 2009-2022 results, StatLink tables)

PISA: mathematics, share of 15-year-olds below baseline

27.3 % of students latest value, 2022

Spain: PISA: mathematics, share of 15-year-olds below baseline2003: 23; 2022: 27.301020302005201020152020

Share of 15-year-olds who did not reach Level 2 in the PISA mathematical literacy test (below 420 points) — the level the OECD treats as the baseline for full participation in life and learning. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. Shares are comparable from 2003 (for reading, the latest OECD reports give shares only from 2009). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.

Source: OECD, PISA — Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA 2009-2022 results, StatLink tables)

PISA: science, share of 15-year-olds below baseline

21.3 % of students latest value, 2022

Spain: PISA: science, share of 15-year-olds below baseline2006: 19.6; 2022: 21.30510152025201020152020

Share of 15-year-olds who did not reach Level 2 in the PISA scientific literacy test (below 410 points) — the level the OECD treats as the baseline for full participation in life and learning. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. Shares are comparable from 2006 (for reading, the latest OECD reports give shares only from 2009). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.

Source: OECD, PISA — Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA 2009-2022 results, StatLink tables)

PISA: mathematics, share of top performers (Levels 5-6)

5.9 % of students latest value, 2022

Spain: PISA: mathematics, share of top performers (Levels 5-6)2003: 7.9; 2022: 5.902468102005201020152020

Share of 15-year-olds reaching Level 5 or 6 in the PISA mathematics test (607 points or more): they solve complex modelling and reasoning tasks. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. Shares are comparable from 2003. In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.

Source: OECD, PISA — Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA 2009-2022 results, StatLink tables)

TIMSS: mathematics, grade 4

498 TIMSS score latest value, 2023

Spain: TIMSS: mathematics, grade 42011: 482; 2023: 498020040060020152020

Average score of students in their fourth year of school (usually grade 4, about 10 years old) in the international TIMSS mathematics test. The TIMSS scale was set in 1995: 500 is the mean of that cycle's countries and 100 points is one standard deviation; the test is repeated every 4 years, and a country's scores from different cycles are comparable when IEA includes them in its trend table. Year is the test year. In 2019 about half the countries tested on computer (eTIMSS), linked to paper through a bridge sample; in 2023 almost all did. Some countries test the next grade up (Norway, South Africa, Turkey) to keep the average age above the IEA minimum. Values IEA flags as not reliably measured (more than 25% of students too low to estimate) are left out. Russia took part until 2019 and is not in TIMSS 2023. Figures come from the TIMSS 2023 trend tables; for countries absent in 2023, from the TIMSS 2019 report. Source: IEA, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.

Source: IEA Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)

TIMSS: science, grade 4

504 TIMSS score latest value, 2023

Spain: TIMSS: science, grade 42011: 505; 2023: 504020040060020152020

Average score of students in their fourth year of school (usually grade 4, about 10 years old) in the international TIMSS science test. The TIMSS scale was set in 1995: 500 is the mean of that cycle's countries and 100 points is one standard deviation; the test is repeated every 4 years, and a country's scores from different cycles are comparable when IEA includes them in its trend table. Year is the test year. In 2019 about half the countries tested on computer (eTIMSS), linked to paper through a bridge sample; in 2023 almost all did. Some countries test the next grade up (Norway, South Africa, Turkey) to keep the average age above the IEA minimum. Values IEA flags as not reliably measured (more than 25% of students too low to estimate) are left out. Russia took part until 2019 and is not in TIMSS 2023. Figures come from the TIMSS 2023 trend tables; for countries absent in 2023, from the TIMSS 2019 report. Source: IEA, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.

Source: IEA Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)

PIRLS: reading, grade 4

521 PIRLS score latest value, 2021

Spain: PIRLS: reading, grade 42006: 513; 2021: 5210200400600201020152020

Average score of students in their fourth year of school (usually grade 4, about 10 years old) in the international PIRLS reading comprehension test. The PIRLS scale was set in 2001: 500 is the mean of that cycle's countries and 100 points is one standard deviation; the test is repeated every 5 years, and a country's scores from different cycles are comparable when IEA includes them in its trend table. Year is the cycle year. In 2021, because of COVID-19, some countries tested the same children at the beginning of grade 5 (at least 4 months older: the United States, Ireland, Hungary, Croatia, Lithuania and others) and six tested a year later (England, Australia, Brazil, Iran, Israel, South Africa); about half the countries tested on computer (digitalPIRLS). Some countries test the next grade up (Norway, grade 5). Values IEA flags as not reliably measured (more than 25% of students too low to estimate) are left out. Russia took part in every cycle 2001-2021; Moscow City is a separate participant. Figures come from the PIRLS 2021 trend tables; for countries absent there, from the PIRLS 2016 report. Source: IEA, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.

Source: IEA Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)

PIRLS: grade 4 students below the Low reading benchmark

5 % of students latest value, 2021

Spain: PIRLS: grade 4 students below the Low reading benchmark2006: 6; 2021: 502468201020152020

Share of students in their fourth year of school (about 10) who score below 400 PIRLS points, the Low International Benchmark: finding an explicitly stated detail in a simple text. Computed as 100 minus the IEA-published percentage reaching 400 (whole percentages). The PIRLS scale was set in 2001: 500 is the mean of that cycle's countries and 100 points is one standard deviation; the test is repeated every 5 years, and a country's scores from different cycles are comparable when IEA includes them in its trend table. Year is the cycle year. In 2021, because of COVID-19, some countries tested the same children at the beginning of grade 5 (at least 4 months older: the United States, Ireland, Hungary, Croatia, Lithuania and others) and six tested a year later (England, Australia, Brazil, Iran, Israel, South Africa); about half the countries tested on computer (digitalPIRLS). Some countries test the next grade up (Norway, grade 5). Values IEA flags as not reliably measured (more than 25% of students too low to estimate) are left out. Russia took part in every cycle 2001-2021; Moscow City is a separate participant. Figures come from the PIRLS 2021 trend tables; for countries absent there, from the PIRLS 2016 report. Source: IEA, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.

Source: IEA Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)

Adult literacy (PIAAC)

249 PIAAC score points latest value, 2023

Spain: Adult literacy (PIAAC)2012: 252; 2023: 249010020030020152020

Mean literacy score of adults aged 16-65 in the OECD PIAAC test (reading and understanding texts). Adults aged 16-65, PIAAC scale 0-500. Year = year of data collection: cycle 1 - 2012 (Russia, Japan, Finland, US, ...), 2015 (Chile, Greece, Israel, Lithuania, New Zealand, Singapore, Slovenia, Turkey), 2017 (Hungary, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Kazakhstan and a separate US sample); cycle 2 - 2023 (fieldwork 2022-23, tablets only). The OECD treats literacy and numeracy as comparable across cycles (linked scales); the linking error is about 3 points. Cycle 1 values are as originally published (the 2023 report did not re-estimate them). For countries in both cycles 2023 excludes adults who only did the doorstep interview because of a language barrier, as in the OECD trend tables; for cycle-2-only countries (Latvia, Portugal, Switzerland, Croatia) the headline values are used. Belgium (only Flanders took part) and the UK (England, Northern Ireland) are not in the catalog. Russia: 2012, sample without Moscow; Russia did not take part in cycle 2.

Source: OECD, PIAAC - Survey of Adult Skills

Adult numeracy (PIAAC)

252 PIAAC score points latest value, 2023

Spain: Adult numeracy (PIAAC)2012: 246; 2023: 252010020030020152020

Mean numeracy score of adults aged 16-65 in the OECD PIAAC test. Adults aged 16-65, PIAAC scale 0-500. Year = year of data collection: cycle 1 - 2012 (Russia, Japan, Finland, US, ...), 2015 (Chile, Greece, Israel, Lithuania, New Zealand, Singapore, Slovenia, Turkey), 2017 (Hungary, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Kazakhstan and a separate US sample); cycle 2 - 2023 (fieldwork 2022-23, tablets only). The OECD treats literacy and numeracy as comparable across cycles (linked scales); the linking error is about 3 points. Cycle 1 values are as originally published (the 2023 report did not re-estimate them). For countries in both cycles 2023 excludes adults who only did the doorstep interview because of a language barrier, as in the OECD trend tables; for cycle-2-only countries (Latvia, Portugal, Switzerland, Croatia) the headline values are used. Belgium (only Flanders took part) and the UK (England, Northern Ireland) are not in the catalog. Russia: 2012, sample without Moscow; Russia did not take part in cycle 2.

Source: OECD, PIAAC - Survey of Adult Skills

Literacy of young adults aged 16-24 (PIAAC)

258 PIAAC score points latest value, 2023

Spain: Literacy of young adults aged 16-24 (PIAAC)2012: 264; 2023: 258010020030020152020

Mean literacy score of 16-24 year-olds. Adults aged 16-65, PIAAC scale 0-500. Year = year of data collection: cycle 1 - 2012 (Russia, Japan, Finland, US, ...), 2015 (Chile, Greece, Israel, Lithuania, New Zealand, Singapore, Slovenia, Turkey), 2017 (Hungary, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Kazakhstan and a separate US sample); cycle 2 - 2023 (fieldwork 2022-23, tablets only). The OECD treats literacy and numeracy as comparable across cycles (linked scales); the linking error is about 3 points. Cycle 1 values are as originally published (the 2023 report did not re-estimate them). For countries in both cycles 2023 excludes adults who only did the doorstep interview because of a language barrier, as in the OECD trend tables; for cycle-2-only countries (Latvia, Portugal, Switzerland, Croatia) the headline values are used. Belgium (only Flanders took part) and the UK (England, Northern Ireland) are not in the catalog. Russia: 2012, sample without Moscow; Russia did not take part in cycle 2.

Source: OECD, PIAAC - Survey of Adult Skills

Literacy of adults aged 55-65 (PIAAC)

236 PIAAC score points latest value, 2023

Spain: Literacy of adults aged 55-65 (PIAAC)2012: 227; 2023: 23605010015020025020152020

Mean literacy score of 55-65 year-olds. Adults aged 16-65, PIAAC scale 0-500. Year = year of data collection: cycle 1 - 2012 (Russia, Japan, Finland, US, ...), 2015 (Chile, Greece, Israel, Lithuania, New Zealand, Singapore, Slovenia, Turkey), 2017 (Hungary, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Kazakhstan and a separate US sample); cycle 2 - 2023 (fieldwork 2022-23, tablets only). The OECD treats literacy and numeracy as comparable across cycles (linked scales); the linking error is about 3 points. Cycle 1 values are as originally published (the 2023 report did not re-estimate them). For countries in both cycles 2023 excludes adults who only did the doorstep interview because of a language barrier, as in the OECD trend tables; for cycle-2-only countries (Latvia, Portugal, Switzerland, Croatia) the headline values are used. Belgium (only Flanders took part) and the UK (England, Northern Ireland) are not in the catalog. Russia: 2012, sample without Moscow; Russia did not take part in cycle 2.

Source: OECD, PIAAC - Survey of Adult Skills

Numeracy of young adults aged 16-24 (PIAAC)

258 PIAAC score points latest value, 2023

Spain: Numeracy of young adults aged 16-24 (PIAAC)2012: 255; 2023: 258010020030020152020

Mean numeracy score of 16-24 year-olds. Adults aged 16-65, PIAAC scale 0-500. Year = year of data collection: cycle 1 - 2012 (Russia, Japan, Finland, US, ...), 2015 (Chile, Greece, Israel, Lithuania, New Zealand, Singapore, Slovenia, Turkey), 2017 (Hungary, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Kazakhstan and a separate US sample); cycle 2 - 2023 (fieldwork 2022-23, tablets only). The OECD treats literacy and numeracy as comparable across cycles (linked scales); the linking error is about 3 points. Cycle 1 values are as originally published (the 2023 report did not re-estimate them). For countries in both cycles 2023 excludes adults who only did the doorstep interview because of a language barrier, as in the OECD trend tables; for cycle-2-only countries (Latvia, Portugal, Switzerland, Croatia) the headline values are used. Belgium (only Flanders took part) and the UK (England, Northern Ireland) are not in the catalog. Russia: 2012, sample without Moscow; Russia did not take part in cycle 2.

Source: OECD, PIAAC - Survey of Adult Skills

Numeracy of adults aged 55-65 (PIAAC)

242 PIAAC score points latest value, 2023

Spain: Numeracy of adults aged 55-65 (PIAAC)2012: 221; 2023: 24205010015020025020152020

Mean numeracy score of 55-65 year-olds. Adults aged 16-65, PIAAC scale 0-500. Year = year of data collection: cycle 1 - 2012 (Russia, Japan, Finland, US, ...), 2015 (Chile, Greece, Israel, Lithuania, New Zealand, Singapore, Slovenia, Turkey), 2017 (Hungary, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Kazakhstan and a separate US sample); cycle 2 - 2023 (fieldwork 2022-23, tablets only). The OECD treats literacy and numeracy as comparable across cycles (linked scales); the linking error is about 3 points. Cycle 1 values are as originally published (the 2023 report did not re-estimate them). For countries in both cycles 2023 excludes adults who only did the doorstep interview because of a language barrier, as in the OECD trend tables; for cycle-2-only countries (Latvia, Portugal, Switzerland, Croatia) the headline values are used. Belgium (only Flanders took part) and the UK (England, Northern Ireland) are not in the catalog. Russia: 2012, sample without Moscow; Russia did not take part in cycle 2.

Source: OECD, PIAAC - Survey of Adult Skills

Adults with low literacy (PIAAC)

29.8 % of adults 16-65 latest value, 2023

Spain: Adults with low literacy (PIAAC)2012: 27.7; 2023: 29.8010203020152020

Share of adults aged 16-65 at Level 1 or below in PIAAC literacy: they can handle only short, simple texts. In cycle 1 the share is of adults with a score (missing cases for language or reading difficulties excluded), as in the OECD 2023 trend tables. Adults aged 16-65, PIAAC scale 0-500. Year = year of data collection: cycle 1 - 2012 (Russia, Japan, Finland, US, ...), 2015 (Chile, Greece, Israel, Lithuania, New Zealand, Singapore, Slovenia, Turkey), 2017 (Hungary, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Kazakhstan and a separate US sample); cycle 2 - 2023 (fieldwork 2022-23, tablets only). The OECD treats literacy and numeracy as comparable across cycles (linked scales); the linking error is about 3 points. Cycle 1 values are as originally published (the 2023 report did not re-estimate them). For countries in both cycles 2023 excludes adults who only did the doorstep interview because of a language barrier, as in the OECD trend tables; for cycle-2-only countries (Latvia, Portugal, Switzerland, Croatia) the headline values are used. Belgium (only Flanders took part) and the UK (England, Northern Ireland) are not in the catalog. Russia: 2012, sample without Moscow; Russia did not take part in cycle 2.

Source: OECD, PIAAC - Survey of Adult Skills

Adaptive problem solving of adults (PIAAC)

241 PIAAC score points latest value, 2023

Spain: Adaptive problem solving of adults (PIAAC)2023: 241; 2023: 2410501001502002502020

Mean adaptive problem solving score of adults aged 16-65 - a new domain of PIAAC cycle 2 (2023): solving problems whose conditions change along the way. 2023 only: cycle 1 problem solving in technology-rich environments is a different domain with no common items, and the OECD says the two are not comparable. Values include adults who only did the doorstep interview (headline values of the report). Belgium and the UK are not included (only Flanders and England took part).

Source: OECD, PIAAC - Survey of Adult Skills

HBSC: problematic social media use, 15-year-olds

9 % of pupils latest value, 2022

Spain: HBSC: problematic social media use, 15-year-olds2018: 16; 2022: 9051015202020

Share of 15-year-old pupils with six or more of the nine symptoms of the Social Media Disorder Scale (yes/no items: preoccupation, conflicts, lying about time spent and others). First asked in 2017/18. HBSC survey with the WHO Regional Office for Europe: pupils aged 11, 13 and 15 fill in a questionnaire in class, about 1500 per age group and country; waves 2013/14, 2017/18 and 2021/22 (charted at the end year). Value: prevalence for girls and boys combined, the value the HBSC data browser sorts countries by (its charts print whole percentages for girls and boys separately — those are in the education_hbsc dataset). The 2021/22 wave ran under COVID-19 with a relaxed age window (80% instead of 90% of pupils within half a year of the mean age). Participation varies: Russia 2013/14 and 2017/18, Ukraine up to 2017/18. England, Scotland, Wales and the two Belgian communities take part separately and are not shown here (they are in the dataset). Source: HBSC Data Browser; the same numbers are in the annexes of the WHO HBSC 2021/22 reports.

Source: HBSC — Health Behaviour in School-aged Children, WHO Regional Office for Europe collaborative study (HBSC Data Browser, waves 2013/14-2021/22)

HBSC: continuous online contact with friends and others, 15-year-olds

34 % of pupils latest value, 2022

Spain: HBSC: continuous online contact with friends and others, 15-year-olds2018: 40; 2022: 34010203040502020

Share of 15-year-olds in online contact through social media "almost all the time throughout the day" with at least one of four groups: close friends, a larger friend group, friends met online, other people. A frequency of contact, not a symptom of addiction. First asked in 2017/18. HBSC survey with the WHO Regional Office for Europe: pupils aged 11, 13 and 15 fill in a questionnaire in class, about 1500 per age group and country; waves 2013/14, 2017/18 and 2021/22 (charted at the end year). Value: prevalence for girls and boys combined, the value the HBSC data browser sorts countries by (its charts print whole percentages for girls and boys separately — those are in the education_hbsc dataset). The 2021/22 wave ran under COVID-19 with a relaxed age window (80% instead of 90% of pupils within half a year of the mean age). Participation varies: Russia 2013/14 and 2017/18, Ukraine up to 2017/18. England, Scotland, Wales and the two Belgian communities take part separately and are not shown here (they are in the dataset). Source: HBSC Data Browser; the same numbers are in the annexes of the WHO HBSC 2021/22 reports.

Source: HBSC — Health Behaviour in School-aged Children, WHO Regional Office for Europe collaborative study (HBSC Data Browser, waves 2013/14-2021/22)

HBSC: difficulty getting to sleep more than once a week, 15-year-olds

25 % of pupils latest value, 2022

Spain: HBSC: difficulty getting to sleep more than once a week, 15-year-olds2014: 15; 2022: 25010203020152020

Share of 15-year-olds who had difficulty getting to sleep more than once a week in the last six months ("about every day" or "more than once a week" of five options). A complaint about falling asleep, not sleep duration. HBSC survey with the WHO Regional Office for Europe: pupils aged 11, 13 and 15 fill in a questionnaire in class, about 1500 per age group and country; waves 2013/14, 2017/18 and 2021/22 (charted at the end year). Value: prevalence for girls and boys combined, the value the HBSC data browser sorts countries by (its charts print whole percentages for girls and boys separately — those are in the education_hbsc dataset). The 2021/22 wave ran under COVID-19 with a relaxed age window (80% instead of 90% of pupils within half a year of the mean age). Participation varies: Russia 2013/14 and 2017/18, Ukraine up to 2017/18. England, Scotland, Wales and the two Belgian communities take part separately and are not shown here (they are in the dataset). Source: HBSC Data Browser; the same numbers are in the annexes of the WHO HBSC 2021/22 reports.

Source: HBSC — Health Behaviour in School-aged Children, WHO Regional Office for Europe collaborative study (HBSC Data Browser, waves 2013/14-2021/22)

HBSC: pressured by schoolwork, 15-year-olds

68 % of pupils latest value, 2022

Spain: HBSC: pressured by schoolwork, 15-year-olds2014: 65; 2022: 6802040608020152020

Share of 15-year-olds who feel pressured by the schoolwork they have to do "some" or "a lot" (options: not at all, a little, some, a lot). HBSC survey with the WHO Regional Office for Europe: pupils aged 11, 13 and 15 fill in a questionnaire in class, about 1500 per age group and country; waves 2013/14, 2017/18 and 2021/22 (charted at the end year). Value: prevalence for girls and boys combined, the value the HBSC data browser sorts countries by (its charts print whole percentages for girls and boys separately — those are in the education_hbsc dataset). The 2021/22 wave ran under COVID-19 with a relaxed age window (80% instead of 90% of pupils within half a year of the mean age). Participation varies: Russia 2013/14 and 2017/18, Ukraine up to 2017/18. England, Scotland, Wales and the two Belgian communities take part separately and are not shown here (they are in the dataset). Source: HBSC Data Browser; the same numbers are in the annexes of the WHO HBSC 2021/22 reports.

Source: HBSC — Health Behaviour in School-aged Children, WHO Regional Office for Europe collaborative study (HBSC Data Browser, waves 2013/14-2021/22)

HBSC: like school a lot, 15-year-olds

14 % of pupils latest value, 2022

Spain: HBSC: like school a lot, 15-year-olds2014: 15; 2022: 1405101520152020

Share of 15-year-olds who answered "I like it a lot" to "how do you feel about school at present" (four options, down to "I don't like it at all"). HBSC survey with the WHO Regional Office for Europe: pupils aged 11, 13 and 15 fill in a questionnaire in class, about 1500 per age group and country; waves 2013/14, 2017/18 and 2021/22 (charted at the end year). Value: prevalence for girls and boys combined, the value the HBSC data browser sorts countries by (its charts print whole percentages for girls and boys separately — those are in the education_hbsc dataset). The 2021/22 wave ran under COVID-19 with a relaxed age window (80% instead of 90% of pupils within half a year of the mean age). Participation varies: Russia 2013/14 and 2017/18, Ukraine up to 2017/18. England, Scotland, Wales and the two Belgian communities take part separately and are not shown here (they are in the dataset). Source: HBSC Data Browser; the same numbers are in the annexes of the WHO HBSC 2021/22 reports.

Source: HBSC — Health Behaviour in School-aged Children, WHO Regional Office for Europe collaborative study (HBSC Data Browser, waves 2013/14-2021/22)

Education and work

Unemployment aged 25-29: below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) (Eurostat)

23.1 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Spain: Unemployment aged 25-29: below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) (Eurostat)1992: 25.1; 2025: 23.1010203040501995200020052010201520202025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25-29 with below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) education. EU Labour Force Survey, annual average of quarters. ISCED 2011 levels: 0-2 up to lower secondary, 3-4 upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary, 5-8 tertiary including short-cycle. Unemployment is relative to the labour force (students not seeking work are outside it), employment to the whole population of the group. Break and low-reliability flags are in the labour_education_eurostat dataset. Source: Eurostat, lfsa_urgaed.

Source: Eurostat — EU Labour Force Survey: unemployment and employment by education (lfsa_urgaed, lfsa_ergaed)

Unemployment aged 25-29: upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) (Eurostat)

14.1 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Spain: Unemployment aged 25-29: upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) (Eurostat)1992: 21.5; 2025: 14.10102030401995200020052010201520202025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25-29 with upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) education. EU Labour Force Survey, annual average of quarters. ISCED 2011 levels: 0-2 up to lower secondary, 3-4 upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary, 5-8 tertiary including short-cycle. Unemployment is relative to the labour force (students not seeking work are outside it), employment to the whole population of the group. Break and low-reliability flags are in the labour_education_eurostat dataset. Source: Eurostat, lfsa_urgaed.

Source: Eurostat — EU Labour Force Survey: unemployment and employment by education (lfsa_urgaed, lfsa_ergaed)

Unemployment aged 25-29: tertiary (ISCED 5-8) (Eurostat)

10 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Spain: Unemployment aged 25-29: tertiary (ISCED 5-8) (Eurostat)1992: 19.2; 2025: 1001020301995200020052010201520202025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25-29 with tertiary (ISCED 5-8) education. EU Labour Force Survey, annual average of quarters. ISCED 2011 levels: 0-2 up to lower secondary, 3-4 upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary, 5-8 tertiary including short-cycle. Unemployment is relative to the labour force (students not seeking work are outside it), employment to the whole population of the group. Break and low-reliability flags are in the labour_education_eurostat dataset. Source: Eurostat, lfsa_urgaed.

Source: Eurostat — EU Labour Force Survey: unemployment and employment by education (lfsa_urgaed, lfsa_ergaed)

Unemployment aged 25-64: below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) (Eurostat)

14.5 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Spain: Unemployment aged 25-64: below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) (Eurostat)1992: 15.7; 2025: 14.50102030401995200020052010201520202025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25-64 with below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) education. EU Labour Force Survey, annual average of quarters. ISCED 2011 levels: 0-2 up to lower secondary, 3-4 upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary, 5-8 tertiary including short-cycle. Unemployment is relative to the labour force (students not seeking work are outside it), employment to the whole population of the group. Break and low-reliability flags are in the labour_education_eurostat dataset. Source: Eurostat, lfsa_urgaed.

Source: Eurostat — EU Labour Force Survey: unemployment and employment by education (lfsa_urgaed, lfsa_ergaed)

Unemployment aged 25-64: upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) (Eurostat)

10.1 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Spain: Unemployment aged 25-64: upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) (Eurostat)1992: 13.9; 2025: 10.105101520251995200020052010201520202025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25-64 with upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) education. EU Labour Force Survey, annual average of quarters. ISCED 2011 levels: 0-2 up to lower secondary, 3-4 upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary, 5-8 tertiary including short-cycle. Unemployment is relative to the labour force (students not seeking work are outside it), employment to the whole population of the group. Break and low-reliability flags are in the labour_education_eurostat dataset. Source: Eurostat, lfsa_urgaed.

Source: Eurostat — EU Labour Force Survey: unemployment and employment by education (lfsa_urgaed, lfsa_ergaed)

Unemployment aged 25-64: tertiary (ISCED 5-8) (Eurostat)

5.7 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Spain: Unemployment aged 25-64: tertiary (ISCED 5-8) (Eurostat)1992: 9.4; 2025: 5.70510151995200020052010201520202025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25-64 with tertiary (ISCED 5-8) education. EU Labour Force Survey, annual average of quarters. ISCED 2011 levels: 0-2 up to lower secondary, 3-4 upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary, 5-8 tertiary including short-cycle. Unemployment is relative to the labour force (students not seeking work are outside it), employment to the whole population of the group. Break and low-reliability flags are in the labour_education_eurostat dataset. Source: Eurostat, lfsa_urgaed.

Source: Eurostat — EU Labour Force Survey: unemployment and employment by education (lfsa_urgaed, lfsa_ergaed)

Employment aged 25-29: below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) (Eurostat)

60.2 % of population latest value, 2025

Spain: Employment aged 25-29: below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) (Eurostat)1992: 56.9; 2025: 60.20204060801995200020052010201520202025

Employed as a share of the whole population, people aged 25-29 with below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) education. EU Labour Force Survey, annual average of quarters. ISCED 2011 levels: 0-2 up to lower secondary, 3-4 upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary, 5-8 tertiary including short-cycle. Unemployment is relative to the labour force (students not seeking work are outside it), employment to the whole population of the group. Break and low-reliability flags are in the labour_education_eurostat dataset. Source: Eurostat, lfsa_ergaed.

Source: Eurostat — EU Labour Force Survey: unemployment and employment by education (lfsa_urgaed, lfsa_ergaed)

Employment aged 25-29: upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) (Eurostat)

69.3 % of population latest value, 2025

Spain: Employment aged 25-29: upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) (Eurostat)1992: 58.8; 2025: 69.30204060801995200020052010201520202025

Employed as a share of the whole population, people aged 25-29 with upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) education. EU Labour Force Survey, annual average of quarters. ISCED 2011 levels: 0-2 up to lower secondary, 3-4 upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary, 5-8 tertiary including short-cycle. Unemployment is relative to the labour force (students not seeking work are outside it), employment to the whole population of the group. Break and low-reliability flags are in the labour_education_eurostat dataset. Source: Eurostat, lfsa_ergaed.

Source: Eurostat — EU Labour Force Survey: unemployment and employment by education (lfsa_urgaed, lfsa_ergaed)

Employment aged 25-29: tertiary (ISCED 5-8) (Eurostat)

79.6 % of population latest value, 2025

Spain: Employment aged 25-29: tertiary (ISCED 5-8) (Eurostat)1992: 71.4; 2025: 79.60204060801001995200020052010201520202025

Employed as a share of the whole population, people aged 25-29 with tertiary (ISCED 5-8) education. EU Labour Force Survey, annual average of quarters. ISCED 2011 levels: 0-2 up to lower secondary, 3-4 upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary, 5-8 tertiary including short-cycle. Unemployment is relative to the labour force (students not seeking work are outside it), employment to the whole population of the group. Break and low-reliability flags are in the labour_education_eurostat dataset. Source: Eurostat, lfsa_ergaed.

Source: Eurostat — EU Labour Force Survey: unemployment and employment by education (lfsa_urgaed, lfsa_ergaed)

Employment aged 25-64: below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) (Eurostat)

63.5 % of population latest value, 2025

Spain: Employment aged 25-64: below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) (Eurostat)1992: 49.4; 2025: 63.50204060801995200020052010201520202025

Employed as a share of the whole population, people aged 25-64 with below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) education. EU Labour Force Survey, annual average of quarters. ISCED 2011 levels: 0-2 up to lower secondary, 3-4 upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary, 5-8 tertiary including short-cycle. Unemployment is relative to the labour force (students not seeking work are outside it), employment to the whole population of the group. Break and low-reliability flags are in the labour_education_eurostat dataset. Source: Eurostat, lfsa_ergaed.

Source: Eurostat — EU Labour Force Survey: unemployment and employment by education (lfsa_urgaed, lfsa_ergaed)

Employment aged 25-64: upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) (Eurostat)

74.7 % of population latest value, 2025

Spain: Employment aged 25-64: upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) (Eurostat)1992: 67.5; 2025: 74.70204060801995200020052010201520202025

Employed as a share of the whole population, people aged 25-64 with upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) education. EU Labour Force Survey, annual average of quarters. ISCED 2011 levels: 0-2 up to lower secondary, 3-4 upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary, 5-8 tertiary including short-cycle. Unemployment is relative to the labour force (students not seeking work are outside it), employment to the whole population of the group. Break and low-reliability flags are in the labour_education_eurostat dataset. Source: Eurostat, lfsa_ergaed.

Source: Eurostat — EU Labour Force Survey: unemployment and employment by education (lfsa_urgaed, lfsa_ergaed)

Employment aged 25-64: tertiary (ISCED 5-8) (Eurostat)

85.1 % of population latest value, 2025

Spain: Employment aged 25-64: tertiary (ISCED 5-8) (Eurostat)1992: 80.7; 2025: 85.10204060801001995200020052010201520202025

Employed as a share of the whole population, people aged 25-64 with tertiary (ISCED 5-8) education. EU Labour Force Survey, annual average of quarters. ISCED 2011 levels: 0-2 up to lower secondary, 3-4 upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary, 5-8 tertiary including short-cycle. Unemployment is relative to the labour force (students not seeking work are outside it), employment to the whole population of the group. Break and low-reliability flags are in the labour_education_eurostat dataset. Source: Eurostat, lfsa_ergaed.

Source: Eurostat — EU Labour Force Survey: unemployment and employment by education (lfsa_urgaed, lfsa_ergaed)

Unemployment aged 25-34: below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) (OECD)

19.5 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Spain: Unemployment aged 25-34: below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) (OECD)1981: 13.2; 2025: 19.50102030401990200020102020

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25-34 with below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) education. OECD Education at a Glance, from national labour force surveys. Standard errors (mostly from 2015) and break flags are in the labour_education_oecd dataset. The OECD age band 25-34 differs from Eurostat's 25-29.

Source: OECD — Education at a Glance database, labour market outcomes by educational attainment

Unemployment aged 25-34: upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) (OECD)

12.5 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Spain: Unemployment aged 25-34: upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) (OECD)1981: 11.6; 2025: 12.501020301990200020102020

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25-34 with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) education. OECD Education at a Glance, from national labour force surveys. Standard errors (mostly from 2015) and break flags are in the labour_education_oecd dataset. The OECD age band 25-34 differs from Eurostat's 25-29.

Source: OECD — Education at a Glance database, labour market outcomes by educational attainment

Unemployment aged 25-34: tertiary (ISCED 5-8) (OECD)

7.9 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Spain: Unemployment aged 25-34: tertiary (ISCED 5-8) (OECD)1981: 9.2; 2025: 7.905101520251990200020102020

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25-34 with tertiary (ISCED 5-8) education. OECD Education at a Glance, from national labour force surveys. Standard errors (mostly from 2015) and break flags are in the labour_education_oecd dataset. The OECD age band 25-34 differs from Eurostat's 25-29.

Source: OECD — Education at a Glance database, labour market outcomes by educational attainment

Employment aged 25-34: below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) (OECD)

63.7 % of population latest value, 2025

Spain: Employment aged 25-34: below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) (OECD)1981: 53.6; 2025: 63.70204060801990200020102020

Employed as a share of the whole population, people aged 25-34 with below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) education. OECD Education at a Glance, from national labour force surveys. Standard errors (mostly from 2015) and break flags are in the labour_education_oecd dataset. The OECD age band 25-34 differs from Eurostat's 25-29.

Source: OECD — Education at a Glance database, labour market outcomes by educational attainment

Employment aged 25-34: upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) (OECD)

73.6 % of population latest value, 2025

Spain: Employment aged 25-34: upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) (OECD)1981: 72.9; 2025: 73.60204060801990200020102020

Employed as a share of the whole population, people aged 25-34 with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) education. OECD Education at a Glance, from national labour force surveys. Standard errors (mostly from 2015) and break flags are in the labour_education_oecd dataset. The OECD age band 25-34 differs from Eurostat's 25-29.

Source: OECD — Education at a Glance database, labour market outcomes by educational attainment

Employment aged 25-34: tertiary (ISCED 5-8) (OECD)

83.8 % of population latest value, 2025

Spain: Employment aged 25-34: tertiary (ISCED 5-8) (OECD)1981: 75.8; 2025: 83.80204060801001990200020102020

Employed as a share of the whole population, people aged 25-34 with tertiary (ISCED 5-8) education. OECD Education at a Glance, from national labour force surveys. Standard errors (mostly from 2015) and break flags are in the labour_education_oecd dataset. The OECD age band 25-34 differs from Eurostat's 25-29.

Source: OECD — Education at a Glance database, labour market outcomes by educational attainment

Earnings aged 25-64, tertiary (ISCED 5-8) relative to upper secondary (OECD)

148 % (upper secondary = 100) latest value, 2024

Spain: Earnings aged 25-64, tertiary (ISCED 5-8) relative to upper secondary (OECD)2005: 135; 2024: 1480501001502002005201020152020

Earnings of full-time full-year workers aged 25-64 with tertiary (ISCED 5-8) education as a percentage of the earnings of similar workers with upper secondary education (= 100). OECD Education at a Glance; earnings come from surveys or tax and register data, the reference year lags by one or two years in some countries. All earners (not only full-time) are in the labour_education_oecd dataset.

Source: OECD — Education at a Glance database, labour market outcomes by educational attainment

Earnings aged 25-64, below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) relative to upper secondary (OECD)

82 % (upper secondary = 100) latest value, 2024

Spain: Earnings aged 25-64, below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) relative to upper secondary (OECD)2005: 83; 2024: 820204060801002005201020152020

Earnings of full-time full-year workers aged 25-64 with below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) education as a percentage of the earnings of similar workers with upper secondary education (= 100). OECD Education at a Glance; earnings come from surveys or tax and register data, the reference year lags by one or two years in some countries. All earners (not only full-time) are in the labour_education_oecd dataset.

Source: OECD — Education at a Glance database, labour market outcomes by educational attainment

Earnings aged 25-34, tertiary (ISCED 5-8) relative to upper secondary (OECD)

148 % (upper secondary = 100) latest value, 2024

Spain: Earnings aged 25-34, tertiary (ISCED 5-8) relative to upper secondary (OECD)2005: 129; 2024: 1480501001502005201020152020

Earnings of full-time full-year workers aged 25-34 with tertiary (ISCED 5-8) education as a percentage of the earnings of similar workers with upper secondary education (= 100). OECD Education at a Glance; earnings come from surveys or tax and register data, the reference year lags by one or two years in some countries. All earners (not only full-time) are in the labour_education_oecd dataset.

Source: OECD — Education at a Glance database, labour market outcomes by educational attainment

Unemployment aged 25 and over: basic education (ILO)

13.9 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Spain: Unemployment aged 25 and over: basic education (ILO)1992: 15.6; 2025: 13.90102030401995200020052010201520202025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25 and over with basic education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, UNE_DEAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.

Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)

Unemployment aged 25 and over: intermediate education (ILO)

10 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Spain: Unemployment aged 25 and over: intermediate education (ILO)1992: 13.9; 2025: 1005101520251995200020052010201520202025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25 and over with intermediate education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, UNE_DEAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.

Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)

Unemployment aged 25 and over: advanced (tertiary) education (ILO)

5.7 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Spain: Unemployment aged 25 and over: advanced (tertiary) education (ILO)1992: 9.3; 2025: 5.7051015201995200020052010201520202025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25 and over with advanced (tertiary) education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, UNE_DEAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.

Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)

Unemployment aged 15-24: basic education (ILO)

34.4 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Spain: Unemployment aged 15-24: basic education (ILO)1992: 33.1; 2025: 34.40204060801995200020052010201520202025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 15-24 with basic education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, UNE_DEAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.

Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)

Unemployment aged 15-24: advanced (tertiary) education (ILO)

19.2 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Spain: Unemployment aged 15-24: advanced (tertiary) education (ILO)1992: 30.4; 2025: 19.2010203040501995200020052010201520202025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 15-24 with advanced (tertiary) education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, UNE_DEAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.

Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)

Employment aged 25 and over: basic education (ILO)

42.5 % of population latest value, 2025

Spain: Employment aged 25 and over: basic education (ILO)1992: 37.4; 2025: 42.5010203040501995200020052010201520202025

Employed as a share of the population, people aged 25 and over with basic education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, EMP_DWAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.

Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)

Employment aged 25 and over: advanced (tertiary) education (ILO)

74.6 % of population latest value, 2025

Spain: Employment aged 25 and over: advanced (tertiary) education (ILO)1992: 75.9; 2025: 74.60204060801001995200020052010201520202025

Employed as a share of the population, people aged 25 and over with advanced (tertiary) education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, EMP_DWAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.

Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)

Same region: Europe

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