Estonia

Births

11k

births per year, 2023

Total fertility rate

1.35

children per woman, 2023

Median age

41.9

years, 2023

UN DESA, International Migrant Stock 2024

International migrants, share

14.9

% of population, 2024

Internet users

92.2

% of population, 2024

World Bank, World Development Indicators

GDP per capita, PPP

41,604

constant 2021 international $, 2025

World Bank, World Development Indicators

Electricity demand per person

6,583

kWh per person a year, 2025

Ember, Yearly Electricity Data

What the data shows

Computed with the same code as the observations under the main chart and in the API (get_insights). Moving together in time does not prove a cause.

How the indicators changed

Fertility (TFR): 2.27 in 1950 → 1.35 in 2023 (−41%). Thresholds: below 2.1 since 1990, below 1.5 since 2022. The trend broke around 1989 and 1995: 0 → −0.13 → +0.01 a year.
Births: 20.1k in 1950 → 11k in 2023 (−45%). Peak: 24.9k in 1987; the latest value is 56% lower. The trend broke around 1989 and 1995: +0.12k → −1.66k → +0.01k a year.
Population: 1.1M in 1950 → 1.37M in 2023 (+24%). Peak: 1.57M in 1990; the latest value is 13% lower. The trend broke around 1989 and 2002: +12.1k → −17.9k → −1.24k a year.
Internet: 0% in 1990 → 92.2% in 2024 (+92 pp). Thresholds: above 10% since 1998, above 50% since 2004, above 90% since 2021. Fastest growth in 1999–2004: 14.5% → 53.2%.
Urban share: 57.6% in 1960 → 70.7% in 2025 (+13 pp). The trend broke around 1984 and 2003: +0.54 → −0.28 → +0.17 a year.
GDP per person (PPP): 19,161 PPP dollars in 1990 → 41,604 PPP dollars in 2025 (+117%). Low: 13,757 PPP dollars in 1993; ×3 since then. The trend broke around 1996 and 2006: −482 → +1,677 → +663 a year.
GDP growth: on average 3.7% in the 1990s, 4.4% in the 2000s, 3.7% in the 2010s, 0.3% in the 2020s. Lowest: −14.6% in 2009; highest: 13.1% in 1997.
Inflation: on average 19.6% in the 1990s, 4.4% in the 2000s, 2.6% in the 2010s, 6.8% in the 2020s. Lowest: −0.6% in 2020; highest: 47.7% in 1994.
Net migration: on average 4.94k a year in the 1950s, 8.62k a year in the 1960s, 6.47k a year in the 1970s, 4.49k a year in the 1980s, −12.3k a year in the 1990s, −3.43k a year in the 2000s, 0.83k a year in the 2010s, 14.1k a year in the 2020s.
Life expectancy, men: 62.1 years in 1950 → 74.9 years in 2023 (+13 years). Threshold: above 70 years since 2010. The trend broke around 1965 and 1995: +0.26 → −0.1 → +0.44 a year.

What changed at the same time

The fastest decline of "Fertility (TFR)" was in 1988–1998: 2.27 → 1.27. Over the same years: births 24.9k → 12.2k; population 1.56M → 1.41M; internet 10.8% (1998); urban share 71.4% → 67.7%; GDP per person (PPP) 18,872 PPP dollars (1998); GDP growth 4.3% (1998); inflation 8.8% (1998); net migration 5.26k a year → −3.3k a year; life expectancy, men 66.4 years → 64.3 years.
Over the last 10 years (2013–2023): fertility (TFR) 1.52 → 1.35; births 13.6k → 11k; population 1.32M → 1.37M; internet 80% → 93.2%; urban share 68.1% → 70.7%; GDP per person (PPP) 34,481 PPP dollars → 41,285 PPP dollars; GDP growth 1.8% → −2.7%; inflation 3.2% → 9.1%; net migration −2.69k a year → 5.72k a year; life expectancy, men 72.7 years → 74.9 years.

How the indicators relate

Fertility (TFR) and internet (1990–2023, 33 years): levels are barely related (r = 0.30); year-to-year changes are weakly related (r = 0.49).
Fertility (TFR) and urban share (1960–2023, 64 years): levels are barely related (r = −0.08); year-to-year changes show no reliable link (r = 0.25).
Fertility (TFR) and GDP per person (PPP) (1990–2023, 34 years): levels are barely related (r = 0.26); year-to-year changes are weakly related (r = 0.47).

Against other countries

Fertility (TFR), adjusted for income: countries with the same GDP per person (41,280 PPP dollars) typically have 1.52; here it is 1.35, about the same as most countries at this income (2023, 197 countries).
Internet, adjusted for income: countries with the same GDP per person (41,190 PPP dollars) typically have 90.7%; here it is 92.2%, about the same as most countries at this income (2024, 177 countries).
Order of events: fertility below 3: already in 1950; fertility below 2.1: 1956; urban majority: already in 1960; half the population online: 2004. Fertility fell below 3 after the urban share passed 50% in 69% of 111 countries where the order is known; median gap 9 years. Fertility fell below 2.1 before half the population went online in 88% of 112 countries where the order is known.

Forecasts vs actual

Fertility (TFR): past UN projections. The outcome was below the projection in 6 of 11 revisions (1998–2022) and above in 5; median gap −2%.
The UN 1998 projection expected this level (1.35) already around 2012: reality is 11 years behind it.
The UN 2000 projection expected this level (1.35) already around 2015: reality is 8 years behind it.
Fertility (TFR): UN 2024 projection (medium): 2050 — 1.51 (+12% vs 2023), 2100 — 1.57 (+17% vs 2023); low variant for 2100: 1.07.
Fertility (TFR): Eurostat projections (EUROPOP). For the latest year with data the outcome was below the projection in 6 of 6 editions (2013–2025) and above in none; median gap −24%. The biggest miss: EUROPOP2015 expected 1.72 for 2024; the outcome was 1.18.
Births: past UN projections. The outcome was below the projection in 5 of 11 revisions (1998–2022) and above in 6; median gap +1.1%.
The UN 2000 projection expected this level (11k) already around 2014: reality is 9 years behind it.
The UN 2022 projection expected today's level (11k, 2023) only after 2030: reality is at least 8 years ahead of it.
Births: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2050 — 9.78k (−11% vs 2023), 2100 — 6.1k (−45% vs 2023); low variant for 2100: 2.07k.
Population: past UN projections. The outcome was below the projection in 0 of 12 revisions (1998–2022) and above in 12; median gap +7.4%.
The UN 2000 projection expected this level (1.37M) already around 2001: reality is 22 years behind it.
Population: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2050 — 1.17M (−14% vs 2023), 2100 — 826k (−40% vs 2023); low variant for 2100: 555k.
Why the UN missed the population. The 1998 projection for 2023: 1.15M; the UN's 2024 estimate: 1.37M (+19%). Parts of the gap (plus means more people than projected): the starting population −32.7k, births +60.6k, deaths +22.2k (fewer deaths than expected), migration +171k; the largest: migration.
Why the UN missed the population. The 2010 projection for 2023: 1.32M; the UN's 2024 estimate: 1.37M (+3.4%). Parts of the gap (plus means more people than projected): the starting population −10.1k, births −25.3k, deaths +17.3k (fewer deaths than expected), migration +63.5k; the largest: migration.
Population: Eurostat projections (EUROPOP). For the latest year with data the outcome was below the projection in 4 of 7 editions (2013–2025) and above in 3; median gap −0.3%. The biggest miss: EUROPOP2013 expected 1.24M for 2026; the outcome was 1.36M.
GDP growth: IMF next-year forecasts (36 editions, 2007–2024). On average the outcome was 2.1 pp below the forecast; below it in 61% of cases; typical error ±3.7 pp. The biggest miss was for 2009: IMF, April 2008 expected 3.7%, the outcome was −14.6%.
GDP growth: latest IMF forecast (IMF, April 2026): 2026 — 1.4%, 2028 — 2.3%, 2031 — 1.7%.
Inflation: IMF next-year forecasts (36 editions, 2007–2024). On average the outcome was 1.4 pp above the forecast; below it in 42% of cases; typical error ±2.9 pp. The biggest miss was for 2022: IMF, April 2021 expected 2.5%, the outcome was 19.4%.
Inflation: latest IMF forecast (IMF, April 2026): 2026 — 3.8%, 2028 — 2.8%, 2031 — 2.3%.
Net migration: past UN projections. The outcome was above the projection in 12 of 12 revisions (1998–2022) and below in none; median difference +15.5k a year. The biggest miss: the 2002 revision expected −8k a year for 2020–2025; the outcome was 15.5k a year (for the years of the period so far).
Net migration: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2030 — −0.21k a year, 2050 — 0.23k a year, 2100 — 0.36k a year.
Net migration: Eurostat projections (EUROPOP). For the latest year with data the outcome was below the projection in 3 of 6 editions (2013–2025) and above in 3; median gap −0.05k a year. The biggest miss: EUROPOP2013 expected −3.74k a year for 2024; the outcome was 1.37k a year.
Life expectancy, men: past UN projections. The outcome was above the projection in 9 of 12 revisions (1998–2022) and below in 3; median difference +2.4 years. The biggest miss: the 1998 revision expected 70 years for 2020–2025; the outcome was 73.9 years (for the years of the period so far).
Life expectancy, men: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2030 — 76.5 years, 2050 — 80.2 years, 2100 — 86.6 years.
Life expectancy, men: Eurostat projections (EUROPOP). For the latest year with data the outcome was below the projection in 1 of 5 editions (2015–2025) and above in 4; median gap +0.4 years. The biggest miss: EUROPOP2023 expected 74.6 years for 2024; the outcome was 75.1 years.

UN projections vs actual

Solid line: actual data, UN WPP 2024 estimates; births and fertility from national statistics from the last year they matched the UN estimate (the UN's figures for the latest years are partly its own projection). Dashed: medium variants of past UN revisions. The table shows what each revision expected for the latest year (or five-year period) with actual data.

Population

persons, 1 July

Actual
UN 1998
UN 2000
UN 2002
UN 2004
UN 2006
UN 2008
UN 2010
UN 2012
UN 2015
UN 2017
UN 2019
UN 2022
UN 2024, medium

Release	Target period	Horizon	Expected	Actual	Actual vs expected
UN 1998	2023	25 years	1.15M	1.37M	+19.3%
UN 2000	2023	23 years	1.09M	1.37M	+25.7%
UN 2002	2023	21 years	1.05M	1.37M	+30.6%
UN 2004	2023	19 years	1.26M	1.37M	+8.7%
UN 2006	2023	17 years	1.26M	1.37M	+8.3%
UN 2008	2023	15 years	1.33M	1.37M	+3.1%
UN 2010	2023	13 years	1.32M	1.37M	+3.4%
UN 2012	2023	11 years	1.25M	1.37M	+9.6%
UN 2015	2023	8 years	1.28M	1.37M	+6.6%
UN 2017	2023	6 years	1.29M	1.37M	+6%
UN 2019	2023	4 years	1.32M	1.37M	+3.8%
UN 2022	2023	1 year	1.32M	1.37M	+3.3%

Births

births per year

Actual
UN 1998
UN 2000
UN 2002
UN 2004
UN 2006
UN 2008
UN 2010
UN 2012
UN 2015
UN 2017
UN 2019
UN 2022
UN 2024, medium

Release	Target period	Horizon	Expected	Actual	Actual vs expected
UN 1998	2015–2020	20 years	10.1k	13.9k	+38.1%
UN 2000	2015–2020	18 years	10.6k	13.9k	+31.1%
UN 2002	2015–2020	16 years	10.3k	13.9k	+35.7%
UN 2004	2015–2020	14 years	13.5k	13.9k	+3.6%
UN 2006	2015–2020	12 years	13.8k	13.9k	+1.2%
UN 2008	2015–2020	10 years	16.5k	13.9k	−15.2%
UN 2010	2015–2020	8 years	15.7k	13.9k	−11.3%
UN 2012	2015–2020	6 years	13.8k	13.9k	+1.1%
UN 2015	2015–2020	2 years	14k	13.9k	−0.6%
UN 2017	2015–2020	0 years	14k	13.9k	−0.1%
UN 2022	2023	1 year	13.1k	11k	−15.7%

Total fertility rate

children per woman

Actual
UN 1998
UN 2000
UN 2002
UN 2004
UN 2006
UN 2008
UN 2010
UN 2012
UN 2015
UN 2017
UN 2019
UN 2022
UN 2024, medium

Release	Target period	Horizon	Expected	Actual	Actual vs expected
UN 1998	2015–2020	20 years	1.43	1.62	+13.9%
UN 2000	2015–2020	18 years	1.40	1.62	+15.9%
UN 2002	2015–2020	16 years	1.38	1.62	+17.6%
UN 2004	2015–2020	14 years	1.57	1.62	+3.2%
UN 2006	2015–2020	12 years	1.59	1.62	+2.3%
UN 2008	2015–2020	10 years	1.84	1.62	−11.6%
UN 2010	2015–2020	8 years	1.76	1.62	−7.6%
UN 2012	2015–2020	6 years	1.66	1.62	−2.2%
UN 2015	2015–2020	2 years	1.66	1.62	−2%
UN 2017	2015–2020	0 years	1.66	1.62	−2.2%
UN 2022	2023	1 year	1.68	1.35	−19.5%

Deaths

thousand deaths per year

Actual
UN 1998
UN 2000
UN 2002
UN 2004
UN 2006
UN 2008
UN 2010
UN 2012
UN 2015
UN 2017
UN 2019
UN 2022
UN 2024, medium

Release	Target period	Horizon	Expected	Actual	Actual vs expected
UN 1998	2015–2020	20 years	17	15	−8.2%
UN 2000	2015–2020	18 years	16	15	−5%
UN 2002	2015–2020	16 years	16	15	−4.1%
UN 2004	2015–2020	14 years	17	15	−11%
UN 2006	2015–2020	12 years	18	15	−14.9%
UN 2008	2015–2020	10 years	17	15	−11%
UN 2010	2015–2020	8 years	17	15	−9.9%
UN 2012	2015–2020	6 years	18	15	−12.7%
UN 2015	2015–2020	2 years	17	15	−6.3%
UN 2017	2015–2020	0 years	16	15	−2.7%
UN 2022	2023	1 year	16	17	+6.9%

Infant mortality

deaths under age 1 per 1,000 live births

Actual
UN 1998
UN 2000
UN 2002
UN 2004
UN 2006
UN 2008
UN 2010
UN 2012
UN 2015
UN 2017
UN 2019
UN 2022
UN 2024, medium

Release	Target period	Horizon	Expected	Actual	Actual vs expected
UN 1998	2015–2020	20 years	11.4	2	−82.8%
UN 2000	2015–2020	18 years	7.8	2	−75%
UN 2002	2015–2020	16 years	7.2	2	−73%
UN 2004	2015–2020	14 years	7.4	2	−73.7%
UN 2006	2015–2020	12 years	6.1	2	−67.9%
UN 2008	2015–2020	10 years	5.8	2	−66.4%
UN 2010	2015–2020	8 years	4.1	2	−52.9%
UN 2012	2015–2020	6 years	3.9	2	−50.4%
UN 2015	2015–2020	2 years	2.9	2	−32.7%
UN 2017	2015–2020	0 years	2.8	2	−29.5%
UN 2022	2023	1 year	1.7	1.4	−19.3%

Net migration

persons per year

Actual
UN 1998
UN 2000
UN 2002
UN 2004
UN 2006
UN 2008
UN 2010
UN 2012
UN 2015
UN 2017
UN 2019
UN 2022
UN 2024, medium

Release	Target period	Horizon	Expected	Actual	Actual vs expected
UN 1998	2020–2025*	24 years	0	15.5k	+16k a year
UN 2000	2020–2025*	22 years	−7k	15.5k	+23k a year
UN 2002	2020–2025*	20 years	−8k	15.5k	+24k a year
UN 2004	2020–2025*	18 years	0	15.5k	+16k a year
UN 2006	2020–2025*	16 years	0	15.5k	+16k a year
UN 2008	2020–2025*	14 years	0	15.5k	+16k a year
UN 2010	2020–2025*	12 years	0	15.5k	+16k a year
UN 2012	2020–2025*	10 years	0	15.5k	+16k a year
UN 2015	2020–2025*	8 years	−1k	15.5k	+17k a year
UN 2017	2020–2025*	6 years	−1k	15.5k	+17k a year
UN 2019	2020–2025*	4 years	−1k	15.5k	+17k a year
UN 2022	2023	1 year	−1k	5.72k	+7k a year

Life expectancy at birth, women

years

Actual
UN 1998
UN 2000
UN 2002
UN 2004
UN 2006
UN 2008
UN 2010
UN 2012
UN 2015
UN 2017
UN 2019
UN 2022
UN 2024, medium

Release	Target period	Horizon	Expected	Actual	Actual vs expected
UN 1998	2020–2025*	24 years	78.4	82.4	+4 yrs
UN 2000	2020–2025*	22 years	79	82.4	+3.5 yrs
UN 2002	2020–2025*	20 years	80.2	82.4	+2.3 yrs
UN 2004	2020–2025*	18 years	80.2	82.4	+2.3 yrs
UN 2006	2020–2025*	16 years	79.3	82.4	+3.1 yrs
UN 2008	2020–2025*	14 years	80.8	82.4	+1.6 yrs
UN 2010	2020–2025*	12 years	81.3	82.4	+1.2 yrs
UN 2012	2020–2025*	10 years	80.6	82.4	+1.8 yrs
UN 2015	2020–2025*	8 years	82.1	82.4	+0.3 yrs
UN 2017	2020–2025*	6 years	82.7	82.4	−0.3 yrs
UN 2019	2020–2025*	4 years	83.1	82.4	−0.6 yrs
UN 2022	2023	1 year	83.1	83	−0.1 yrs

Life expectancy at birth, men

years

Actual
UN 1998
UN 2000
UN 2002
UN 2004
UN 2006
UN 2008
UN 2010
UN 2012
UN 2015
UN 2017
UN 2019
UN 2022
UN 2024, medium

Release	Target period	Horizon	Expected	Actual	Actual vs expected
UN 1998	2020–2025*	24 years	70	73.9	+3.9 yrs
UN 2000	2020–2025*	22 years	70.3	73.9	+3.6 yrs
UN 2002	2020–2025*	20 years	71.4	73.9	+2.6 yrs
UN 2004	2020–2025*	18 years	70.9	73.9	+3 yrs
UN 2006	2020–2025*	16 years	70.1	73.9	+3.8 yrs
UN 2008	2020–2025*	14 years	71.7	73.9	+2.2 yrs
UN 2010	2020–2025*	12 years	71.9	73.9	+2 yrs
UN 2012	2020–2025*	10 years	70.8	73.9	+3.1 yrs
UN 2015	2020–2025*	8 years	73.5	73.9	+0.4 yrs
UN 2017	2020–2025*	6 years	74.2	73.9	−0.3 yrs
UN 2019	2020–2025*	4 years	75	73.9	−1.1 yrs
UN 2022	2023	1 year	75.2	74.9	−0.3 yrs

* The five-year period is not over: the projection is compared with the mean of its years so far (UN facts end in 2023).

IMF forecasts vs actual

Solid line: actual values from the latest IMF edition (data get revised, so we use the newest). Dashed: April editions, current year and five years ahead. The table covers next-year forecasts from all editions: mean error shows bias, mean absolute error shows accuracy.

Real GDP growth

% per year

Actual (IMF)
WEO, April editions

Indicator	Forecasts	Mean error	Mean absolute error	Actual below forecast
Real GDP growth	36	−2.1 pp	3.7 pp	61%
Inflation	36	+1.4 pp	2.9 pp	42%
Unemployment rate	29	−0.6 pp	1.4 pp	62%
Government gross debt	26	+1 pp	2.8 pp	35%
Government budget balance	27	0 pp	1.3 pp	48%

All indicators

Demography

Population

1.37M persons, 1 July latest value, 2023

Population on 1 July. UN estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024; past UN revisions for forecast checks.

Births

11k births per year latest value, 2023

Live births per calendar year. UN WPP 2024 and national statistics (64 countries, 2015-2025).

Deaths

17 thousand deaths per year latest value, 2023

Deaths per calendar year (UN estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024); past UN revisions for forecast checks.

Natural change

−5.7 thousand persons per year latest value, 2023

Births minus deaths in the year (UN). Negative: natural decrease, more deaths than births.

Rate of natural change

−4.1 per 1,000 population per year latest value, 2023

Births minus deaths in the year per 1,000 people (UN). With the net migration rate it makes up population growth.

Life expectancy at 65

18.8 years latest value, 2023

Years a person aged 65 would still live at the mortality rates of the year; both sexes (UN).

Infant mortality

1.4 deaths under age 1 per 1,000 live births latest value, 2023

Children per 1,000 live births who die before their first birthday (UN); past UN revisions for forecast checks.

Total fertility rate

1.35 children per woman latest value, 2023

Average number of children a woman would have at the age-specific fertility rates of the year.

Life expectancy at birth, women

83 years latest value, 2023

Years a newborn girl would live at the mortality rates of the year (UN).

Life expectancy at birth, men

74.9 years latest value, 2023

Years a newborn boy would live at the mortality rates of the year (UN).

Median age

41.9 years latest value, 2023

Age that divides the population in two halves (UN).

Mean age of mothers at childbirth

31 years latest value, 2023

Mean age of mothers at the birth of their children of any order (UN).

Sex ratio at birth

106.1 boys per 100 girls latest value, 2023

Boys born per 100 girls born (UN).

Source: Human Fertility Database, period fertility by birth order (July 2025 release, Our World in Data copy)

Fertility: first births

0.68 first children per woman latest value, 2019

First children a woman would have at the age-specific rates of first births of the year (at most one). With second and later births it adds up to the total fertility rate. Human Fertility Database (July 2025 release, Our World in Data copy).

Fertility: second births

0.56 second children per woman latest value, 2019

Second children a woman would have at the age-specific rates of second births of the year. Human Fertility Database.

Source: Human Fertility Database, period fertility by birth order (July 2025 release, Our World in Data copy)

Fertility: third and later births

0.42 third and later children per woman latest value, 2019

Third and later children a woman would have at the age-specific rates of the year. Human Fertility Database.

Source: Human Fertility Database, period fertility by birth order (July 2025 release, Our World in Data copy)

Mean age at first birth

28.9 years latest value, 2024

Mean age of mothers at the birth of their first child (adjusted for the age structure of women). Human Fertility Database, summary indicators.

Source: Human Fertility Database, summary indicators (HFDLite)

Completed cohort fertility

1.87 children per woman; year = birth year of women latest value, 1980

Children per woman born in a given year by the end of childbearing (observed to age 44 or more). The year is the birth year of the women, not a calendar year. Human Fertility Database.

Source: Human Fertility Database, summary indicators (HFDLite)

Childlessness by cohort

13.7 % of women; year = birth year of women latest value, 1980

Share of women born in a given year who had no live births (observed to age 44 or more). The year is the birth year of the women. Human Fertility Database, which advises caution with cohort parity distributions.

Source: Human Fertility Database, summary indicators (HFDLite)

First child by age 26

29.4 % of women; year = birth year of women latest value, 1993

Share of women born in a given year who had a first child by the end of the year they turned 26 (26.5 on average): cumulative first births per woman × 100, from birth registers. The year is the birth year of the women; only cohorts already past that age, no projection. Human Fertility Database (ccfrVHbo).

Source: Human Fertility Database, cumulative cohort fertility by age and birth order (ccfrVHbo, OWID download of 22 October 2025)

First child by age 30

56.3 % of women; year = birth year of women latest value, 1989

Share of women born in a given year who had a first child by the end of the year they turned 30 (30.5 on average), from birth registers. The year is the birth year of the women; only cohorts already past that age. Human Fertility Database (ccfrVHbo).

Source: Human Fertility Database, cumulative cohort fertility by age and birth order (ccfrVHbo, OWID download of 22 October 2025)

Children by age 30

0.9 children per woman; year = birth year of women latest value, 1989

Children per woman born in a given year by the end of the year they turned 30, from birth registers. The year is the birth year of the women. Human Fertility Database (ccfrVHbo).

Source: Human Fertility Database, cumulative cohort fertility by age and birth order (ccfrVHbo, OWID download of 22 October 2025)

Excess deaths

0.1 % above the 2015-2019 trend latest value, 2025

How many percent more deaths (minus: fewer) the year had than the straight line through 2015-2019 of the same country. Macroscope's calculation from the Human Mortality Database: weekly deaths (Short-Term Mortality Fluctuations, ISO years scaled to 52.18 weeks), annual deaths where those are missing; no ageing adjustment beyond the trend, so the further from 2019, the rougher the estimate.

Source: Human Mortality Database, weekly deaths (Short-Term Mortality Fluctuations, September 2026 release, Our World in Data copy); excess deaths: Macroscope's calculation

Births: long series

14.1 thousand births per year latest value, 2019

Live births per year from the Human Mortality Database, from the first year it publishes (Sweden 1749, France 1806, Denmark 1835), within the borders of the time. United Kingdom from 1922; Germany before 1990 = East plus West. Where it overlaps the UN series (from 1950) it usually differs by less than 1%.

Source: Human Mortality Database, live births (September 2025 release, Our World in Data copy)

Crude birth rate: long series

10.6 births per 1,000 people a year latest value, 2019

Live births per 1,000 people. Macroscope's calculation from the Human Mortality Database: births divided by the mean of the populations on 1 January of the year and of the next. Starts when HMD publishes the population (Sweden 1751, France 1816). In years of border changes the divisor mixes the old and new territory.

Source: Human Mortality Database: births per 1,000 people, Macroscope's calculation (births: September 2025 release, Our World in Data copy; population: mean of 1 January of the year and the next, HMD summary tables)

Total fertility rate (HFD)

1.18 children per woman latest value, 2024

Children a woman would have at the age-specific fertility rates of the year. Human Fertility Database: official summary tables from 1960; earlier years from the Our World in Data copy of the same database (Sweden 1891, Denmark 1916, USA 1933, France 1946). May differ slightly from the UN estimate.

Source: Human Fertility Database, summary indicators (HFDLite)

Crude marriage rate

4.46 marriages per 1,000 people latest value, 2025

Marriages in the year per 1,000 people: marriages from national offices (Korea, Japan, Taiwan, China, the USA, the UK, Russia, Brazil and others, where they publish more than the international databases), Eurostat and the UN, divided by the UN WPP 2024 population. Where most births are within marriage, marriages come before births.

Source: National statistics (andmed.stat.ee)

Marriages

6k marriages a year latest value, 2025

Marriages in the year (couples). National offices (Korea, Japan, Taiwan, China, the USA, the UK, Russia, Brazil and others), Eurostat for Europe, the UN for the rest; by year of registration or of occurrence, as each country counts.

Source: National statistics (andmed.stat.ee)

Adolescent fertility rate

4.7 births per 1,000 women aged 15-19 latest value, 2024

Births to women aged 15-19 per 1,000 women of that age (World Bank, from UN World Population Prospects).

Old-age dependency

34.5 persons 65+ per 100 aged 20-64 latest value, 2020

Persons aged 65+ per 100 aged 20-64, every five years (UN).

Children under 15

218 thousand persons, 1 July latest value, 2023

Children aged 0-14 on 1 July: the sum of the five-year groups 0-4, 5-9 and 10-14 (UN; estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024).

Children under 5

67 thousand persons, 1 July latest value, 2023

Children aged 0-4 on 1 July (UN; estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024).

People aged 65 and over

286 thousand persons, 1 July latest value, 2023

People aged 65 and over on 1 July: the sum of the five-year groups from 65-69 to 100+ (UN; estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024).

People aged 80 and over

84 thousand persons, 1 July latest value, 2023

People aged 80 and over on 1 July: the sum of the five-year groups from 80-84 to 100+ (UN; estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024).

Fertility of native-born mothers

1.22 children per woman latest value, 2024

Total fertility rate of women born in the country. Macroscope's calculation from Eurostat data: births by age and country of birth of the mother divided by women of the same age and country of birth (checked against the official TFR: median deviation 0.3%). Eurostat publishes no such series; small groups (under 5,000 births a year) are left out.

Migration

Net migration

5.72k persons per year latest value, 2023

Immigrants minus emigrants per year (UN estimate and projection). Past UN revisions for forecast checks.

Net migration rate

4.18 per 1,000 population per year latest value, 2023

Immigrants minus emigrants per year per 1,000 people: UN net migration divided by the population on 1 July. Comparable across countries of any size.

Personal remittances received

1.1 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Money sent home by people working or living abroad, percent of the receiving country's GDP (World Bank, from IMF balance of payments data).

International migrants, share

14.9 % of population latest value, 2024

People born in another country (foreign citizens where birthplace is not recorded) as a share of the population at mid-year (UN, every five years and 2024).

International migrant stock

203k persons latest value, 2024

Number of people born in another country (or foreign citizens) living in the country at mid-year (UN).

Emigrants, share

9.1 % of home population latest value, 2024

People from the country (born there or its citizens) living in other countries, as a percentage of the population living in the country (UN, International Migrant Stock 2024).

Emigrant stock

124k persons latest value, 2024

Number of people from the country (born there or its citizens) living in other countries at mid-year (UN).

Refugees hosted

41.3k persons, end of year latest value, 2025

Refugees under UNHCR's mandate (incl. people in refugee-like situations) and other people in need of international protection living in the country; asylum-seekers and internally displaced people are not included.

Refugees hosted per 1,000 people

30.7 per 1,000 population latest value, 2025

Refugees under UNHCR's mandate and other people in need of international protection living in the country, per 1,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024).

Refugees from the country

0.09k persons, end of year latest value, 2025

Refugees and other people in need of international protection from the country living abroad (UNHCR). Palestine refugees under UNRWA's mandate are not included, so the figure for Palestine is far too low.

Refugees from the country per 1,000 people

0.1 per 1,000 population of the country latest value, 2025

Refugees and other people in need of international protection from the country per 1,000 people living in it (UNHCR; population: UN WPP 2024). UNRWA refugees not included.

Births to foreign-born mothers

13 % of births latest value, 2024

Share of live births to mothers born in another country, among births with a known country of birth of the mother: Europe from Eurostat (demo_facbc), Australia and Canada from their national offices (Canada: among all births).

Asylum applications

0.75 first-time applicants per 1,000 people latest value, 2025

People who applied for asylum for the first time in the year (Eurostat, migr_asyappctza) per 1,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024). Europe only.

Ordered to leave

660 persons a year latest value, 2025

Non-EU citizens ordered to leave the country in the year: decisions on illegal stay (Eurostat, migr_eiord). These are orders, not removals: some leave later, some stay. Europe only.

Returned after an order to leave

660 persons a year latest value, 2025

Non-EU citizens who left the country in the year after an order to leave, forced or voluntary, to any destination (Eurostat, migr_eirtn). A return may follow an order of an earlier year. Europe only.

Resettled refugees

0 persons a year latest value, 2025

People resettled to the country in the year from third countries (usually referred by UNHCR), Eurostat, migr_asyresa. Excludes relocation within the EU. Europe only.

Source: Eurostat, beneficiaries of temporary protection at the end of June 2026 (latest month published; the year is not over)

Citizens under temporary protection in Europe

0 thousand persons, end of year latest value, 2026

Citizens of the country under temporary protection in the EU, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland (all 31 report from 2022), end of December. For the running year: the latest month all have published. Granted from March 2022 to people fleeing the war in Ukraine: almost all are Ukrainians; for other countries, their citizens who lived in Ukraine. Eurostat, migr_asytpsm.

Temporary protection hosted per 1,000 people

23.2 per 1,000 population latest value, 2026

People under EU temporary protection (fleeing the war in Ukraine) living in the country at the end of December, per 1,000 people. Running year: latest month published. Eurostat, migr_asytpsm; population: UN WPP 2024. EU, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland.

Source: Eurostat, beneficiaries of temporary protection at the end of August 2026 (latest month published; the year is not over)

Asylum applications worldwide

0.74 new applications per 1,000 people latest value, 2025

New asylum applications lodged in the country in the year per 1,000 people (UNHCR; cases where a country counts cases rather than people; population: UN WPP 2024). All countries; for Europe there is also Eurostat's series of first-time applicants.

Immigration rate

13.7 per 1,000 people a year latest value, 2024

Immigrants in the year per 1,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024): Europe by registration data (Eurostat, migr_imm8); Russia (from 2011), Türkiye, Australia, New Zealand, Korea and Kazakhstan from their national offices, each by its own rule (12 of 16 months in Australia and New Zealand, 90 days in Korea, registration for 9 months or more in Russia).

Emigration rate

12.7 per 1,000 people a year latest value, 2024

Emigrants in the year per 1,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024): Europe by registration data (Eurostat, migr_emi2); Russia (from 2011), Türkiye, Australia, New Zealand, Korea, Kazakhstan and Canada (from 2016) from their national offices, each by its own rule. Departures are recorded less completely than arrivals.

Economy

GDP per capita, PPP

41,604 constant 2021 international $ latest value, 2025

Gross domestic product per person at purchasing power parity, constant 2021 international dollars (World Bank, ICP).

Real GDP growth

0.6 % per year latest value, 2025

Annual change of GDP at constant prices. Actual values and forecasts from IMF WEO editions.

Inflation

4.8 % per year, average latest value, 2025

Change of the annual average consumer price index (IMF WEO).

Government gross debt

23.5 % of GDP latest value, 2024

General government gross debt, percent of GDP (IMF WEO).

Unemployment rate

7.4 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force (IMF WEO; national definitions).

Unemployment, ILO estimate

8.3 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force by the ILO's single definition: a modelled estimate for every country, including those without surveys (via the World Bank). Unlike the IMF series, one definition for all, but no projections.

Youth unemployment, 15-24

19.7 % of labour force aged 15-24 latest value, 2025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force aged 15-24 (ILO modelled estimate, via the World Bank).

GDP per capita, US dollars

34,325 current US dollars latest value, 2025

GDP per person in current US dollars at market exchange rates (IMF WEO).

Government budget balance

−1.5 % of GDP latest value, 2024

General government net lending (+, surplus) or borrowing (−, deficit), percent of GDP (IMF WEO).

Current account balance

−1.2 % of GDP latest value, 2024

Balance of trade in goods and services, income and transfers with the rest of the world, percent of GDP: plus means the country earns abroad more than it spends (IMF WEO).

Real house prices

191.9 index, 2010 = 100 latest value, 2025

House prices adjusted for consumer price inflation (BIS index from national sources, 2010 = 100, mean of four quarters). Compare the changes, not the levels of different countries.

Source: BIS, selected residential property prices

Society

Urban population

70.7 % of population latest value, 2025

Share of people living in urban areas as defined by national statistical offices (World Bank, from UN World Urbanization Prospects).

Tertiary enrolment, women

79.2 % gross latest value, 2024

Women enrolled in tertiary education as a share of women in the five-year age group after secondary school; can exceed 100 (UNESCO).

Women with upper secondary education

89.2 % of women 25+ latest value, 2023

Share of women aged 25+ who completed at least upper secondary education (UNESCO).

Female labour force participation

61 % of women 15+ latest value, 2025

Share of women aged 15+ who work or look for work (ILO modelled estimate, via the World Bank).

Life expectancy at birth

79.3 years latest value, 2024

Life expectancy at birth, both sexes (World Bank, from UN and national statistics).

Digitalisation

Internet users

92.2 % of population latest value, 2024

Share of individuals who used the Internet in the last three months from any device. ITU data.

Mobile cellular subscriptions

151.1 per 100 people latest value, 2024

Active mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 people; can exceed 100 when people have several SIM cards. ITU data.

Fixed broadband subscriptions

35.4 subscriptions per 100 people latest value, 2024

Fixed subscriptions to high-speed Internet (256 kbit/s or more) per 100 people. ITU data.

Generative AI use, age 16–74

46.64 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Use of generative AI tools: in the last 3 months.

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Generative AI for private use, age 16–74

37.47 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Generative AI for work, age 16–74

25.12 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Generative AI for formal education, age 16–74

15.41 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Social networking, age 16–74

72.58 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Instant messaging, age 16–74

78.08 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Internet calls, age 16–74

70.52 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Finding goods and services online, age 16–74

78.59 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Online news, age 16–74

77.82 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Podcasts, age 16–74

28.33 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2024

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Playing or downloading games, age 16–74

28.32 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2024

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Online music and downloads, age 16–74

65.44 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2024

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Streamed TV and video, age 16–74

73.92 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2024

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Internet TV, age 16–74

45.44 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2024

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Video on demand, age 16–74

34.66 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2024

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Video-sharing services, age 16–74

64.38 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2024

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Online courses, age 16–74

22.82 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Email, age 16–74

86.77 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Health information online, age 16–74

65.65 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Daily internet use, age 16–74

90.77 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

TikTok: monthly recipients, DSA H1 2025

0.4 million recipients latest value, 2025

TikTok DSA report for January–June 2025 (15 April 2026 version), Annex H, pp.26–27. Average monthly active recipients in each of the 27 EU member states, rounded to 100,000 (expressed here in millions). A recipient may access from several countries: country values are not summed as unique people. Provider DSA estimate, not a survey, daily audience, population percentage or count of all residents. The annual chart point represents only H1 2025; other services and periods have their own definitions.

Source: TikTok: DSA Transparency Report, January–June 2025

At least basic digital skills: low education, ages 16–74

55.86 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Eurostat survey of individuals aged 16–74; percent of everyone in the stated group, not only internet users. Survey year. DSI 2.0 is a proxy based on reported activities in five areas, not an examination; at least basic overall skills require at least basic skills in all five areas. Education: ISCED 0–2, 3–4, 5–8. Other group characteristics are not controlled. AI use refers to the last three months; purposes can overlap. Source flags and missing values retained; groups and components must not be added.

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

At least basic digital skills: high education, ages 16–74

73.36 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Above basic digital skills: ages 16–74

33.65 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

At least basic digital skills: ages 16–74

62.52 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Communication: at least basic digital skills: ages 16–74

90.96 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Content creation: at least basic skills: ages 16–74

70.01 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Information literacy: at least basic skills: ages 16–74

91.29 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Problem solving: at least basic digital skills: ages 16–74

91.4 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Safety: at least basic digital skills: ages 16–74

74.96 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

At least basic digital skills: ages 16–24

80.91 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

At least basic digital skills: ages 65–74

20.27 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Generative AI use: low education, ages 16–74

47.55 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Generative AI use: high education, ages 16–74

54.71 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Generative AI use: ages 16–24

82.81 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Generative AI use: ages 65–74

8 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Snapchat: monthly recipients, H1 2026

0.29 million monthly recipients latest value, 2026

Snap DSA: average monthly active recipients in January–June 2026, provider estimates. Not daily users, population penetration or advertising reach. Source unit: recipients; displayed in millions. The annual CSV rounds to four decimals; the typed dataset retains the original count. The EU total is separately reported; country values are not added. Snap warns in its H1 2025 report that calculations change and figures are not intended for comparison between periods. This is one snapshot, with no growth rate or comparison to other services’ audiences.

Source: Snapchat: DSA H1 2026

Energy

Electricity demand per person

6,583 kWh per person a year latest value, 2025

Electricity demand (generation plus net imports, Ember) divided by the UN WPP 2024 population. A physical measure that is hard to dress up.

Electricity demand growth

−3.5 % per year latest value, 2025

Change in electricity demand from the previous year (Ember). Useful to set against official GDP growth.

Wind and solar share of electricity

37.5 % of generation latest value, 2025

Share of wind and solar power in electricity generation (Ember).

Low-carbon share of electricity

59.8 % of generation latest value, 2025

Share of renewables and nuclear power in electricity generation (Ember).

Coal share of electricity

0 % of generation latest value, 2025

Share of coal power in electricity generation (Ember).

Carbon intensity of electricity

319 g CO2e per kWh latest value, 2025

Greenhouse gas emissions of electricity generation per kilowatt-hour (Ember).

Electricity generation

6.1 TWh per year latest value, 2025

Total electricity generation in the country (Ember). Imports are excluded. A volume, not the share of a fuel.

Electricity generation emissions

2 Mt CO2e per year latest value, 2025

Greenhouse gas emissions of electricity generation (Ember), not of the whole economy.

Security

Military expenditure

3.4 % of GDP latest value, 2024

Government military expenditure, percent of GDP (World Bank, from SIPRI).

Source: Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider (% of population ages 15+)

Deaths in organised violence

0 persons a year latest value, 2025

Deaths in state-based conflict, non-state conflict and one-sided violence against civilians, by where the events took place (UCDP GED, best estimate). 0 means no organised violence above UCDP thresholds (25 deaths a year in one conflict). Events in Gaza and the West Bank are counted for Palestine.

Source: Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), GED 26.1

Deaths in organised violence per 100,000

0 per 100,000 people a year latest value, 2025

Deaths in organised violence (UCDP GED) per 100,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024).

Source: Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), GED 26.1

Armed conflict in the country

0 0 none, 1 minor, 2 war latest value, 2025

Strongest armed conflict of the year in which the government or territory of the country is disputed (UCDP/PRIO ACD): 1 = 25-999 battle-related deaths, 2 = war, 1,000 or more. In interstate conflicts every primary party is marked even if the fighting was elsewhere (the USA in Iraq, 2003). Historical states are mapped to present-day countries by territory (USSR, Yugoslavia, South Vietnam and others).

Source: UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset 26.1

Battle deaths

0 persons a year latest value, 2025

Soldiers and civilians killed in combat in state-based armed conflicts on the territory of the country. 1946-1988: PRIO Battle Deaths (best estimate, else the low one; a conflict of several countries split equally); from 1989: UCDP GED by place of the events. For the same conflicts in 1989-2008 PRIO is 1.6 times UCDP, so the drop in 1989 is partly a change of source. One-sided violence against civilians is not included.

Source: Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), GED 26.1

Battle deaths per 100,000

0 per 100,000 people a year latest value, 2025

Battle deaths on the territory of the country (PRIO to 1988, UCDP GED from 1989) per 100,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024), from 1950.

Source: Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), GED 26.1

Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people)

1.5 per 100,000 people latest value, 2023

An intentional homicide is defined as an unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury.

Source: Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people)

Purchases and money

Average dietary energy requirement

2,555 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2025

FAOSTAT FS, Average dietary energy requirement (kcal/cap/day). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Commercial bank branches (per 100,000 adults)

6.2 per 100,000 adults latest value, 2024

Commercial bank branches are retail locations of resident commercial banks and other resident banks that function as commercial banks that provide financial services to customers and are physically separated from the main office but not organized as legally separated subsidiaries.

Source: Commercial bank branches (per 100,000 adults)

Variation in habitual caloric consumption distribution

0.21 No latest value, 2024

FAOSTAT FS, Coefficient of variation of habitual caloric consumption distribution (real number). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider (% of population ages 15+)

98.9 % of people aged 15+ latest value, 2024

Account denotes the percentage of respondents who report having an account (by themselves or together with someone else) at a bank or another type of financial institution or report personally using a mobile money service in the past 12 months (% age 15+).

Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, male (% of population ages 15+)

97.9 % of men aged 15+ latest value, 2024

Source: Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, male (% of population ages 15+)

Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, female (% of population ages 15+)

99.8 % of women aged 15+ latest value, 2024

Source: Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, female (% of population ages 15+)

Alcoholic beverages: energy supply

281.96 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Alcoholic Beverages. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Alcoholic beverages: quantity supply

107.65 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Animal products: energy supply

1,257.08 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Animal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Animal products: fat supply

88.1 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Animal products: protein supply

74.94 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Bovine meat: energy supply

33.36 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Bovine Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Bovine meat: quantity supply

7.81 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Cereals excluding beer: energy supply

604.34 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Cereals - Excluding Beer. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Cereals excluding beer: quantity supply

86.18 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Coffee and products: energy supply

8.04 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Coffee and products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Coffee and products: quantity supply

15.68 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Eggs: energy supply

46.61 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Eggs. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Eggs: quantity supply

12.79 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Fish and seafood: energy supply

18.92 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Fish, Seafood. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Fish and seafood: fat supply

0.66 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Fish and seafood: protein supply

3.19 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Fish and seafood: quantity supply

12.7 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Fruits excluding wine: energy supply

102.3 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Fruits - Excluding Wine. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Fruits excluding wine: quantity supply

81.87 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Meat: energy supply

283.35 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Meat: fat supply

20.38 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Meat: protein supply

24.44 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Meat: quantity supply

64.73 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Milk excluding butter: energy supply

631.62 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Milk - Excluding Butter. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Milk excluding butter: fat supply

35.46 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Milk excluding butter: protein supply

40.15 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Milk excluding butter: quantity supply

339.35 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Treenuts: energy supply

40.34 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Treenuts. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Treenuts: quantity supply

22.82 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetal products: energy supply

2,029.44 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetal products: fat supply

47.46 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetal products: protein supply

37.2 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Pigmeat: energy supply

154.43 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Pigmeat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Pigmeat: quantity supply

35.54 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Poultry meat: energy supply

92.07 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Poultry Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Poultry meat: quantity supply

20.81 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Pulses: energy supply

92.58 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Pulses. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Pulses: quantity supply

10.46 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Starchy roots: energy supply

117.84 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Starchy Roots. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Starchy roots: quantity supply

68.61 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Sugar and sweeteners: energy supply

352 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Sugar & Sweeteners. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Sugar and sweeteners: quantity supply

80.28 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Tea including mate: energy supply

0.03 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Tea (including mate). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Tea including mate: quantity supply

0.21 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

All foods: energy supply

3,286.52 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Grand Total. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

All foods: fat supply

135.55 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

All foods: protein supply

112.13 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetable oils: energy supply

236.28 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetable Oils. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetable oils: quantity supply

10.19 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetables: energy supply

61.45 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetables. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetables: quantity supply

132.27 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Six or more online purchases in three months

23.5 % of people aged 16-74 latest value, 2025

ICT survey, all individuals aged 16-74, not only internet users or buyers. Reference window is defined by the selected Eurostat category; since 2020.

Source: Internet purchases by individuals (2020 onwards)

Healthy-diet animal-source food cost

0.74 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of animal source foods. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Cost of a healthy diet

4.89 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2025

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of a healthy diet (CoHD). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Healthy-diet fruit cost

0.64 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of fruits. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Healthy-diet legumes and nuts cost

0.71 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of legumes, nuts and seeds. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Healthy-diet oils and fats cost

0.08 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of oils and fats. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Healthy-diet starchy-staple cost

0.35 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of starchy staples. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Unable to afford a healthy diet

10.2 % latest value, 2025

FAOSTAT CAHD, Prevalence of unaffordability (PUA). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

People unable to afford a healthy diet

0.1 million No latest value, 2025

FAOSTAT CAHD, Number of people unable to afford a healthy diet (NUA). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Healthy-diet vegetable cost

0.81 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of vegetables. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Households and NPISHs final consumption expenditure (% of GDP)

52.7 % of GDP latest value, 2025

This field includes expenditure on goods and services by the Household and NPISH sector for the direct satisfaction of human needs or wants, whether individual or collective. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.

Source: Households and NPISHs final consumption expenditure (% of GDP)

Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure per capita (constant 2015 US$)

11,186.9 constant 2015 US dollars latest value, 2025

This field includes expenditure on goods and services by the Household and NPISH sector for the direct satisfaction of human needs or wants, whether individual or collective. The core indicator has been divided by the general population to achieve a per capita estimate.This indicator is expressed in constant prices, meaning the series has been adjusted to account for price changes over time. The reference year for this adjustment is 2015. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.

Source: Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure per capita (constant 2015 US$)

Income share held by lowest 20%

8.3 % of income or consumption latest value, 2023

Percentage share of income or consumption is the share that accrues to subgroups of population indicated by deciles or quintiles. Percentage shares by quintile may not sum to 100 because of rounding.

Source: Income share held by lowest 20%

Gini index

30.7 index, 0-100 latest value, 2023

Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of total income received against the cumulative number of recipients, starting with the poorest individual or household. The Gini index measures the area between the Lorenz curve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality, expressed as a percentage of the maximum area under the line. Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.

Source: Gini index

Income quintile share ratio S80/S20

5.1 ratio latest value, 2025

Equivalised disposable income of the top population quintile divided by the bottom quintile, EU-SILC. Survey and income reference years may differ.

Source: Income quintile share ratio S80/S20 for disposable income by sex and age group

Income share held by highest 20%

39.3 % of income or consumption latest value, 2023

Percentage share of income or consumption is the share that accrues to subgroups of population indicated by deciles or quintiles. Percentage shares by quintile may not sum to 100 because of rounding.

Source: Income share held by highest 20%

Minimum dietary energy requirement

1,966 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2025

FAOSTAT FS, Minimum dietary energy requirement (kcal/cap/day). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Adjusted savings: net national savings (% of GNI)

13.7 % of gross national income latest value, 2021

Net national savings are equal to gross national savings less the value of consumption of fixed capital. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross National Income (GNI) which is the total income earned by all residents within an economic territory during an accounting period. It is equal to gross domestic product plus earned income receivable from abroad minus earned income payable abroad.

Source: Adjusted savings: net national savings (% of GNI)

Never bought online

12.7 % of people aged 16-74 latest value, 2025

ICT survey, all individuals aged 16-74, not only internet users or buyers. Reference window is defined by the selected Eurostat category; since 2020.

Source: Internet purchases by individuals (2020 onwards)

Online purchase in the last year

76.5 % of people aged 16-74 latest value, 2025

ICT survey, all individuals aged 16-74, not only internet users or buyers. Reference window is defined by the selected Eurostat category; since 2020.

Source: Internet purchases by individuals (2020 onwards)

Online purchase in the last three months

66.8 % of people aged 16-74 latest value, 2025

ICT survey, all individuals aged 16-74, not only internet users or buyers. Reference window is defined by the selected Eurostat category; since 2020.

Source: Internet purchases by individuals (2020 onwards)

Poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day (2021 PPP) (% of population)

0.3 % of population, 2021 PPP latest value, 2023

Poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day is the percentage of the population living on less than $3.00 a day at 2021 purchasing power adjusted prices. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions.

Source: Poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day (2021 PPP) (% of population)

At risk of poverty or social exclusion

21.8 % of population latest value, 2025

Europe 2030 AROPE: at-risk-of-poverty, severe material/social deprivation or very low work intensity, EU-SILC. Not the sum of three rates.

Source: Persons at risk of poverty or social exclusion by age and sex

Caloric losses at retail distribution

1.67 % latest value, 2025

FAOSTAT FS, Incidence of caloric losses at retail distribution level (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Health

Total alcohol consumption per capita (liters of pure alcohol, projected estimates, 15+ years of age)

10.7 litres per person aged 15+ latest value, 2020

Total alcohol per capita consumption is defined as the total (sum of recorded and unrecorded alcohol) amount of alcohol consumed per person (15 years of age or older) over a calendar year, in litres of pure alcohol, adjusted for tourist consumption.

Source: Total alcohol consumption per capita (liters of pure alcohol, projected estimates, 15+ years of age)

Anaemia among women aged 15–49

24.7 % latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FS, Prevalence of anemia among women of reproductive age (15-49 years) (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Overweight among children under 5

5.6 % latest value, 2024

FAOSTAT FS, Percentage of children under 5 years of age who are overweight (modelled estimates) (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Prevalence of stunting, height for age (% of children under 5)

1.2 % of children under 5 latest value, 2014

Prevalence of stunting is the percentage of children under age 5 whose height for age is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months. For children up to two years old height is measured by recumbent length. For older children height is measured by stature while standing. The data are based on the WHO's 2006 Child Growth Standards.

Source: Prevalence of stunting, height for age (% of children under 5)

Wasting among children under 5

1.5 % latest value, 2014

FAOSTAT FS, Percentage of children under 5 years affected by wasting (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

COVID economic support index

61.6 mean index 0–100 latest value, 2022

Mean daily national OxCGRT index with all days present, archived 2020–2022. Codes policies, not compliance, effectiveness or causal impact. Average follows source treatment of vaccination groups.

Source: Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker

COVID containment and health index

33.6 mean index 0–100 latest value, 2022

Mean daily national OxCGRT index with all days present, archived 2020–2022. Codes policies, not compliance, effectiveness or causal impact. Average follows source treatment of vaccination groups.

Source: Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker

COVID government response

37.1 mean index 0–100 latest value, 2022

Mean daily national OxCGRT index with all days present, archived 2020–2022. Codes policies, not compliance, effectiveness or causal impact. Average follows source treatment of vaccination groups.

Source: Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker

COVID policy stringency

21.5 mean index 0–100 latest value, 2022

Mean daily national OxCGRT index with all days present, archived 2020–2022. Codes policies, not compliance, effectiveness or causal impact. Average follows source treatment of vaccination groups.

Source: Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker

Reported COVID-19 cases

3,976 by report dates in year latest value, 2025

Sum of WHO weekly reports by report date in a completed year, requiring at least 50 nonmissing values. Reported events, not total infections/deaths. Negative revisions retained; testing and reporting coverage changed.

Source: WHO: reported COVID-19 data

Reported COVID-19 deaths

899 by report dates in year latest value, 2022

Source: WHO: reported COVID-19 data

Diabetes prevalence (% of population ages 20 to 79)

6.9 % of people aged 20-79 latest value, 2024

Diabetes prevalence refers to the percentage of people ages 20-79 who have type 1 or type 2 diabetes. It is calculated by adjusting to a standard population age-structure.

Source: Diabetes prevalence (% of population ages 20 to 79)

Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population (%)

10.8 % of population latest value, 2023

The percentage of people in the population who live in households classified as moderately or severely food insecure. A household is classified as moderately or severely food insecure when at least one adult in the household has reported to have been exposed, at times during the year, to low quality diets and might have been forced to also reduce the quantity of food they would normally eat because of a lack of money or other resources.

Source: Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population (%)

Prevalence of severe food insecurity in the population (%)

1.1 % of population latest value, 2023

The percentage of people in the population who live in households classified as severely food insecure. A household is classified as severely food insecure when at least one adult in the household has reported to have been exposed, at times during the year, to several of the most severe experiences described in the FIES questions, such as to have been forced to reduce the quantity of the food, to have skipped meals, having gone hungry, or having to go for a whole day without eating because of a lack of money or other resources.

Source: Prevalence of severe food insecurity in the population (%)

Out-of-pocket expenditure (% of current health expenditure)

21.4 % of current health expenditure latest value, 2024

Share of out-of-pocket payments of total current health expenditures. Out-of-pocket payments are spending on health directly out-of-pocket by households.

Source: Out-of-pocket expenditure (% of current health expenditure)

Current health expenditure (% of GDP)

7.8 % of GDP latest value, 2024

Level of current health expenditure expressed as a percentage of GDP. Estimates of current health expenditures include healthcare goods and services consumed during each year. This indicator does not include capital health expenditures such as buildings, machinery, IT and stocks of vaccines for emergency or outbreaks.

Source: Current health expenditure (% of GDP)

Current health expenditure per capita (current US$)

2,437.8 current US dollars latest value, 2024

Current expenditures on health per capita in current US dollars. Estimates of current health expenditures include healthcare goods and services consumed during each year.

Source: Current health expenditure per capita (current US$)

Healthy life years at age 65, men

7.4 years latest value, 2024

Expected years without activity limitation, EU-SILC/Eurostat, combining mortality and self-reported limitation. Different from IHME healthy life years.

Source: Healthy life years by sex (from 2004 onwards)

Healthy life years at age 65, women

7.9 years latest value, 2024

Expected years without activity limitation, EU-SILC/Eurostat, combining mortality and self-reported limitation. Different from IHME healthy life years.

Source: Healthy life years by sex (from 2004 onwards)

Healthy life years at birth, men

56.8 years latest value, 2024

Expected years without activity limitation, EU-SILC/Eurostat, combining mortality and self-reported limitation. Different from IHME healthy life years.

Source: Healthy life years by sex (from 2004 onwards)

Healthy life years at birth, women

60.6 years latest value, 2024

Expected years without activity limitation, EU-SILC/Eurostat, combining mortality and self-reported limitation. Different from IHME healthy life years.

Source: Healthy life years by sex (from 2004 onwards)

Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49)

0.7 % of people aged 15-49 latest value, 2024

Prevalence of HIV refers to the percentage of people ages 15-49 who are infected with HIV.

Source: Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49)

Hospital beds (per 1,000 people)

4.1 per 1,000 people latest value, 2023

Hospital beds include inpatient beds available in public, private, general, and specialized hospitals and rehabilitation centers. In most cases beds for both acute and chronic care are included.

Source: Hospital beds (per 1,000 people)

Low birthweight

4.2 % latest value, 2020

FAOSTAT FS, Prevalence of low birthweight (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people)

6.7 per 1,000 people latest value, 2023

Nurses and midwives include professional nurses, professional midwives, auxiliary nurses, auxiliary midwives, enrolled nurses, enrolled midwives and other associated personnel, such as dental nurses and primary care nurses.

Source: Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people)

Obesity among adults aged 18+

20.3 % latest value, 2024

FAOSTAT FS, Prevalence of obesity in the adult population (18 years and older) (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Physicians (per 1,000 people)

3.5 per 1,000 people latest value, 2022

Physicians include generalist and specialist medical practitioners.

Source: Physicians (per 1,000 people)

Mortality caused by road traffic injury (per 100,000 population)

4.5 per 100,000 people latest value, 2019

Mortality caused by road traffic injury is estimated road traffic fatal injury deaths per 100,000 population.

Source: Mortality caused by road traffic injury (per 100,000 population)

Bad or very bad self-rated health

12.1 % of people aged 16+ in group latest value, 2025

Self-rated bad or very bad health, EU-SILC, both sexes aged 16+. Not a medical diagnosis.

Source: Self-perceived health by sex, age and income quintile

Bad or very bad self-rated health in the highest income quintile

4 % of people aged 16+ in group latest value, 2025

Self-rated bad or very bad health, EU-SILC, both sexes aged 16+. Not a medical diagnosis.

Source: Self-perceived health by sex, age and income quintile

Bad or very bad self-rated health in the lowest income quintile

21.7 % of people aged 16+ in group latest value, 2025

Self-rated bad or very bad health, EU-SILC, both sexes aged 16+. Not a medical diagnosis.

Source: Self-perceived health by sex, age and income quintile

Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 population)

14.9 per 100,000 people latest value, 2021

Suicide mortality rate is the number of suicide deaths in a year per 100,000 population. Crude suicide rate (not age-adjusted).

Source: Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 population)

Prevalence of current tobacco use (% of adults)

26.1 % of adults latest value, 2024

The percentage of the population ages 15 years and over who currently use any tobacco product (smoked and/or smokeless tobacco) on a daily or non-daily basis. Tobacco products include cigarettes, pipes, cigars, cigarillos, waterpipes (hookah, shisha), bidis, kretek, heated tobacco products, and all forms of smokeless (oral and nasal) tobacco. Tobacco products exclude e-cigarettes (which do not contain tobacco), “e-cigars”, “e-hookahs”, JUUL and “e-pipes”. The rates are age-standardized to the WHO Standard Population.

Source: Prevalence of current tobacco use (% of adults)

Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people)

8.2 per 100,000 people latest value, 2024

Incidence of tuberculosis is the estimated number of new and relapse tuberculosis cases arising in a given year, expressed as the rate per 100,000 population. All forms of TB are included, including cases in people living with HIV. Estimates for all years are recalculated as new information becomes available and techniques are refined, so they may differ from those published previously.

Source: Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people)

Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population)

2.5 % of population latest value, 2023

Prevalence of undernourishment is the percentage of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normal active and healthy life. Data showing as 2.5 may signify a prevalence of undernourishment below 2.5%.

Source: Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population)

Unmet medical examination needs

7.7 % of people aged 16+ in group latest value, 2025

Self-reported unmet medical examination needs due to cost, distance or waiting lists, EU-SILC, age 16+. Source flags and questionnaire changes are preserved; do not add reasons.

Source: Self-reported unmet needs for medical examination by sex, age, main reason declared and income quintile

Unmet medical examination needs in the highest income quintile

7.2 % of people aged 16+ in group latest value, 2025

Self-reported unmet medical examination needs due to cost, distance or waiting lists, EU-SILC, age 16+. Source flags and questionnaire changes are preserved; do not add reasons.

Source: Self-reported unmet needs for medical examination by sex, age, main reason declared and income quintile

Unmet medical examination needs in the lowest income quintile

8.3 % of people aged 16+ in group latest value, 2025

Self-reported unmet medical examination needs due to cost, distance or waiting lists, EU-SILC, age 16+. Source flags and questionnaire changes are preserved; do not add reasons.

Source: Self-reported unmet needs for medical examination by sex, age, main reason declared and income quintile

Immunization, DPT (% of children ages 12-23 months)

81 % of children aged 12-23 months latest value, 2024

Child immunization, DPT, measures the percentage of children ages 12-23 months who received DPT vaccinations before 12 months or at any time before the survey. A child is considered adequately immunized against diphtheria, pertussis (or whooping cough), and tetanus (DPT) after receiving three doses of vaccine.

Source: Immunization, DPT (% of children ages 12-23 months)

Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)

83 % of children aged 12-23 months latest value, 2024

Child immunization, measles, measures the percentage of children ages 12-23 months who received the measles vaccination before 12 months or at any time before the survey. A child is considered adequately immunized against measles after receiving one dose of vaccine.

Source: Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)

Culture and time

Cinema attendance in the last year

41.4 % of people aged 16+ latest value, 2022

At least one attendance in the last 12 months, EU-SILC, both sexes aged 16+, all education levels. Sparse waves; people are not visits.

Source: Persons participating in cultural or sport activities in the last 12 months by sex, age, educational attainment, activity type and frequency

Financial barrier: Cinema attendance in the last year

3 % of non-participants latest value, 2022

Financial reason among non-participants in the specified cultural or sports activity, EU-SILC, age 16+. Not a share of all residents.

Source: Persons not participating in cultural or sport activities in the last 12 months by sex, age, educational attainment, activity type and reasons

Cultural site visits in the last year

39.5 % of people aged 16+ latest value, 2022

At least one attendance in the last 12 months, EU-SILC, both sexes aged 16+, all education levels. Sparse waves; people are not visits.

Source: Persons participating in cultural or sport activities in the last 12 months by sex, age, educational attainment, activity type and frequency

Financial barrier: Cultural site visits in the last year

4.3 % of non-participants latest value, 2022

Financial reason among non-participants in the specified cultural or sports activity, EU-SILC, age 16+. Not a share of all residents.

Source: Persons not participating in cultural or sport activities in the last 12 months by sex, age, educational attainment, activity type and reasons

Live performance attendance in the last year

39.8 % of people aged 16+ latest value, 2022

At least one attendance in the last 12 months, EU-SILC, both sexes aged 16+, all education levels. Sparse waves; people are not visits.

Source: Persons participating in cultural or sport activities in the last 12 months by sex, age, educational attainment, activity type and frequency

Financial barrier: Live performance attendance in the last year

7.9 % of non-participants latest value, 2022

Financial reason among non-participants in the specified cultural or sports activity, EU-SILC, age 16+. Not a share of all residents.

Source: Persons not participating in cultural or sport activities in the last 12 months by sex, age, educational attainment, activity type and reasons

No books read in the last year

29.3 % of people aged 16+ latest value, 2022

EU-SILC cultural module: books read in the last 12 months, both sexes aged 16+, all education levels. Sparse survey waves, without interpolation.

Source: Persons reading books in the last 12 months by sex, age, educational attainment and number of books

Ten or more books read in the last year

19.7 % of people aged 16+ latest value, 2022

EU-SILC cultural module: books read in the last 12 months, both sexes aged 16+, all education levels. Sparse survey waves, without interpolation.

Source: Persons reading books in the last 12 months by sex, age, educational attainment and number of books

Sports event attendance in the last year

19.8 % of people aged 16+ latest value, 2022

At least one attendance in the last 12 months, EU-SILC, both sexes aged 16+, all education levels. Sparse waves; people are not visits.

Source: Persons participating in cultural or sport activities in the last 12 months by sex, age, educational attainment, activity type and frequency

Financial barrier: Sports event attendance in the last year

1.2 % of non-participants latest value, 2022

Financial reason among non-participants in the specified cultural or sports activity, EU-SILC, age 16+. Not a share of all residents.

Source: Persons not participating in cultural or sport activities in the last 12 months by sex, age, educational attainment, activity type and reasons

International tourism, receipts (current US$)

865,000,000 current US dollars latest value, 2020

International tourism receipts are expenditures by international inbound visitors, including payments to national carriers for international transport. These receipts include any other prepayment made for goods or services received in the destination country. They also may include receipts from same-day visitors, except when these are important enough to justify separate classification. For some countries they do not include receipts for passenger transport items. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

Source: International tourism, receipts (current US$)

International tourism, number of arrivals

1,695,000 arrivals per year latest value, 2020

International inbound tourists (overnight visitors) are the number of tourists who travel to a country other than that in which they have their usual residence, but outside their usual environment, for a period not exceeding 12 months and whose main purpose in visiting is other than an activity remunerated from within the country visited. When data on number of tourists are not available, the number of visitors, which includes tourists, same-day visitors, cruise passengers, and crew members, is shown instead. Sources and collection methods for arrivals differ across countries. In some cases data are from border statistics (police, immigration, and the like) and supplemented by border surveys. In other cases data are from tourism accommodation establishments. For some countries number of arrivals is limited to arrivals by air and for others to arrivals staying in hotels. Some countries include arrivals of nationals residing abroad while others do not. Caution should thus be used in comparing arrivals across countries. The data on inbound tourists refer to the number of arrivals, not to the number of people traveling. Thus a person who makes several trips to a country during a given period is counted each time as a new arrival.

Source: International tourism, number of arrivals

Land and housing

Agricultural land (% of land area)

23.1 % of land area latest value, 2023

Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable, under permanent crops, and under permanent pastures. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded. Land under permanent crops is land cultivated with crops that occupy the land for long periods and need not be replanted after each harvest, such as cocoa, coffee, and rubber. This category includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees, and vines, but excludes land under trees grown for wood or timber. Permanent pasture is land used for five or more years for forage, including natural and cultivated crops.

Source: Agricultural land (% of land area)

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added per worker (constant 2015 US$)

18,594.4 constant 2015 US dollars latest value, 2025

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing corresponds to ISIC (Rev. 4) divisions 01-03 and includes the exploitation of vegetal and animal natural resources, comprising the activities of growing of crops, raising and breeding of animals, harvesting of timber and other plants, animals or animal products from a farm or their natural habitats.Value added is the contribution to the economy by a producer or an industry or an institutional sector, which is estimated by the total value of output produced and deducting the total value of intermediate consumption of goods and services used to produce that output. This indicator is expressed in constant prices, meaning the series has been adjusted to account for price changes over time. The reference year for this adjustment is 2015. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.

Source: Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added per worker (constant 2015 US$)

Land used for aquaculture

0 1000 ha latest value, 2024

FAOSTAT RL, Land used for aquaculture. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Price of arable land

7,033 euro per hectare latest value, 2024

Published agricultural land price excluding buildings, national Eurostat series. Transaction composition and coverage differ.

Source: Agricultural land prices by region

Annual rent of arable land

62 euro per hectare per year latest value, 2018

Published annual agricultural land rental price, national Eurostat series. Not a purchase price.

Source: Agricultural land renting prices for one year by region

Arable land (% of land area)

16.6 % of land area latest value, 2023

Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded.

Source: Arable land (% of land area)

Cereal yield (kg per hectare)

3,409.5 kg per hectare latest value, 2023

Cereal yield, measured as kilograms per hectare of harvested land, includes wheat, rice, maize, barley, oats, rye, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, and mixed grains. Production data on cereals relate to crops harvested for dry grain only. Cereal crops harvested for hay or harvested green for food, feed, or silage and those used for grazing are excluded. The FAO allocates production data to the calendar year in which the bulk of the harvest took place. Most of a crop harvested near the end of a year will be used in the following year.

Source: Cereal yield (kg per hectare)

Certified organic agricultural land

203 1000 ha latest value, 2024

FAOSTAT RL, Agriculture area certified organic. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

People in housing rented at market price

8.5 % of population latest value, 2025

Population by housing tenure, all household types and income groups, EU-SILC. Denominator is people, not dwellings.

Source: Distribution of population by tenure status, type of household and income group

People in housing with a mortgage

24.7 % of population latest value, 2025

Population by housing tenure, all household types and income groups, EU-SILC. Denominator is people, not dwellings.

Source: Distribution of population by tenure status, type of household and income group

Housing cost overburden

8.8 % of population latest value, 2025

People in households with housing costs exceeding 40% of disposable income, EU-SILC; all ages and sexes.

Source: Housing cost overburden rate by age, sex and poverty status

Housing overcrowding

17.9 % of population latest value, 2025

People in overcrowded dwellings under the EU-SILC room-based definition; all ages and sexes.

Source: Overcrowding rate by age, sex and poverty status - total population

People in owner-occupied housing

79.7 % of population latest value, 2025

Population by housing tenure, all household types and income groups, EU-SILC. Denominator is people, not dwellings.

Source: Distribution of population by tenure status, type of household and income group

Actually irrigated agricultural land

2 1000 ha latest value, 2016

FAOSTAT RL, Agriculture area actually irrigated. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Land equipped for irrigation

1.57 1000 ha latest value, 2024

FAOSTAT RL, Land area equipped for irrigation. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Age of leaving the parental household

22.7 years, estimate latest value, 2025

Estimated mean age of leaving the parental household under the Eurostat method, both sexes. Not the mean age of observed moves during the year.

Source: Estimated average age of young persons leaving the parental household

Cropland under zero or no tillage

74 1000 ha latest value, 2016

FAOSTAT RL, Cropland area under zero or no tillage. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Price of permanent grassland

5,274 euro per hectare latest value, 2024

Published agricultural land price excluding buildings, national Eurostat series. Transaction composition and coverage differ.

Source: Agricultural land prices by region

Annual rent of permanent grassland

50 euro per hectare per year latest value, 2018

Published annual agricultural land rental price, national Eurostat series. Not a purchase price.

Source: Agricultural land renting prices for one year by region

Planted forest

254.21 1000 ha latest value, 2025

FAOSTAT RL, Planted Forest. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Primary forest

54.03 1000 ha latest value, 2025

FAOSTAT RL, Primary Forest. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Everyday environment

Air transport, passengers carried

857 passengers per year latest value, 2019

Air carrier data per country refers to passengers carried by airlines registered in that country regardless of the origin or destination of the passengers.

Source: Air transport, passengers carried

Unable to keep home adequately warm

3.1 % of population in group latest value, 2025

Self-reported inability to keep home adequately warm, EU-SILC. The at-risk group has income below 60% of the national median.

Source: Inability to keep home adequately warm

Unable to keep home adequately warm (at risk of poverty)

5.7 % of population in group latest value, 2025

Self-reported inability to keep home adequately warm, EU-SILC. The at-risk group has income below 60% of the national median.

Source: Inability to keep home adequately warm

Access to electricity (% of population)

100 % of population latest value, 2024

Access to electricity is the percentage of population with access to electricity. Electrification data are collected from industry, national surveys and international sources.

Source: Access to electricity (% of population)

Fertilizer consumption (kilograms per hectare of arable land)

74.9 kg of nutrients per hectare latest value, 2023

Fertilizer consumption measures the quantity of plant nutrients used per unit of arable land. Fertilizer products cover nitrogenous, potash, and phosphate fertilizers (including ground rock phosphate). Traditional nutrients--animal and plant manures--are not included. For the purpose of data dissemination, FAO has adopted the concept of a calendar year (January to December). Some countries compile fertilizer data on a calendar year basis, while others are on a split-year basis. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded.

Source: Fertilizer consumption (kilograms per hectare of arable land)

Forest area (% of land area)

57.1 % of land area latest value, 2023

Forest area (% of land area) is the share of total land area that is under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters in situ, whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems (for example, in fruit plantations and agroforestry systems) and trees in urban parks and gardens.

Source: Forest area (% of land area)

Household electricity price

0.23 euro per kWh, mean of both half-years latest value, 2025

Arithmetic mean of both half-year prices including taxes in the selected Eurostat consumption band. Partial years excluded; not a sales-weighted annual price.

Source: Electricity prices for household consumers - bi-annual data (from 2007 onwards)

Household gas price

0.08 euro per kWh, mean of both half-years latest value, 2025

Arithmetic mean of both half-year prices including taxes in the selected Eurostat consumption band. Partial years excluded; not a sales-weighted annual price.

Source: Gas prices for household consumers - bi-annual data

Land temperature anomaly

2.78 °C latest value, 2025

FAOSTAT ET, Meteorological year. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Municipal waste generated

375 kg per inhabitant latest value, 2024

Municipal waste by treatment operation, Eurostat, kg per inhabitant. National scope of municipal waste differs.

Source: Municipal waste by waste management operations

Municipal waste landfilled

48 kg per inhabitant latest value, 2024

Municipal waste by treatment operation, Eurostat, kg per inhabitant. National scope of municipal waste differs.

Source: Municipal waste by waste management operations

Municipal waste recycled

136 kg per inhabitant latest value, 2024

Municipal waste by treatment operation, Eurostat, kg per inhabitant. National scope of municipal waste differs.

Source: Municipal waste by waste management operations

PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (micrograms per cubic meter)

5.9 micrograms/m³, annual mean exposure latest value, 2023

Population-weighted exposure to ambient PM2.5 pollution is defined as the average level of exposure of a nation's population to concentrations of suspended particles measuring less than 2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter, which are capable of penetrating deep into the respiratory tract and causing severe health damage. Exposure is calculated by weighting mean annual concentrations of PM2.5 by population in both urban and rural areas.

Source: PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (micrograms per cubic meter)

Railways, passengers carried (million passenger-km)

290 million passenger-km latest value, 2021

Passengers carried by railway are the number of passengers transported by rail multiplied by kilometers traveled.

Source: Railways, passengers carried (million passenger-km)

People using safely managed drinking water services (% of population)

98.9 % of population latest value, 2024

The percentage of people using drinking water from an improved source that is accessible on premises, available when needed and free from fecal and priority chemical contamination. Improved water sources include piped water, boreholes or tubewells, protected dug wells, protected springs, and packaged or delivered water.

Source: People using safely managed drinking water services (% of population)

People using safely managed sanitation services (% of population)

90.6 % of population latest value, 2024

The percentage of people using improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households and where excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and treated offsite. Improved sanitation facilities include flush/pour flush to piped sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines: ventilated improved pit latrines, composting toilets or pit latrines with slabs.

Source: People using safely managed sanitation services (% of population)

Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources

13 % of available freshwater resources latest value, 2022

The level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources is the ratio between total freshwater withdrawn by all major sectors and total renewable freshwater resources, after taking into account environmental water requirements. Main sectors, as defined by ISIC standards, include agriculture; forestry and fishing; manufacturing; electricity industry; and services. This indicator is also known as water withdrawal intensity.

Source: Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources

Work and skills

Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)

99.9 % of people aged 15+ latest value, 2011

Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.

Source: Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)

Children out of school (% of primary school age)

3.4 % of primary-school-age children latest value, 2024

Children out of school are the percentage of primary-school-age children who are not enrolled in primary or secondary school. Children in the official primary age group that are in preprimary education should be considered out of school.

Source: Children out of school (% of primary school age)

Early leavers from education and training

10.2 % of people aged 18-24 latest value, 2025

People aged 18-24 with at most lower secondary education and no recent education/training, Eurostat LFS.

Source: Early leavers from education and training by labour status

Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP)

5.2 % of GDP latest value, 2022

General government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers) is expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. General government usually refers to local, regional and central governments.

Source: Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP)

Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate)

59.7 % of population aged 15+ latest value, 2025

Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed.

Source: Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate)

Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate)

65.1 % of population aged 15+ latest value, 2025

Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.

Source: Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate)

New business density (new registrations per 1,000 people ages 15-64)

26.8 per 1,000 people aged 15-64 latest value, 2024

The number of newly registered firms with limited liability per 1,000 working-age people (ages 15-64) per calendar year.

Source: New business density (new registrations per 1,000 people ages 15-64)

Part-time employment

13.4 % of employed people aged 15-64 latest value, 2025

Employed people aged 15-64 working part-time as a share of employment, Eurostat LFS, both sexes.

Source: Part-time employment and temporary contracts - annual data

Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)

99.9 % of relevant age group latest value, 2024

Primary completion rate, or gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, is the number of new entrants (enrollments minus repeaters) in the last grade of primary education, regardless of age, divided by the population at the entrance age for the last grade of primary education. Data limitations preclude adjusting for students who drop out during the final year of primary education.

Source: Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)

Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

7.1 % of employment latest value, 2025

Vulnerable employment is contributing family workers and own-account workers as a percentage of total employment.

Source: Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Actual weekly hours worked

35.5 hours latest value, 2025

Mean actual hours in the main job among those who worked in the reference week, age 15+, both sexes and all employment types/industries, Eurostat LFS. Full-week absentees excluded.

Source: Average actual weekly hours worked in the main job of persons who worked in this job during the reference week by professional status, full-time/part-time employment and economic activity (NACE Rev. 2) (2008-2026)

Literacy rate, youth total (% of people ages 15-24)

100 % of people aged 15-24 latest value, 2011

Youth literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15-24 who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.

Source: Literacy rate, youth total (% of people ages 15-24)

Share of youth not in education, employment or training, total (% of youth population)

10.2 % of youth aged 15-24 latest value, 2024

The share of youth not in education, employment or training (also known as “the NEET rate”) conveys the number of young persons not in education, employment or training as a percentage of the total youth population. Youth not in education are those who were neither enrolled in school nor in a formal training program (e.g. vocational training). For the purposes of this indicator, youth is defined as all persons between the ages of 15 and 24 (inclusive).

Source: Share of youth not in education, employment or training, total (% of youth population)

Science, space and technology

GitHub developer accounts at year end

136,016 accounts latest value, 2025

Fourth-quarter end snapshot; includes inactive accounts/organizations/repositories. GitHub Innovation Graph: public GitHub activity only. Geography reflects mode location, not nationality. Suppressed small groups are not zeros; not a professional-programmer count.

GitHub git pushes

929,649 git pushes latest value, 2025

Sum of all four published quarters of git pushes. One push may include multiple commits. GitHub Innovation Graph: public GitHub activity only. Geography reflects mode location, not nationality. Suppressed small groups are not zeros; not a professional-programmer count.

GitHub organizations at year end

8,571 organizations latest value, 2025

GitHub repositories at year end

416,635 repositories latest value, 2025

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS): science, technology and innovation

High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)

18.4 % of manufactured exports latest value, 2024

High-technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery.

Source: High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)

Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)

1.8 % of GDP latest value, 2023

Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.

Source: Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)

R&D expenditure per inhabitant

575.5 euro per inhabitant latest value, 2024

Gross domestic R&D expenditure, all sectors, current euro per inhabitant, Eurostat. Exchange-rate and inflation changes remain.

Source: GERD by sector of performance

Researchers in R&D (per million people)

4,800.4 full-time equivalents per million people latest value, 2023

The number of researchers engaged in Research &Development (R&D), expressed as per million. Researchers are professionals who conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models techniques instrumentation, software of operational methods. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.

Source: Researchers in R&D (per million people)

Patent applications, residents

25 applications per year latest value, 2021

Patent applications are worldwide patent applications filed through the Patent Cooperation Treaty procedure or with a national patent office for exclusive rights for an invention--a product or process that provides a new way of doing something or offers a new technical solution to a problem. A patent provides protection for the invention to the owner of the patent for a limited period, generally 20 years.

Source: Patent applications, residents

Business R&D, % of GDP

1.19 % of GDP latest value, 2024

BERD — R&D performed by businesses, as a share of GDP. It is part of GERD; the rest is performed by government institutes, universities and non-profits. Counted by who performs the work, not by who pays for it. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

Government-sector R&D, % of GDP

0.16 % of GDP latest value, 2024

GOVERD — R&D performed by government research bodies (excluding universities), as a share of GDP. Part of GERD; counted by performer, not by source of funds. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

University R&D, % of GDP

0.62 % of GDP latest value, 2024

HERD — R&D performed by universities and other higher-education institutions, as a share of GDP. Part of GERD; counted by performer, not by source of funds. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

R&D funded by business

49.5 % of GERD latest value, 2023

Share of all domestic R&D spending (GERD) paid for by businesses, whoever performed the work. GERD is all R&D performed in the country, whoever performs it: businesses, government institutes, universities and non-profits (Frascati Manual). OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

R&D funded by government

35.7 % of GERD latest value, 2023

Share of all domestic R&D spending (GERD) paid for by government, including public money for universities. GERD is all R&D performed in the country, whoever performs it: businesses, government institutes, universities and non-profits (Frascati Manual). OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

R&D funded from abroad

12.6 % of GERD latest value, 2023

Share of domestic R&D spending (GERD) paid for from abroad: foreign companies, international organisations, EU programmes. GERD is all R&D performed in the country, whoever performs it: businesses, government institutes, universities and non-profits (Frascati Manual). OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

R&D spending, billion dollars

1.1 billion USD PPP, 2020 prices latest value, 2024

All domestic R&D spending (GERD) in billions of US dollars at purchasing power parity, constant 2020 prices, so years compare without inflation. GERD is all R&D performed in the country, whoever performs it: businesses, government institutes, universities and non-profits (Frascati Manual). OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

Researchers per 1,000 employed

10.9 per 1,000 employed, FTE latest value, 2024

Researchers in full-time equivalents (FTE: two half-timers count as one) per 1,000 people employed. Researchers only, excluding technicians and support staff; not a headcount. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

Researchers, thousands

7.5 thousand full-time equivalents latest value, 2024

Researchers in all sectors in full-time equivalents (two half-timers count as one), thousands. Excludes technicians and support staff; the headcount is usually larger. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

Government R&D budget, billion dollars

0.4 billion USD PPP, 2020 prices latest value, 2024

GBARD — R&D appropriations in the central government budget, billions of US dollars at PPP, 2020 prices. A budget, not GERD spending: it includes money spent abroad and given to international organisations, and excludes business money. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

Defence share of government R&D budget

2.4 % of GBARD latest value, 2024

Share of government R&D appropriations (GBARD) earmarked for defence. GBARD is a budget, not actual spending. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

Space share of civil government R&D budget

0 % of civil GBARD latest value, 2024

Share of civil government R&D appropriations (GBARD excluding defence) for space exploration and exploitation. Military space is not included. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

Triadic patent families

8 families per year latest value, 2023

Inventions filed at all three of the European, Japanese and US patent offices, by inventors' country and priority year, fractionally counted across co-inventing countries. Applications, not grants; counts inventions, not individual filings. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

Government R&D budget, % of GDP

0.8 % of GDP latest value, 2024

GBARD — central government R&D appropriations as a share of GDP, both in national currency at current prices from the same OECD table. A budget, not GERD spending; business money is not included. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

Business R&D per inhabitant

343.5 euro per inhabitant latest value, 2024

R&D performed by businesses (BERD), euros at current prices per inhabitant. Counted by who performs the work, not by who pays. Eurostat, rd_e_gerdtot (sector BES).

Source: Eurostat research and development statistics

Researchers, thousand people

11.5 thousand people latest value, 2024

Number of people working as researchers in all sectors — each person counts once, however many hours they spend on research (headcount). Hence larger than full-time equivalents (researchers_fte). Eurostat, rd_p_persocc.

Source: Eurostat research and development statistics

Women among researchers

43 % of researchers latest value, 2023

Share of women among researchers in all sectors (business, government, higher education, non-profit), by headcount: each person counts once, however many hours they spend on research. Not the share among paper authors or inventors. UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), indicator FRESP.THC.

Patent applications by origin, worldwide

248 applications per year latest value, 2024

All applications for patents for inventions filed in a year by applicants from the country at any patent office worldwide — at home and abroad (direct filings and PCT national phase entries). Country = first applicant's address (origin), not the filing office. Applications, not grants; one invention filed in five countries counts five times. Residents' filings at their own office are a separate series, resident_patent_applications. WIPO IP Statistics Data Center (the last update is stated in the export file).

Source: WIPO IP Statistics Data Center

Patent applications abroad by origin

147 applications per year latest value, 2024

Applications for patents for inventions filed in a year by applicants from the country at foreign and regional offices (such as the European Patent Office): how much the country's inventions seek protection in other markets. Country = first applicant's address; applications, not grants. WIPO IP Statistics Data Center (the last update is stated in the export file).

Source: WIPO IP Statistics Data Center

PCT international patent applications

67 applications per year latest value, 2025

International applications under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) by filing date and first applicant's country. One PCT application defers the choice of countries where the invention will be protected; it is neither a patent nor a filing at a particular office. The incomplete current year is excluded. WIPO IP Statistics Data Center (the last update is stated in the export file).

Source: WIPO IP Statistics Data Center

Contribution to ESA programmes

10 million euro latest value, 2026

What the country contributes to the budget of European Space Agency programmes in a year, million euro at current prices, from ESA's yearly "ESA budget" infographic. A budget for the year, not actual spending; EU and EUMETSAT money that ESA spends on their behalf is not included, nor are national space agencies.

Source: European Space Agency: yearly "ESA budget" infographics

Electric cars: share of new car sales

17 % of new car sales latest value, 2025

Share of electric cars among all new cars sold in the year. Sales are new cars in the year, not all cars on the road (that is the stock). Electric cars are battery-electric (BEV) and plug-in hybrids (PHEV, a battery charged from the grid plus a petrol engine); ordinary hybrids without a plug and fuel-cell cars are not included. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Electric cars: new car sales

2,300 cars a year latest value, 2025

New electric cars sold in the year. Electric cars are battery-electric (BEV) and plug-in hybrids (PHEV, a battery charged from the grid plus a petrol engine); ordinary hybrids without a plug and fuel-cell cars are not included. IEA rounds values to two significant figures. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Battery-electric cars (BEV): sales

870 cars a year latest value, 2025

New battery-electric cars (BEV: battery only, no combustion engine) sold in the year. Plug-in hybrids are not included. IEA rounds values to two significant figures. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Plug-in hybrid cars (PHEV): sales

1,400 cars a year latest value, 2025

New plug-in hybrid cars (PHEV: battery charged from the grid plus a combustion engine) sold in the year. Ordinary hybrids without a plug are not included. IEA rounds values to two significant figures. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

New cars: battery-electric (BEV), share

6.6 % of new car registrations latest value, 2025

Share of first registrations of new passenger cars in the year (close to sales; not the whole stock). Battery-electric: battery and electric motor only, no petrol or diesel engine (Eurostat code ELC). Eurostat, road_eqr_carpda.

Source: Eurostat: new passenger car registrations and the car stock by motor energy (road_eqr_carpda, road_eqs_carpda)

New cars: plug-in hybrids (PHEV), share

10.7 % of new car registrations latest value, 2025

Share of first registrations of new passenger cars in the year (close to sales; not the whole stock). Plug-in hybrids: a battery charged from the grid plus a petrol or diesel engine (ELC_PET_PI + ELC_DIE_PI). Eurostat, road_eqr_carpda.

Source: Eurostat: new passenger car registrations and the car stock by motor energy (road_eqr_carpda, road_eqs_carpda)

New cars: hybrids without a plug, share

51.5 % of new car registrations latest value, 2025

Share of first registrations of new passenger cars in the year (close to sales; not the whole stock). Ordinary hybrids without a plug (full and mild): the engine charges the battery; these are not electric cars (ELC_PET_HYB + ELC_DIE_HYB). Eurostat, road_eqr_carpda.

Source: Eurostat: new passenger car registrations and the car stock by motor energy (road_eqr_carpda, road_eqs_carpda)

New cars: petrol, excluding hybrids, share

22.1 % of new car registrations latest value, 2025

Share of first registrations of new passenger cars in the year (close to sales; not the whole stock). Petrol cars without any hybrid drive (PET_X_HYB). Eurostat, road_eqr_carpda.

Source: Eurostat: new passenger car registrations and the car stock by motor energy (road_eqr_carpda, road_eqs_carpda)

New cars: diesel, excluding hybrids, share

9.1 % of new car registrations latest value, 2025

Share of first registrations of new passenger cars in the year (close to sales; not the whole stock). Diesel cars without any hybrid drive (DIE_X_HYB). Eurostat, road_eqr_carpda.

Source: Eurostat: new passenger car registrations and the car stock by motor energy (road_eqr_carpda, road_eqs_carpda)

New battery-electric cars (BEV): registrations

872 cars a year latest value, 2025

First registrations of new battery-electric passenger cars in the year (close to sales). Battery-electric: battery and electric motor only, no petrol or diesel engine (Eurostat code ELC). Eurostat, road_eqr_carpda.

Source: Eurostat: new passenger car registrations and the car stock by motor energy (road_eqr_carpda, road_eqs_carpda)

All cars on the road: battery-electric (BEV), share

1.3 % of all passenger cars latest value, 2025

Share of all registered passenger cars at the end of the year (the stock, not the sales of the year). Battery-electric: battery and electric motor only, no petrol or diesel engine (Eurostat code ELC). Eurostat, road_eqs_carpda.

Source: Eurostat: new passenger car registrations and the car stock by motor energy (road_eqr_carpda, road_eqs_carpda)

All cars on the road: plug-in hybrids (PHEV), share

1 % of all passenger cars latest value, 2025

Share of all registered passenger cars at the end of the year (the stock, not the sales of the year). Plug-in hybrids: a battery charged from the grid plus a petrol or diesel engine (ELC_PET_PI + ELC_DIE_PI). Eurostat, road_eqs_carpda.

Source: Eurostat: new passenger car registrations and the car stock by motor energy (road_eqr_carpda, road_eqs_carpda)

All cars on the road: hybrids without a plug, share

6.8 % of all passenger cars latest value, 2025

Share of all registered passenger cars at the end of the year (the stock, not the sales of the year). Ordinary hybrids without a plug (full and mild): the engine charges the battery; these are not electric cars (ELC_PET_HYB + ELC_DIE_HYB). Eurostat, road_eqs_carpda.

Source: Eurostat: new passenger car registrations and the car stock by motor energy (road_eqr_carpda, road_eqs_carpda)

Satellites and spacecraft put into orbit

0 payloads a year latest value, 2025

Payloads (satellites, crewed and cargo ships, probes; no rocket stages, debris or dummies) put into orbit by successful launches in the year. The country is the payload owner in GCAT, not the rocket's country: a Turkish satellite on a Falcon 9 is Turkey. Thousands of Starlink satellites since 2019 are the US. Data from GCAT (J. McDowell, planet4589.org/space/gcat), CC BY 4.0.

Source: GCAT — General Catalog of Artificial Space Objects (J. McDowell)

Communities and participation

Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%)

28.7 % of seats latest value, 2025

Women in parliaments are the percentage of parliamentary seats in a single or lower chamber held by women.

Source: Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%)

Religion and beliefs

Christians — population share

52.6 % of population latest value, 2020

Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Christians — population

700 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Muslims — population share

0.6 % of population latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religiously unaffiliated — population share

43.6 % of population latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religiously unaffiliated — population

580 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Buddhists — population share

0.2 % of population latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Jews — population share

0.1 % of population latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Other religions — population share

2.8 % of population latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Other religions — population

40 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religious diversity — country rank

23 rank among 201 latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religious diversity index

6.2 index points (0–10) latest value, 2020

Pew index, 0–10, based on seven broad groups. 10 means seven equal groups; 0 means everyone belongs to one group. Does not measure religious freedom, intensity of belief or conflict. Values below 0.1 are retained as bounds in the table. Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religious composition: balance between two groups

9.6 index points (0–10) latest value, 2020

Pew index, 0–10, based on seven broad groups. 10 means two equal groups, which may be any two religions. It is not an affiliated/unaffiliated index. Does not measure religious freedom, intensity of belief or conflict. Values below 0.1 are retained as bounds in the table. Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religiously affiliated — population share

56.4 % of population latest value, 2020

Macroscope calculation: total population minus Unaffiliated. A subtotal of six religious groups, not an eighth group or a count of believers in God. Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religiously affiliated — population

750 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Government restrictions on religion

1 index points (0–10) latest value, 2023

Pew coding of published materials for 2023, 198 countries and territories. Scores from 0 to 10, not population percentages. GRI covers government restrictions; SHI covers hostile acts by private individuals and groups. They measure different things and must not be summed. North Korea is not scored due to insufficient reliable observations; missing is not no restrictions. Released June 15, 2026.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious restrictions and social hostilities

Social hostilities involving religion

1.1 index points (0–10) latest value, 2023

Source: Pew Research Center: religious restrictions and social hostilities

Christians among immigrants — share

55.5 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Christians among immigrants — population

110 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Muslims among immigrants — share

4.8 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Muslims among immigrants — population

10 thousand persons latest value, 1995

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Religiously unaffiliated among immigrants — share

38.6 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Religiously unaffiliated among immigrants — population

80 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Buddhists among immigrants — share

0.3 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Hindus among immigrants — share

0.4 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Jews among immigrants — share

0.3 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Other religions among immigrants — share

0.2 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Christians among emigrants — share

39.8 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Christians among emigrants — population

90 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Muslims among emigrants — share

3.1 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Religiously unaffiliated among emigrants — share

52.5 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Religiously unaffiliated among emigrants — population

120 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Buddhists among emigrants — share

1 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Hindus among emigrants — share

1 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Jews among emigrants — share

1.9 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Other religions among emigrants — share

0.7 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Religion very important: EVS

6.6 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.

Religion not at all important: EVS

37.6 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Belong to a denomination: EVS

19.4 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

No denominational affiliation: EVS

80.6 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Never attend services: EVS

54.1 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Identify as religious: EVS

35.5 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Identify as non-religious: EVS

56.2 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Identify as convinced atheists: EVS

8.3 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Believe in God: EVS

45.7 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Do not believe in God: EVS

54.3 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Believe in life after death: EVS

46 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Believe in hell: EVS

19.4 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Believe in heaven: EVS

30.9 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Believe in reincarnation: EVS

45.7 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Belief in a personal God: EVS

13.5 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Belief in a spirit or life force: EVS

53.3 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Unsure what to think about God: EVS

16.5 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

No God, spirit or life force: EVS

16.7 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Daily prayer: EVS

9.7 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Never pray: EVS

61.7 % of valid answers latest value, 2018

Protestants — population, 2010 estimate

280 thousand persons latest value, 2010

Historical all-age estimates for 2010 from Pew’s 2011 release, 232 countries/territories. Pew’s 2025 revision does not update this detailed split: do not splice into the revised Christian total series. Affiliation, not practice. Protestant includes Anglicans and independent churches; Orthodox includes Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches. Other Christians include, among others, Latter-day Saints and Jehovah’s Witnesses under the source classification. Counts of at least 10,000 are rounded to 10,000; <1,000 and <10,000 remain bounds in the typed table only. The source states that <10,000 means 1,000–9,999, not zero. World is the sum of the five regions in the same release. Netherlands Antilles and Channel Islands are not assigned to a single present-day country. Geography follows the 2011 release; South Sudan is separate. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.

Source: Pew: Christian traditions, 2010 estimates (2011 release)

Eastern and Oriental Orthodox — population, 2010 estimate

250 thousand persons latest value, 2010

Source: Pew: Christian traditions, 2010 estimates (2011 release)

Internet and communication freedom

Internet freedom: overall score

91 points out of 100 latest value, 2025

Freedom House expert assessment; higher scores mean more freedom, not a percentage of people or sites. Year denotes the edition, assessing June 1 of the previous year through May 31 of that year. Total is access (0–25) plus content (0–35) plus user rights (0–40). Country coverage is neither a random sample nor the entire world. History starts in 2019, when the source reversed its scale; the 2025 production process was reduced due to budget constraints. Detailed questions cover 2025 only; gaps remain missing.

Internet freedom: access score

25 points out of 25 latest value, 2025

Internet freedom: content score

31 points out of 35 latest value, 2025

Internet freedom: user-rights score

35 points out of 40 latest value, 2025

Connectivity freedom: infrastructure control

6 points out of 6 latest value, 2025

Content freedom: website and VPN blocking

4 points out of 6 latest value, 2025

Content freedom: forced removal

3 points out of 4 latest value, 2025

Online rights: punishment for online activity

5 points out of 6 latest value, 2025

Online rights: anonymity and encryption

4 points out of 4 latest value, 2025

Online rights: state surveillance

5 points out of 6 latest value, 2025

Source: OECD, PISA — Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA 2009-2022 results, StatLink tables)

Markets and valuations

Equity price change (WDI)

−22.78 % per year latest value, 2022

Annual equity index price change, without adding dividends. WDI describes USD S&P BMI indices but separately specifies local prices and CAC40, DAX, Nikkei, FTSE and S&P500 for France, Germany, Japan, the UK and US. Do not treat all countries as one USD portfolio. Coverage and currency bases differ; a historical sample, not live quotes. Source definition: S&P Global Equity Indices measure the U.S. dollar price change in the stock markets covered by the S&P BMI country indices.

Source: World Bank WDI: financial markets (WFE, IMF)

Equity trading value / GDP

7.4 % of GDP latest value, 2004

Annual value of domestic and foreign shares traded divided by GDP, counting one side of each transaction. Trading volume is neither market capitalisation nor invested savings. Source definition: The value of shares traded is the total number of shares traded, both domestic and foreign, multiplied by their respective matching prices. Figures are single counted (only one side of the transaction is considered). Companies admitted to listing and admitted to trading are included in the data. Data are end of year values.

Source: World Bank WDI: financial markets (WFE, IMF)

Listed domestic companies

14 companies latest value, 2003

Companies with listed shares at year end, including foreign companies exclusively listed locally. Multiple share classes count as one company; investment funds are excluded. Source definition: Listed domestic companies, including foreign companies which are exclusively listed, are those which have shares listed on an exchange at the end of the year. Investment funds, unit trusts, and companies whose only business goal is to hold shares of other listed companies, such as holding companies and investment companies, regardless of their legal status, are excluded. A company with several classes of shares is counted once. Only companies admitted to listing on the exchange are included.

Source: World Bank WDI: financial markets (WFE, IMF)

Private-sector credit / GDP

60.54 % of GDP latest value, 2024

Financial resources supplied to the private sector by financial corporations relative to GDP. Includes loans and other debt claims; country coverage differs. Neither government debt nor mortgages alone. Source definition: Domestic credit to private sector refers to financial resources provided to the private sector by financial corporations, such as through loans, purchases of nonequity securities, and trade credits and other accounts receivable, that establish a claim for repayment. For some countries these claims include credit to public enterprises. The financial corporations include monetary authorities and deposit money banks, as well as other financial corporations where data are available (including corporations that do not accept transferable deposits but do incur such liabilities as time and savings deposits). Examples of other financial corporations are finance and leasing companies, money lenders, insurance corporations, pension funds, and foreign exchange companies. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.

Source: World Bank WDI: financial markets (WFE, IMF)

Bank nonperforming loans

1.33 % of gross loans latest value, 2025

Loans 90+ days overdue or unlikely to be repaid in full divided by gross loans, before provisions and collateral deductions. National rules and coverage can differ. Source definition: The indicator measures the proportion of a deposit taker’s loan portfolio that is impaired or at risk of default. It is calculated as the ratio of non-performing loans (NPLs) to total gross loans, where NPLs are defined as loans that are past due by 90 days or more or are otherwise considered unlikely to be repaid in full without the realization of collateral. Both non-performing loans and total gross loans should be reported at their gross book value, without deducting for loan-loss provisions or collateral. This indicator provides a key measure of asset quality and potential credit risk in the banking system.

Source: World Bank WDI: financial markets (WFE, IMF)

Equities: latest month (OECD)

254.26 2015 = 100 latest value, 2026

The annual axis selects the last published month of each year, labelled with its actual date. The current year is incomplete; this is neither a full-year mean nor a live quote. OECD national indices, normally monthly means of daily closes, 2015 = 100. Index composition differs across countries; dividends are not added. Index changes are not total-market capitalisation growth. Monthly averages smooth intramonth falls.

Source: OECD: monthly financial markets, national sources

Long-term yields: latest month (OECD)

3.83 % per year latest value, 2026

The annual axis selects the last published month of each year, labelled with its actual date. The current year is incomplete; this is neither a full-year mean nor a live quote. National-currency long-term government bond rates, normally around ten years, monthly national-source observations. Maturity, coverage and methodology vary by country. A quoted yield is not investor total return.

Source: OECD: monthly financial markets, national sources

Nominal residential property prices

345.36 index, 2010 = 100 latest value, 2025

BIS residential property prices in local currency, without inflation adjustment. Mean of four quarters; incomplete years omitted. Housing coverage and methods differ across countries. Compare with BIS real prices; excludes rental income and does not establish a bubble.

Source: BIS: nominal and real residential property prices

Cryptoassets

Cryptoasset ownership (ECB)

7.4 % of adults latest value, 2024

ECB SPACE 2024, chart tables 41–42, euro-area adults aged 18+. Ownership uses all adults; purposes use crypto owners only. The ownership question became standalone in 2024, potentially affecting responses and limiting comparisons with 2022. 2024 fieldwork: September–November 2023 and April–June 2024; Germany and Netherlands use national surveys. Croatia has no 2022 observation: its Excel zero is excluded. Euro area is a region, not the world.

Source: ECB: SPACE 2024

Cryptoasset owners: investment only

76.8 % of cryptoasset owners latest value, 2024

Source: ECB: SPACE 2024

Cryptoasset owners: payments only

14.8 % of cryptoasset owners latest value, 2024

Source: ECB: SPACE 2024

Cryptoasset owners: investment and payments

8.4 % of cryptoasset owners latest value, 2024

Source: ECB: SPACE 2024

Cryptoasset owners: refused or do not know

0 % of cryptoasset owners latest value, 2024

Source: ECB: SPACE 2024

Industry and waste

Municipal waste per person

378 kg per person a year latest value, 2024

Municipal waste generated in the year per inhabitant. Municipal waste is collected by or on behalf of municipalities: household waste and similar waste of shops, offices and institutions. Industrial, construction and mining waste are outside it; national scopes differ. OECD, MUNW.

Source: OECD, Municipal waste: generation and treatment (MUNW)

Municipal waste landfilled

14.1 % of treated latest value, 2024

Landfill as a share of municipal waste treated in the year. Municipal waste is collected by or on behalf of municipalities: household waste and similar waste of shops, offices and institutions. Industrial, construction and mining waste are outside it; national scopes differ. OECD, MUNW.

Source: OECD, Municipal waste: generation and treatment (MUNW)

Municipal waste recycled

26.8 % of treated latest value, 2024

Material recycling (composting excluded) as a share of municipal waste treated in the year, as reported by the country; not the secondary material finally produced. Municipal waste is collected by or on behalf of municipalities: household waste and similar waste of shops, offices and institutions. Industrial, construction and mining waste are outside it; national scopes differ. OECD, MUNW.

Source: OECD, Municipal waste: generation and treatment (MUNW)

Municipal waste composted

13 % of treated latest value, 2024

Composting and digestion as a share of municipal waste treated in the year. Municipal waste is collected by or on behalf of municipalities: household waste and similar waste of shops, offices and institutions. Industrial, construction and mining waste are outside it; national scopes differ. OECD, MUNW.

Source: OECD, Municipal waste: generation and treatment (MUNW)

Municipal waste incinerated

46.1 % of treated latest value, 2024

Incineration, with and without energy recovery, as a share of municipal waste treated in the year. Municipal waste is collected by or on behalf of municipalities: household waste and similar waste of shops, offices and institutions. Industrial, construction and mining waste are outside it; national scopes differ. OECD, MUNW.

Source: OECD, Municipal waste: generation and treatment (MUNW)

Packaging waste per person

139.3 kg per person a year latest value, 2023

All packaging that became waste in the year (paper, plastic, glass, metal, wood, other) per inhabitant. Eurostat equates it with packaging placed on the market. Eurostat, env_waspac.

Source: Eurostat, waste statistics (env_waspac, env_wasgen)

Plastic packaging waste per person

34.8 kg per person a year latest value, 2023

Plastic packaging that became waste in the year per inhabitant (Eurostat). Eurostat, env_waspac.

Source: Eurostat, waste statistics (env_waspac, env_wasgen)

Packaging recycling rate

68.5 % of packaging waste generated latest value, 2023

Recycled packaging as a percentage of packaging waste generated, all materials. From 2020 Eurostat measures recycling at a new calculation point (after sorting, closer to actual recycling), so rates before and after 2020 are not fully comparable. Eurostat, env_waspac.

Source: Eurostat, waste statistics (env_waspac, env_wasgen)

Plastic packaging recycling rate

42.4 % of plastic packaging waste generated latest value, 2023

Recycled plastic packaging as a percentage of plastic packaging waste generated: recycling, not collection for recycling. From 2020 Eurostat measures recycling at a new calculation point (after sorting, closer to actual recycling), so rates before and after 2020 are not fully comparable. Eurostat, env_waspac.

Source: Eurostat, waste statistics (env_waspac, env_wasgen)

All waste per person (all activities and households)

16,596 kg per person a year latest value, 2022

All waste generated in the year by all economic activities and households per inhabitant, including mineral waste from construction and mining (soil, rock), usually the largest part. Reported every two years (2004-2022). Not municipal waste, which covers only household and similar waste collected by municipalities. Eurostat, env_wasgen.

Source: Eurostat, waste statistics (env_waspac, env_wasgen)

Waste excluding major mineral waste per person

7,335 kg per person a year latest value, 2022

Waste from all activities and households excluding major mineral wastes (soil, rock, construction and demolition waste) per inhabitant; Eurostat uses it to compare countries with different construction and mining. Reported every two years (2004-2022). Not municipal waste, which covers only household and similar waste collected by municipalities. Eurostat, env_wasgen.

Source: Eurostat, waste statistics (env_waspac, env_wasgen)

Household waste per person

336 kg per person a year latest value, 2022

Waste generated by households themselves per inhabitant. Not equal to municipal waste, which also includes similar waste from shops and offices. Reported every two years (2004-2022). Not municipal waste, which covers only household and similar waste collected by municipalities. Eurostat, env_wasgen.

Source: Eurostat, waste statistics (env_waspac, env_wasgen)

Manufacturing waste per person

2,885 kg per person a year latest value, 2022

Waste generated by manufacturing (NACE section C) per inhabitant of the country. Reported every two years (2004-2022). Not municipal waste, which covers only household and similar waste collected by municipalities. Eurostat, env_wasgen.

Source: Eurostat, waste statistics (env_waspac, env_wasgen)

Industrial production index

91.4 index, 2021 = 100 latest value, 2025

Volume of industrial output: mining, manufacturing, electricity and gas (NACE sections B-D). Volume index of output, 2021 = 100, calendar adjusted. Compares a country only with itself, not countries with each other. Eurostat, sts_inpr_a.

Source: Eurostat, short-term business statistics (sts_inpr_a)

Manufacturing production index

93.1 index, 2021 = 100 latest value, 2025

Volume of manufacturing output (NACE section C): factories, excluding mining and energy. Volume index of output, 2021 = 100, calendar adjusted. Compares a country only with itself, not countries with each other. Eurostat, sts_inpr_a.

Source: Eurostat, short-term business statistics (sts_inpr_a)

Industrial production (OECD index)

120.4 index, 2015 = 100 latest value, 2025

Industrial output volume — mining, manufacturing, electricity, gas and water (ISIC B-E), annual average, 2015 = 100. It tracks physical volume, not revenue; compare countries by their change, not by their level. OECD short-term statistics (production volume, not seasonally adjusted).

Source: OECD short-term statistics: industrial production index

Manufacturing, share of GDP

10.8 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Manufacturing value added (ISIC section C: factories, excluding mining, utilities and construction) as a percentage of GDP. The share can fall while output grows if the rest of the economy grows faster. World Bank, WDI. Source note: Manufacturing includes industries classified in ISIC (Rev. 3) major division C and is defined as the physical or chemical transformation of materials or components into new products. Value added is the contribution to the economy by a producer or an industry or an institutional sector, which is estimated by the total value of output produced and deducting the total value of intermediate consumption of goods and services used to produce that output. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.

Source: World Bank WDI: national accounts (industry)

Industry incl. construction, share of GDP

19.7 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Value added of industry in the broad sense (mining, manufacturing, utilities and construction; ISIC B-F) as a percentage of GDP. World Bank, WDI. Source note: Industry (including construction) corresponds to ISIC (Rev.4) divisions 05-43. It is comprised of mining, manufacturing, construction, electricity, water, and gas industries. Value added is the contribution to the economy by a producer or an industry or an institutional sector, which is estimated by the total value of output produced and deducting the total value of intermediate consumption of goods and services used to produce that output. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.

Source: World Bank WDI: national accounts (industry)

Manufacturing value added per person

2,421 constant 2015 US$ per person latest value, 2025

Manufacturing value added at constant 2015 US dollars divided by population (UN WPP 2024): factory output net of inputs, not revenue. World Bank, WDI. Source note: Manufacturing includes industries classified in ISIC (Rev. 3) major division C and is defined as the physical or chemical transformation of materials or components into new products. Value added is the contribution to the economy by a producer or an industry or an institutional sector, which is estimated by the total value of output produced and deducting the total value of intermediate consumption of goods and services used to produce that output. This indicator is expressed in constant prices, meaning the series has been adjusted to account for price changes over time. The reference year for this adjustment is 2015. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.

Source: World Bank WDI: national accounts (industry)

Manufacturing value added per person (UNIDO)

2,817 constant 2020 US$ per person latest value, 2025

Manufacturing value added (ISIC section C) per person at constant 2020 US dollars. UNIDO National Accounts Database via the UN SDG database (indicator 9.2.1). Differs from the World Bank series by its base year (2020 rather than 2015) and UNIDO estimates for countries without recent accounts. Series: Manufacturing value added per capita (constant 2020 United States dollars).

Source: UNIDO via the UN SDG database: manufacturing value added

Manufacturing, share of GDP (UNIDO)

11.4 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Manufacturing value added as a percentage of GDP, constant prices. UNIDO via the UN SDG database (indicator 9.2.1). Series: Manufacturing value added (constant 2020 United States dollars) as a proportion of GDP (%).

Source: UNIDO via the UN SDG database: manufacturing value added

E-waste generated

13.5 kg per person a year latest value, 2023

Discarded electrical and electronic equipment — from phones and lamps to fridges and solar panels — kg per person a year. A UNITAR model estimate from sales and lifetimes, not weighed waste. UNITAR (Global E-waste Monitor) via the UN SDG database.

Source: UNITAR Global E-waste Monitor via the UN SDG database

E-waste formally collected

9.1 kg per person a year latest value, 2023

E-waste collected and documented by formal take-back systems, kg per person a year. Collected is not recycled: part is exported or lost; undocumented collection and recycling are not included. UNITAR (Global E-waste Monitor) via the UN SDG database.

Source: UNITAR Global E-waste Monitor via the UN SDG database

E-waste recycled

7.5 kg per person a year latest value, 2023

E-waste recycled in documented, environmentally sound conditions, kg per person a year. UNITAR (Global E-waste Monitor) via the UN SDG database.

Source: UNITAR Global E-waste Monitor via the UN SDG database

Municipal waste per person (World Bank)

371 kg per person a year latest value, 2022

Municipal solid waste generation, kg per person a year (kg a day × 365). Municipal solid waste: households plus similar waste from shops, institutions and streets — excluding industrial, construction and mining waste. One reported year a country, the years differ. World Bank, What a Waste 3.0 (2026).

Source: World Bank: What a Waste 3.0 (2026)

Municipal waste sent to recycling

33 % of municipal waste latest value, 2022

Share of municipal waste sent to recycling, as reported by the country. Sent is not the same as recycled: sorting rejects and exports are included; composting and incineration are not. Municipal solid waste: households plus similar waste from shops, institutions and streets — excluding industrial, construction and mining waste. One reported year a country, the years differ. World Bank, What a Waste 3.0 (2026).

Source: World Bank: What a Waste 3.0 (2026)

Education and skills

PISA: reading, mean score of 15-year-olds

511 PISA points latest value, 2022

Mean score in the OECD PISA test of reading literacy. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. PISA scale: in the cycle when the domain was first the major one (2000) the OECD mean = 500, standard deviation = 100; the series is comparable from 2000. A 10-15 point change between cycles is often within the error (standard errors and significance are in the education_pisa dataset). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.

PISA: mathematics, mean score of 15-year-olds

510 PISA points latest value, 2022

Mean score in the OECD PISA test of mathematical literacy. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. PISA scale: in the cycle when the domain was first the major one (2003) the OECD mean = 500, standard deviation = 100; the series is comparable from 2003. A 10-15 point change between cycles is often within the error (standard errors and significance are in the education_pisa dataset). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.

Source: OECD, PISA — Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA 2009-2022 results, StatLink tables)

PISA: science, mean score of 15-year-olds

526 PISA points latest value, 2022

Mean score in the OECD PISA test of scientific literacy. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. PISA scale: in the cycle when the domain was first the major one (2006) the OECD mean = 500, standard deviation = 100; the series is comparable from 2006. A 10-15 point change between cycles is often within the error (standard errors and significance are in the education_pisa dataset). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.

Source: OECD, PISA — Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA 2009-2022 results, StatLink tables)

PISA: reading, share of 15-year-olds below baseline

13.8 % of students latest value, 2022

Share of 15-year-olds who did not reach Level 2 in the PISA reading literacy test (below 407 points) — the level the OECD treats as the baseline for full participation in life and learning. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. Shares are comparable from 2009 (for reading, the latest OECD reports give shares only from 2009). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.

Source: OECD, PISA — Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA 2009-2022 results, StatLink tables)

PISA: mathematics, share of 15-year-olds below baseline

15 % of students latest value, 2022

Share of 15-year-olds who did not reach Level 2 in the PISA mathematical literacy test (below 420 points) — the level the OECD treats as the baseline for full participation in life and learning. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. Shares are comparable from 2003 (for reading, the latest OECD reports give shares only from 2009). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.

Source: OECD, PISA — Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA 2009-2022 results, StatLink tables)

PISA: science, share of 15-year-olds below baseline

10.1 % of students latest value, 2022

Share of 15-year-olds who did not reach Level 2 in the PISA scientific literacy test (below 410 points) — the level the OECD treats as the baseline for full participation in life and learning. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. Shares are comparable from 2006 (for reading, the latest OECD reports give shares only from 2009). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.

Source: OECD, PISA — Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA 2009-2022 results, StatLink tables)

PISA: mathematics, share of top performers (Levels 5-6)

13.1 % of students latest value, 2022

Share of 15-year-olds reaching Level 5 or 6 in the PISA mathematics test (607 points or more): they solve complex modelling and reasoning tasks. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. Shares are comparable from 2003. In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.

Source: OECD, PISA — Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA 2009-2022 results, StatLink tables)

Adult literacy (PIAAC)

277 PIAAC score points latest value, 2023

Mean literacy score of adults aged 16-65 in the OECD PIAAC test (reading and understanding texts). Adults aged 16-65, PIAAC scale 0-500. Year = year of data collection: cycle 1 - 2012 (Russia, Japan, Finland, US, ...), 2015 (Chile, Greece, Israel, Lithuania, New Zealand, Singapore, Slovenia, Turkey), 2017 (Hungary, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Kazakhstan and a separate US sample); cycle 2 - 2023 (fieldwork 2022-23, tablets only). The OECD treats literacy and numeracy as comparable across cycles (linked scales); the linking error is about 3 points. Cycle 1 values are as originally published (the 2023 report did not re-estimate them). For countries in both cycles 2023 excludes adults who only did the doorstep interview because of a language barrier, as in the OECD trend tables; for cycle-2-only countries (Latvia, Portugal, Switzerland, Croatia) the headline values are used. Belgium (only Flanders took part) and the UK (England, Northern Ireland) are not in the catalog. Russia: 2012, sample without Moscow; Russia did not take part in cycle 2.

Adult numeracy (PIAAC)

282 PIAAC score points latest value, 2023

Mean numeracy score of adults aged 16-65 in the OECD PIAAC test. Adults aged 16-65, PIAAC scale 0-500. Year = year of data collection: cycle 1 - 2012 (Russia, Japan, Finland, US, ...), 2015 (Chile, Greece, Israel, Lithuania, New Zealand, Singapore, Slovenia, Turkey), 2017 (Hungary, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Kazakhstan and a separate US sample); cycle 2 - 2023 (fieldwork 2022-23, tablets only). The OECD treats literacy and numeracy as comparable across cycles (linked scales); the linking error is about 3 points. Cycle 1 values are as originally published (the 2023 report did not re-estimate them). For countries in both cycles 2023 excludes adults who only did the doorstep interview because of a language barrier, as in the OECD trend tables; for cycle-2-only countries (Latvia, Portugal, Switzerland, Croatia) the headline values are used. Belgium (only Flanders took part) and the UK (England, Northern Ireland) are not in the catalog. Russia: 2012, sample without Moscow; Russia did not take part in cycle 2.

Literacy of young adults aged 16-24 (PIAAC)

292 PIAAC score points latest value, 2023

Mean literacy score of 16-24 year-olds. Adults aged 16-65, PIAAC scale 0-500. Year = year of data collection: cycle 1 - 2012 (Russia, Japan, Finland, US, ...), 2015 (Chile, Greece, Israel, Lithuania, New Zealand, Singapore, Slovenia, Turkey), 2017 (Hungary, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Kazakhstan and a separate US sample); cycle 2 - 2023 (fieldwork 2022-23, tablets only). The OECD treats literacy and numeracy as comparable across cycles (linked scales); the linking error is about 3 points. Cycle 1 values are as originally published (the 2023 report did not re-estimate them). For countries in both cycles 2023 excludes adults who only did the doorstep interview because of a language barrier, as in the OECD trend tables; for cycle-2-only countries (Latvia, Portugal, Switzerland, Croatia) the headline values are used. Belgium (only Flanders took part) and the UK (England, Northern Ireland) are not in the catalog. Russia: 2012, sample without Moscow; Russia did not take part in cycle 2.

Literacy of adults aged 55-65 (PIAAC)

241 PIAAC score points latest value, 2023

Mean literacy score of 55-65 year-olds. Adults aged 16-65, PIAAC scale 0-500. Year = year of data collection: cycle 1 - 2012 (Russia, Japan, Finland, US, ...), 2015 (Chile, Greece, Israel, Lithuania, New Zealand, Singapore, Slovenia, Turkey), 2017 (Hungary, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Kazakhstan and a separate US sample); cycle 2 - 2023 (fieldwork 2022-23, tablets only). The OECD treats literacy and numeracy as comparable across cycles (linked scales); the linking error is about 3 points. Cycle 1 values are as originally published (the 2023 report did not re-estimate them). For countries in both cycles 2023 excludes adults who only did the doorstep interview because of a language barrier, as in the OECD trend tables; for cycle-2-only countries (Latvia, Portugal, Switzerland, Croatia) the headline values are used. Belgium (only Flanders took part) and the UK (England, Northern Ireland) are not in the catalog. Russia: 2012, sample without Moscow; Russia did not take part in cycle 2.

Numeracy of young adults aged 16-24 (PIAAC)

289 PIAAC score points latest value, 2023

Mean numeracy score of 16-24 year-olds. Adults aged 16-65, PIAAC scale 0-500. Year = year of data collection: cycle 1 - 2012 (Russia, Japan, Finland, US, ...), 2015 (Chile, Greece, Israel, Lithuania, New Zealand, Singapore, Slovenia, Turkey), 2017 (Hungary, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Kazakhstan and a separate US sample); cycle 2 - 2023 (fieldwork 2022-23, tablets only). The OECD treats literacy and numeracy as comparable across cycles (linked scales); the linking error is about 3 points. Cycle 1 values are as originally published (the 2023 report did not re-estimate them). For countries in both cycles 2023 excludes adults who only did the doorstep interview because of a language barrier, as in the OECD trend tables; for cycle-2-only countries (Latvia, Portugal, Switzerland, Croatia) the headline values are used. Belgium (only Flanders took part) and the UK (England, Northern Ireland) are not in the catalog. Russia: 2012, sample without Moscow; Russia did not take part in cycle 2.

Numeracy of adults aged 55-65 (PIAAC)

254 PIAAC score points latest value, 2023

Mean numeracy score of 55-65 year-olds. Adults aged 16-65, PIAAC scale 0-500. Year = year of data collection: cycle 1 - 2012 (Russia, Japan, Finland, US, ...), 2015 (Chile, Greece, Israel, Lithuania, New Zealand, Singapore, Slovenia, Turkey), 2017 (Hungary, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Kazakhstan and a separate US sample); cycle 2 - 2023 (fieldwork 2022-23, tablets only). The OECD treats literacy and numeracy as comparable across cycles (linked scales); the linking error is about 3 points. Cycle 1 values are as originally published (the 2023 report did not re-estimate them). For countries in both cycles 2023 excludes adults who only did the doorstep interview because of a language barrier, as in the OECD trend tables; for cycle-2-only countries (Latvia, Portugal, Switzerland, Croatia) the headline values are used. Belgium (only Flanders took part) and the UK (England, Northern Ireland) are not in the catalog. Russia: 2012, sample without Moscow; Russia did not take part in cycle 2.

Adults with low literacy (PIAAC)

19.2 % of adults 16-65 latest value, 2023

Share of adults aged 16-65 at Level 1 or below in PIAAC literacy: they can handle only short, simple texts. In cycle 1 the share is of adults with a score (missing cases for language or reading difficulties excluded), as in the OECD 2023 trend tables. Adults aged 16-65, PIAAC scale 0-500. Year = year of data collection: cycle 1 - 2012 (Russia, Japan, Finland, US, ...), 2015 (Chile, Greece, Israel, Lithuania, New Zealand, Singapore, Slovenia, Turkey), 2017 (Hungary, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Kazakhstan and a separate US sample); cycle 2 - 2023 (fieldwork 2022-23, tablets only). The OECD treats literacy and numeracy as comparable across cycles (linked scales); the linking error is about 3 points. Cycle 1 values are as originally published (the 2023 report did not re-estimate them). For countries in both cycles 2023 excludes adults who only did the doorstep interview because of a language barrier, as in the OECD trend tables; for cycle-2-only countries (Latvia, Portugal, Switzerland, Croatia) the headline values are used. Belgium (only Flanders took part) and the UK (England, Northern Ireland) are not in the catalog. Russia: 2012, sample without Moscow; Russia did not take part in cycle 2.

Adaptive problem solving of adults (PIAAC)

263 PIAAC score points latest value, 2023

Mean adaptive problem solving score of adults aged 16-65 - a new domain of PIAAC cycle 2 (2023): solving problems whose conditions change along the way. 2023 only: cycle 1 problem solving in technology-rich environments is a different domain with no common items, and the OECD says the two are not comparable. Values include adults who only did the doorstep interview (headline values of the report). Belgium and the UK are not included (only Flanders and England took part).