Population
145M persons, 1 July latest value, 2023
Population on 1 July. UN estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024; past UN revisions for forecast checks.
Russia
All indicators of the Macroscope base for Russia, with sources. Below: what past UN and IMF releases projected and what actually happened.
Births
1.22M
births per year, 2024
Total fertility rate
1.37
children per woman, 2025
GDP per capita, PPP
42,358
constant 2021 international $, 2025
What the data shows
Computed with the same code as the observations under the main chart and in the API (get_insights). Moving together in time does not prove a cause.
How the indicators changed
- Fertility (TFR): 2.93 in 1950 → 1.37 in 2025 (−53%). Low: 1.18 in 1999; +16% since then. Thresholds: below 2.1 since 1989, below 1.5 since 2022. The trend broke around 2003 and 2014: −0.03 → +0.05 → −0.04 a year.
- Births: 2.89M in 1950 → 1.22M in 2024 (−58%). The trend broke around 2003 and 2014: −27.7k → +50.1k → −81.5k a year.
- Population: 103M in 1950 → 145M in 2023 (+41%). The trend broke around 1962 and 1990: +1.7M → +879k → −108k a year.
- Internet: 0% in 1990 → 94.4% in 2024 (+94 pp). Thresholds: above 10% since 2004, above 50% since 2011, above 90% since 2022. Fastest growth in 2007–2012: 24.7% → 66%.
- Urban share: 54.1% in 1960 → 75.3% in 2025 (+21 pp). Threshold: above 75% since 2024. The trend broke around 1977 and 1986: +0.83 → +0.47 → +0.05 a year.
- GDP per person (PPP): 29,644 PPP dollars in 1990 → 42,358 PPP dollars in 2025 (+43%). Low: 17,053 PPP dollars in 1998; +148% since then. The trend broke around 1997 and 2008: −1,906 → +1,576 → +465 a year.
- GDP growth: on average −3.8% in the 1990s, 5.5% in the 2000s, 2.0% in the 2010s, 2.0% in the 2020s. Lowest: −12.7% in 1994; highest: 10.1% in 2000.
- Inflation: on average 362% in the 1990s, 14.0% in the 2000s, 6.9% in the 2010s, 7.8% in the 2020s. Lowest: 2.9% in 2018; highest: 1,569% in 1992.
- Net migration: on average −138k a year in the 1950s, −145k a year in the 1960s, −25k a year in the 1970s, 180k a year in the 1980s, 383k a year in the 1990s, 434k a year in the 2000s, 336k a year in the 2010s, 360k a year in the 2020s.
- Life expectancy, men: 51 years in 1950 → 67.3 years in 2023 (+16 years). The trend broke around 1959 and 2003: +1.6 → −0.11 → +0.45 a year.
What changed at the same time
- The fastest decline of "Fertility (TFR)" was in 1987–1997: 2.25 → 1.24. Over the same years: births 2.55M → 1.29M; population 146M → 148M; internet 0.5% (1997); urban share 72.9% → 73.1%; GDP per person (PPP) 17,977 PPP dollars (1997); GDP growth 1.4% (1997); inflation 14.8% (1997); net migration 276k a year → 541k a year; life expectancy, men 64.9 years → 60.7 years.
- Over the last 10 years (2015–2025): fertility (TFR) 1.79 → 1.37; births 1.94M → 1.22M; population 145M (2015); internet 70.1% → 94.4%; urban share 74.3% → 75.3%; GDP per person (PPP) 35,037 PPP dollars → 42,358 PPP dollars; GDP growth −2% → 1%; inflation 15.5% → 8.7%; net migration 385k a year (2015); life expectancy, men 65.9 years (2015).
How the indicators relate
- Fertility (TFR) and internet (1990–2024, 34 years): levels are noticeably related, in the same direction (r = 0.53); year-to-year changes are related too (r = 0.50). Changes line up from year to year too, which is more than a shared trend.
- Fertility (TFR) and urban share (1960–2025, 66 years): levels are strongly related, in opposite directions (r = −0.72); year-to-year changes show no reliable link (r = 0.30). This looks like a shared trend: both change over time, but not in step from year to year.
- Fertility (TFR) and GDP per person (PPP) (1990–2025, 36 years): levels are noticeably related, in the same direction (r = 0.56); year-to-year changes are weakly related (r = 0.45).
Against other countries
- Fertility (TFR), adjusted for income: countries with the same GDP per person (39,880 PPP dollars) typically have 1.54; here it is 1.41, about the same as most countries at this income (2023, 197 countries).
- Internet, adjusted for income: countries with the same GDP per person (41,890 PPP dollars) typically have 91%; here it is 94.4%, about the same as most countries at this income (2024, 177 countries).
- Order of events: fertility below 3: already in 1950; urban majority: already in 1960; fertility below 2.1: 1967; half the population online: 2011. Fertility fell below 3 after the urban share passed 50% in 69% of 111 countries where the order is known; median gap 9 years. Fertility fell below 2.1 before half the population went online in 88% of 112 countries where the order is known.
Forecasts vs actual
- Fertility (TFR): past UN projections. The outcome was below the projection in 10 of 12 revisions (1998–2022) and above in 2; median gap −12%.
- The UN 2000 projection expected this level (1.37) already around 2023: reality is 2 years behind it.
- The UN 2006 projection expected this level (1.37) already around 2013: reality is 12 years behind it.
- Fertility (TFR): UN 2024 projection (medium): 2050 — 1.54 (+12% vs 2025), 2100 — 1.59 (+16% vs 2025); low variant for 2100: 1.09.
- Births: past UN projections. The outcome was below the projection in 3 of 11 revisions (1998–2022) and above in 8; median gap +14%.
- The UN 2000 projection expected this level (1.22M) already around 2010: reality is 14 years behind it.
- The UN 2022 projection expected today's level (1.22M, 2024) only after 2050: reality is at least 27 years ahead of it.
- National statistics for 2024: 1.22M, 4% below the UN 2024 medium variant (1.27M).
- Births: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2050 — 1.36M (+12% vs 2024), 2100 — 1.17M (−5% vs 2024); low variant for 2100: 486k.
- Population: past UN projections. The outcome was below the projection in 1 of 12 revisions (1998–2022) and above in 11; median gap +4.9%.
- Population: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2050 — 136M (−6% vs 2023), 2100 — 126M (−13% vs 2023); low variant for 2100: 87.9M.
- Why the UN missed the population. The 1998 projection for 2023: 139M; the UN's 2024 estimate: 145M (+4.6%). Parts of the gap (plus means more people than projected): the starting population +195k, births +2.64M, deaths −1.98M (more deaths than expected), migration +5.58M; the largest: migration.
- Why the UN missed the population. The 2010 projection for 2023: 140M; the UN's 2024 estimate: 145M (+3.9%). Parts of the gap (plus means more people than projected): the starting population +976k, births +1.33M, deaths +614k (fewer deaths than expected), migration +2.7M; the largest: migration.
- GDP growth: IMF next-year forecasts (36 editions, 2007–2024). On average the outcome was 0.7 pp below the forecast; below it in 53% of cases; typical error ±3 pp. The biggest miss was for 2009: IMF, April 2008 expected 6.3%, the outcome was −7.8%.
- GDP growth: latest IMF forecast (IMF, April 2026): 2026 — 1.1%, 2028 — 1%, 2031 — 1%.
- Inflation: IMF next-year forecasts (36 editions, 2007–2024). On average the outcome was 1.4 pp above the forecast; below it in 42% of cases; typical error ±3.2 pp. The biggest miss was for 2022: IMF, April 2021 expected 3.4%, the outcome was 13.8%.
- Inflation: latest IMF forecast (IMF, April 2026): 2026 — 5.6%, 2028 — 4%, 2031 — 4%.
- Net migration: past UN projections. The outcome was above the projection in 12 of 12 revisions (1998–2022) and below in none; median difference +292k a year. The biggest miss: the 2000 revision expected 50k a year for 2020–2025; the outcome was 364k a year (for the years of the period so far).
- Net migration: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2030 — 305k a year, 2050 — 323k a year, 2100 — 274k a year.
- Life expectancy, men: past UN projections. The outcome was above the projection in 7 of 12 revisions (1998–2022) and below in 5; median difference +0.6 years. The biggest miss: the 2006 revision expected 62.6 years for 2020–2025; the outcome was 66.5 years (for the years of the period so far).
- Life expectancy, men: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2030 — 68.8 years, 2050 — 73.2 years, 2100 — 81.7 years.
Wars and births
- War of 1995–2004 on the country's territory (UCDP/PRIO; about 17 thousand battle deaths). Against peace-time countries whose fertility was close the year before the war (Romania, Estonia, Latvia, Greece, Bulgaria and 5 more), net of each country's pre-war trend: births during the war +34%, 1–5 years after it +101%, 6–10 years after +210%; fertility (children per woman) during the war +0.29, 1–5 years after it +0.70, 6–10 years after +1.06.
- All wars together: of 101 wars on countries' territory since 1955, births 1–5 years after the end were above comparable peace-time countries in 42% of cases (median −1.6%). No significant post-war rise shows up.
UN projections vs actual
Solid line: actual data, UN WPP 2024 estimates; births and fertility from national statistics from the last year they matched the UN estimate (the UN's figures for the latest years are partly its own projection). Dashed: medium variants of past UN revisions. The table shows what each revision expected for the latest year (or five-year period) with actual data.
Population
persons, 1 July
- Actual
- UN 1998
- UN 2000
- UN 2002
- UN 2004
- UN 2006
- UN 2008
- UN 2010
- UN 2012
- UN 2015
- UN 2017
- UN 2019
- UN 2022
- UN 2024, medium
| Release | Target period | Horizon | Expected | Actual | Actual vs expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UN 1998 | 2023 | 25 years | 139M | 145M | +4.6% |
| UN 2000 | 2023 | 23 years | 127M | 145M | +14.2% |
| UN 2002 | 2023 | 21 years | 126M | 145M | +15.2% |
| UN 2004 | 2023 | 19 years | 131M | 145M | +11.2% |
| UN 2006 | 2023 | 17 years | 130M | 145M | +12% |
| UN 2008 | 2023 | 15 years | 134M | 145M | +8.8% |
| UN 2010 | 2023 | 13 years | 140M | 145M | +3.9% |
| UN 2012 | 2023 | 11 years | 138M | 145M | +5.2% |
| UN 2015 | 2023 | 8 years | 142M | 145M | +2.4% |
| UN 2017 | 2023 | 6 years | 143M | 145M | +1.6% |
| UN 2019 | 2023 | 4 years | 146M | 145M | −0.1% |
| UN 2022 | 2023 | 1 year | 144M | 145M | +0.7% |
Births
births per year
- Actual
- UN 1998
- UN 2000
- UN 2002
- UN 2004
- UN 2006
- UN 2008
- UN 2010
- UN 2012
- UN 2015
- UN 2017
- UN 2019
- UN 2022
- UN 2024, medium
| Release | Target period | Horizon | Expected | Actual | Actual vs expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UN 1998 | 2015–2020 | 20 years | 1.38M | 1.68M | +21.5% |
| UN 2000 | 2015–2020 | 18 years | 1.13M | 1.68M | +48.7% |
| UN 2002 | 2015–2020 | 16 years | 1.13M | 1.68M | +49.1% |
| UN 2004 | 2015–2020 | 14 years | 1.39M | 1.68M | +21% |
| UN 2006 | 2015–2020 | 12 years | 1.32M | 1.68M | +27.5% |
| UN 2008 | 2015–2020 | 10 years | 1.47M | 1.68M | +14.1% |
| UN 2010 | 2015–2020 | 8 years | 1.59M | 1.68M | +5.4% |
| UN 2012 | 2015–2020 | 6 years | 1.6M | 1.68M | +4.9% |
| UN 2015 | 2015–2020 | 2 years | 1.77M | 1.68M | −5.1% |
| UN 2017 | 2015–2020 | 0 years | 1.78M | 1.68M | −5.8% |
| UN 2022 | 2024 | 2 years | 1.35M | 1.22M | −9.5% |
Total fertility rate
children per woman
- Actual
- UN 1998
- UN 2000
- UN 2002
- UN 2004
- UN 2006
- UN 2008
- UN 2010
- UN 2012
- UN 2015
- UN 2017
- UN 2019
- UN 2022
- UN 2024, medium
| Release | Target period | Horizon | Expected | Actual | Actual vs expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UN 1998 | 2020–2025 | 24 years | 1.66 | 1.44 | −13.2% |
| UN 2000 | 2020–2025 | 22 years | 1.36 | 1.44 | +6.2% |
| UN 2002 | 2020–2025 | 20 years | 1.37 | 1.44 | +5.2% |
| UN 2004 | 2020–2025 | 18 years | 1.58 | 1.44 | −8.7% |
| UN 2006 | 2020–2025 | 16 years | 1.46 | 1.44 | −1.5% |
| UN 2008 | 2020–2025 | 14 years | 1.58 | 1.44 | −8.6% |
| UN 2010 | 2020–2025 | 12 years | 1.67 | 1.44 | −13.9% |
| UN 2012 | 2020–2025 | 10 years | 1.66 | 1.44 | −13% |
| UN 2015 | 2020–2025 | 8 years | 1.76 | 1.44 | −18.1% |
| UN 2017 | 2020–2025 | 6 years | 1.79 | 1.44 | −19.5% |
| UN 2019 | 2020–2025 | 4 years | 1.83 | 1.44 | −21% |
| UN 2022 | 2025 | 3 years | 1.55 | 1.37 | −11.4% |
Deaths
thousand deaths per year
- Actual
- UN 1998
- UN 2000
- UN 2002
- UN 2004
- UN 2006
- UN 2008
- UN 2010
- UN 2012
- UN 2015
- UN 2017
- UN 2019
- UN 2022
- UN 2024, medium
| Release | Target period | Horizon | Expected | Actual | Actual vs expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UN 1998 | 2015–2020 | 20 years | 1,947 | 1,841 | −5.4% |
| UN 2000 | 2015–2020 | 18 years | 1,904 | 1,841 | −3.3% |
| UN 2002 | 2015–2020 | 16 years | 2,058 | 1,841 | −10.5% |
| UN 2004 | 2015–2020 | 14 years | 2,155 | 1,841 | −14.6% |
| UN 2006 | 2015–2020 | 12 years | 2,181 | 1,841 | −15.6% |
| UN 2008 | 2015–2020 | 10 years | 2,036 | 1,841 | −9.6% |
| UN 2010 | 2015–2020 | 8 years | 1,978 | 1,841 | −7% |
| UN 2012 | 2015–2020 | 6 years | 2,197 | 1,841 | −16.2% |
| UN 2015 | 2015–2020 | 2 years | 2,041 | 1,841 | −9.8% |
| UN 2017 | 2015–2020 | 0 years | 1,961 | 1,841 | −6.1% |
| UN 2022 | 2023 | 1 year | 1,739 | 1,795 | +3.2% |
Infant mortality
deaths under age 1 per 1,000 live births
- Actual
- UN 1998
- UN 2000
- UN 2002
- UN 2004
- UN 2006
- UN 2008
- UN 2010
- UN 2012
- UN 2015
- UN 2017
- UN 2019
- UN 2022
- UN 2024, medium
| Release | Target period | Horizon | Expected | Actual | Actual vs expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UN 1998 | 2015–2020 | 20 years | 13.9 | 5.3 | −61.7% |
| UN 2000 | 2015–2020 | 18 years | 12.5 | 5.3 | −57.5% |
| UN 2002 | 2015–2020 | 16 years | 12.5 | 5.3 | −57.3% |
| UN 2004 | 2015–2020 | 14 years | 13.4 | 5.3 | −60.3% |
| UN 2006 | 2015–2020 | 12 years | 14.1 | 5.3 | −62.2% |
| UN 2008 | 2015–2020 | 10 years | 10.5 | 5.3 | −49.3% |
| UN 2010 | 2015–2020 | 8 years | 9.9 | 5.3 | −46.1% |
| UN 2012 | 2015–2020 | 6 years | 9.1 | 5.3 | −41.3% |
| UN 2015 | 2015–2020 | 2 years | 7.4 | 5.3 | −28% |
| UN 2017 | 2015–2020 | 0 years | 7 | 5.3 | −24.3% |
| UN 2022 | 2023 | 1 year | 3.2 | 3.5 | +11.1% |
Net migration
persons per year
- Actual
- UN 1998
- UN 2000
- UN 2002
- UN 2004
- UN 2006
- UN 2008
- UN 2010
- UN 2012
- UN 2015
- UN 2017
- UN 2019
- UN 2022
- UN 2024, medium
| Release | Target period | Horizon | Expected | Actual | Actual vs expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UN 1998 | 2020–2025* | 24 years | 54.6k | 364k | +310k a year |
| UN 2000 | 2020–2025* | 22 years | 50k | 364k | +314k a year |
| UN 2002 | 2020–2025* | 20 years | 50k | 364k | +314k a year |
| UN 2004 | 2020–2025* | 18 years | 50k | 364k | +314k a year |
| UN 2006 | 2020–2025* | 16 years | 50k | 364k | +314k a year |
| UN 2008 | 2020–2025* | 14 years | 50k | 364k | +314k a year |
| UN 2010 | 2020–2025* | 12 years | 120k | 364k | +244k a year |
| UN 2012 | 2020–2025* | 10 years | 120k | 364k | +244k a year |
| UN 2015 | 2020–2025* | 8 years | 100k | 364k | +264k a year |
| UN 2017 | 2020–2025* | 6 years | 100k | 364k | +264k a year |
| UN 2019 | 2020–2025* | 4 years | 90.3k | 364k | +274k a year |
| UN 2022 | 2023 | 1 year | −136k | 27.8k | +164k a year |
Life expectancy at birth, women
years
- Actual
- UN 1998
- UN 2000
- UN 2002
- UN 2004
- UN 2006
- UN 2008
- UN 2010
- UN 2012
- UN 2015
- UN 2017
- UN 2019
- UN 2022
- UN 2024, medium
| Release | Target period | Horizon | Expected | Actual | Actual vs expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UN 1998 | 2020–2025* | 24 years | 76.8 | 76.9 | +0.1 yrs |
| UN 2000 | 2020–2025* | 22 years | 76.4 | 76.9 | +0.5 yrs |
| UN 2002 | 2020–2025* | 20 years | 74 | 76.9 | +3 yrs |
| UN 2004 | 2020–2025* | 18 years | 73.4 | 76.9 | +3.5 yrs |
| UN 2006 | 2020–2025* | 16 years | 74.6 | 76.9 | +2.3 yrs |
| UN 2008 | 2020–2025* | 14 years | 75.8 | 76.9 | +1.1 yrs |
| UN 2010 | 2020–2025* | 12 years | 76.6 | 76.9 | +0.3 yrs |
| UN 2012 | 2020–2025* | 10 years | 75.5 | 76.9 | +1.4 yrs |
| UN 2015 | 2020–2025* | 8 years | 76.6 | 76.9 | +0.3 yrs |
| UN 2017 | 2020–2025* | 6 years | 77.5 | 76.9 | −0.6 yrs |
| UN 2019 | 2020–2025* | 4 years | 78.2 | 76.9 | −1.3 yrs |
| UN 2022 | 2023 | 1 year | 79.3 | 79 | −0.3 yrs |
Life expectancy at birth, men
years
- Actual
- UN 1998
- UN 2000
- UN 2002
- UN 2004
- UN 2006
- UN 2008
- UN 2010
- UN 2012
- UN 2015
- UN 2017
- UN 2019
- UN 2022
- UN 2024, medium
| Release | Target period | Horizon | Expected | Actual | Actual vs expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UN 1998 | 2020–2025* | 24 years | 68.3 | 66.5 | −1.8 yrs |
| UN 2000 | 2020–2025* | 22 years | 67.5 | 66.5 | −1 yrs |
| UN 2002 | 2020–2025* | 20 years | 65.6 | 66.5 | +0.9 yrs |
| UN 2004 | 2020–2025* | 18 years | 62.9 | 66.5 | +3.6 yrs |
| UN 2006 | 2020–2025* | 16 years | 62.6 | 66.5 | +3.9 yrs |
| UN 2008 | 2020–2025* | 14 years | 65.2 | 66.5 | +1.3 yrs |
| UN 2010 | 2020–2025* | 12 years | 66.1 | 66.5 | +0.4 yrs |
| UN 2012 | 2020–2025* | 10 years | 63 | 66.5 | +3.5 yrs |
| UN 2015 | 2020–2025* | 8 years | 65.4 | 66.5 | +1.1 yrs |
| UN 2017 | 2020–2025* | 6 years | 66.5 | 66.5 | 0 yrs |
| UN 2019 | 2020–2025* | 4 years | 67.6 | 66.5 | −1.1 yrs |
| UN 2022 | 2023 | 1 year | 69.5 | 67.3 | −2.2 yrs |
* The five-year period is not over: the projection is compared with the mean of its years so far (UN facts end in 2023).
IMF forecasts vs actual
Solid line: actual values from the latest IMF edition (data get revised, so we use the newest). Dashed: April editions, current year and five years ahead. The table covers next-year forecasts from all editions: mean error shows bias, mean absolute error shows accuracy.
Real GDP growth
% per year
- Actual (IMF)
- WEO, April editions
| Indicator | Forecasts | Mean error | Mean absolute error | Actual below forecast |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Real GDP growth | 36 | −0.7 pp | 3 pp | 53% |
| Inflation | 36 | +1.4 pp | 3.2 pp | 42% |
| Unemployment rate | 29 | −0.8 pp | 1 pp | 90% |
| Government gross debt | 28 | −1.9 pp | 3.5 pp | 71% |
| Government budget balance | 29 | +0.3 pp | 2.1 pp | 48% |
All indicators
Demography
Births
1.22M births per year latest value, 2024
Live births per calendar year. UN WPP 2024 and national statistics (64 countries, 2015-2025).
Deaths
1,795 thousand deaths per year latest value, 2023
Deaths per calendar year (UN estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024); past UN revisions for forecast checks.
Natural change
−497.7 thousand persons per year latest value, 2023
Births minus deaths in the year (UN). Negative: natural decrease, more deaths than births.
Rate of natural change
−3.4 per 1,000 population per year latest value, 2023
Births minus deaths in the year per 1,000 people (UN). With the net migration rate it makes up population growth.
Life expectancy at 65
17.1 years latest value, 2023
Years a person aged 65 would still live at the mortality rates of the year; both sexes (UN).
Infant mortality
3.5 deaths under age 1 per 1,000 live births latest value, 2023
Children per 1,000 live births who die before their first birthday (UN); past UN revisions for forecast checks.
Total fertility rate
1.37 children per woman latest value, 2025
Average number of children a woman would have at the age-specific fertility rates of the year.
Source: Rosstat TFR as of December 2025, reported by Vedomosti (23 Jan 2026)
Life expectancy at birth, women
79 years latest value, 2023
Years a newborn girl would live at the mortality rates of the year (UN).
Life expectancy at birth, men
67.3 years latest value, 2023
Years a newborn boy would live at the mortality rates of the year (UN).
Median age
39.5 years latest value, 2023
Age that divides the population in two halves (UN).
Mean age of mothers at childbirth
28.9 years latest value, 2023
Mean age of mothers at the birth of their children of any order (UN).
Sex ratio at birth
105.7 boys per 100 girls latest value, 2023
Boys born per 100 girls born (UN).
Fertility: first births
0.66 first children per woman latest value, 2018
First children a woman would have at the age-specific rates of first births of the year (at most one). With second and later births it adds up to the total fertility rate. Human Fertility Database (July 2025 release, Our World in Data copy).
Fertility: second births
0.58 second children per woman latest value, 2018
Second children a woman would have at the age-specific rates of second births of the year. Human Fertility Database.
Fertility: third and later births
0.33 third and later children per woman latest value, 2018
Third and later children a woman would have at the age-specific rates of the year. Human Fertility Database.
Mean age at first birth
25.9 years latest value, 2018
Mean age of mothers at the birth of their first child (adjusted for the age structure of women). Human Fertility Database, summary indicators.
Source: Human Fertility Database, summary indicators (HFDLite)
Completed cohort fertility
1.61 children per woman; year = birth year of women latest value, 1974
Children per woman born in a given year by the end of childbearing (observed to age 44 or more). The year is the birth year of the women, not a calendar year. Human Fertility Database.
Source: Human Fertility Database, summary indicators (HFDLite)
Childlessness by cohort
10.4 % of women; year = birth year of women latest value, 1974
Share of women born in a given year who had no live births (observed to age 44 or more). The year is the birth year of the women. Human Fertility Database, which advises caution with cohort parity distributions.
Source: Human Fertility Database, summary indicators (HFDLite)
First child by age 26
46.7 % of women; year = birth year of women latest value, 1992
Share of women born in a given year who had a first child by the end of the year they turned 26 (26.5 on average): cumulative first births per woman × 100, from birth registers. The year is the birth year of the women; only cohorts already past that age, no projection. Human Fertility Database (ccfrVHbo).
First child by age 30
71.1 % of women; year = birth year of women latest value, 1988
Share of women born in a given year who had a first child by the end of the year they turned 30 (30.5 on average), from birth registers. The year is the birth year of the women; only cohorts already past that age. Human Fertility Database (ccfrVHbo).
Children by age 30
1.14 children per woman; year = birth year of women latest value, 1988
Children per woman born in a given year by the end of the year they turned 30, from birth registers. The year is the birth year of the women. Human Fertility Database (ccfrVHbo).
Births: long series
1,942.7 thousand births per year latest value, 2014
Live births per year from the Human Mortality Database, from the first year it publishes (Sweden 1749, France 1806, Denmark 1835), within the borders of the time. United Kingdom from 1922; Germany before 1990 = East plus West. Where it overlaps the UN series (from 1950) it usually differs by less than 1%.
Source: Human Mortality Database, live births (September 2025 release, Our World in Data copy)
Crude birth rate: long series
13.5 births per 1,000 people a year latest value, 2014
Live births per 1,000 people. Macroscope's calculation from the Human Mortality Database: births divided by the mean of the populations on 1 January of the year and of the next. Starts when HMD publishes the population (Sweden 1751, France 1816). In years of border changes the divisor mixes the old and new territory.
Total fertility rate (HFD)
1.58 children per woman latest value, 2018
Children a woman would have at the age-specific fertility rates of the year. Human Fertility Database: official summary tables from 1960; earlier years from the Our World in Data copy of the same database (Sweden 1891, Denmark 1916, USA 1933, France 1946). May differ slightly from the UN estimate.
Source: Human Fertility Database, summary indicators (HFDLite)
Crude marriage rate
6.08 marriages per 1,000 people latest value, 2024
Marriages in the year per 1,000 people: marriages from national offices (Korea, Japan, Taiwan, China, the USA, the UK, Russia, Brazil and others, where they publish more than the international databases), Eurostat and the UN, divided by the UN WPP 2024 population. Where most births are within marriage, marriages come before births.
Source: Rosstat
Marriages
880k marriages a year latest value, 2024
Marriages in the year (couples). National offices (Korea, Japan, Taiwan, China, the USA, the UK, Russia, Brazil and others), Eurostat for Europe, the UN for the rest; by year of registration or of occurrence, as each country counts.
Source: Rosstat
Adolescent fertility rate
12.2 births per 1,000 women aged 15-19 latest value, 2024
Births to women aged 15-19 per 1,000 women of that age (World Bank, from UN World Population Prospects).
Old-age dependency
25 persons 65+ per 100 aged 20-64 latest value, 2020
Persons aged 65+ per 100 aged 20-64, every five years (UN).
Children under 15
25,474 thousand persons, 1 July latest value, 2023
Children aged 0-14 on 1 July: the sum of the five-year groups 0-4, 5-9 and 10-14 (UN; estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024).
Children under 5
7,205 thousand persons, 1 July latest value, 2023
Children aged 0-4 on 1 July (UN; estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024).
People aged 65 and over
24,150 thousand persons, 1 July latest value, 2023
People aged 65 and over on 1 July: the sum of the five-year groups from 65-69 to 100+ (UN; estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024).
People aged 80 and over
5,323 thousand persons, 1 July latest value, 2023
People aged 80 and over on 1 July: the sum of the five-year groups from 80-84 to 100+ (UN; estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024).
Migration
Net migration
27.8k persons per year latest value, 2023
Immigrants minus emigrants per year (UN estimate and projection). Past UN revisions for forecast checks.
Net migration rate
0.19 per 1,000 population per year latest value, 2023
Immigrants minus emigrants per year per 1,000 people: UN net migration divided by the population on 1 July. Comparable across countries of any size.
Personal remittances received
0.1 % of GDP latest value, 2025
Money sent home by people working or living abroad, percent of the receiving country's GDP (World Bank, from IMF balance of payments data).
International migrants, share
5.3 % of population latest value, 2024
People born in another country (foreign citizens where birthplace is not recorded) as a share of the population at mid-year (UN, every five years and 2024).
International migrant stock
7.61M persons latest value, 2024
Number of people born in another country (or foreign citizens) living in the country at mid-year (UN).
Emigrants, share
6.3 % of home population latest value, 2024
People from the country (born there or its citizens) living in other countries, as a percentage of the population living in the country (UN, International Migrant Stock 2024).
Emigrant stock
9.13M persons latest value, 2024
Number of people from the country (born there or its citizens) living in other countries at mid-year (UN).
Refugees hosted
11.8k persons, end of year latest value, 2025
Refugees under UNHCR's mandate (incl. people in refugee-like situations) and other people in need of international protection living in the country; asylum-seekers and internally displaced people are not included.
Source: UNHCR Refugee Data Finder
Refugees hosted per 1,000 people
0.1 per 1,000 population latest value, 2025
Refugees under UNHCR's mandate and other people in need of international protection living in the country, per 1,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024).
Source: UNHCR Refugee Data Finder
Refugees from the country
99.4k persons, end of year latest value, 2025
Refugees and other people in need of international protection from the country living abroad (UNHCR). Palestine refugees under UNRWA's mandate are not included, so the figure for Palestine is far too low.
Source: UNHCR Refugee Data Finder
Refugees from the country per 1,000 people
0.7 per 1,000 population of the country latest value, 2025
Refugees and other people in need of international protection from the country per 1,000 people living in it (UNHCR; population: UN WPP 2024). UNRWA refugees not included.
Source: UNHCR Refugee Data Finder
Citizens under temporary protection in Europe
12.3 thousand persons, end of year latest value, 2026
Citizens of the country under temporary protection in the EU, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland (all 31 report from 2022), end of December. For the running year: the latest month all have published. Granted from March 2022 to people fleeing the war in Ukraine: almost all are Ukrainians; for other countries, their citizens who lived in Ukraine. Eurostat, migr_asytpsm.
Asylum applications worldwide
0.06 new applications per 1,000 people latest value, 2025
New asylum applications lodged in the country in the year per 1,000 people (UNHCR; cases where a country counts cases rather than people; population: UN WPP 2024). All countries; for Europe there is also Eurostat's series of first-time applicants.
Source: UNHCR Refugee Data Finder
Immigration rate
3.9 per 1,000 people a year latest value, 2023
Immigrants in the year per 1,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024): Europe by registration data (Eurostat, migr_imm8); Russia (from 2011), Türkiye, Australia, New Zealand, Korea and Kazakhstan from their national offices, each by its own rule (12 of 16 months in Australia and New Zealand, 90 days in Korea, registration for 9 months or more in Russia).
Source: Rosstat: arrivals and departures
Emigration rate
3.1 per 1,000 people a year latest value, 2023
Emigrants in the year per 1,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024): Europe by registration data (Eurostat, migr_emi2); Russia (from 2011), Türkiye, Australia, New Zealand, Korea, Kazakhstan and Canada (from 2016) from their national offices, each by its own rule. Departures are recorded less completely than arrivals.
Source: Rosstat: arrivals and departures
Economy
GDP per capita, PPP
42,358 constant 2021 international $ latest value, 2025
Gross domestic product per person at purchasing power parity, constant 2021 international dollars (World Bank, ICP).
Real GDP growth
1 % per year latest value, 2025
Annual change of GDP at constant prices. Actual values and forecasts from IMF WEO editions.
Inflation
8.7 % per year, average latest value, 2025
Change of the annual average consumer price index (IMF WEO).
Government gross debt
17.2 % of GDP latest value, 2025
General government gross debt, percent of GDP (IMF WEO).
Unemployment rate
2.2 % of labour force latest value, 2025
Unemployed as a share of the labour force (IMF WEO; national definitions).
Unemployment, ILO estimate
2.1 % of labour force latest value, 2025
Unemployed as a share of the labour force by the ILO's single definition: a modelled estimate for every country, including those without surveys (via the World Bank). Unlike the IMF series, one definition for all, but no projections.
Youth unemployment, 15-24
7.6 % of labour force aged 15-24 latest value, 2025
Unemployed as a share of the labour force aged 15-24 (ILO modelled estimate, via the World Bank).
GDP per capita, US dollars
17,972 current US dollars latest value, 2025
GDP per person in current US dollars at market exchange rates (IMF WEO).
Government budget balance
−3.9 % of GDP latest value, 2025
General government net lending (+, surplus) or borrowing (−, deficit), percent of GDP (IMF WEO).
Current account balance
1.6 % of GDP latest value, 2025
Balance of trade in goods and services, income and transfers with the rest of the world, percent of GDP: plus means the country earns abroad more than it spends (IMF WEO).
Real house prices
76.4 index, 2010 = 100 latest value, 2025
House prices adjusted for consumer price inflation (BIS index from national sources, 2010 = 100, mean of four quarters). Compare the changes, not the levels of different countries.
Society
Urban population
75.3 % of population latest value, 2025
Share of people living in urban areas as defined by national statistical offices (World Bank, from UN World Urbanization Prospects).
Tertiary enrolment, women
62.7 % gross latest value, 2024
Women enrolled in tertiary education as a share of women in the five-year age group after secondary school; can exceed 100 (UNESCO).
Women with upper secondary education
92.7 % of women 25+ latest value, 2024
Share of women aged 25+ who completed at least upper secondary education (UNESCO).
Female labour force participation
54.5 % of women 15+ latest value, 2025
Share of women aged 15+ who work or look for work (ILO modelled estimate, via the World Bank).
Life expectancy at birth
73.4 years latest value, 2024
Life expectancy at birth, both sexes (World Bank, from UN and national statistics).
Digitalisation
Internet users
94.4 % of population latest value, 2024
Share of individuals who used the Internet in the last three months from any device. ITU data.
Mobile cellular subscriptions
186.1 per 100 people latest value, 2024
Active mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 people; can exceed 100 when people have several SIM cards. ITU data.
Fixed broadband subscriptions
27.1 subscriptions per 100 people latest value, 2024
Fixed subscriptions to high-speed Internet (256 kbit/s or more) per 100 people. ITU data.
Google: search referral share
24.95 % of search referrals latest value, 2025
Share of detected search-engine referrals to Statcounter network websites, all device types. Provider annual aggregate, not an average of monthly shares. Not a share of people, queries or time; zero-click searches are unobserved. Selected countries only; differently named provider columns remain separate.
bing: search referral share
0.91 % of search referrals latest value, 2025
Share of detected search-engine referrals to Statcounter network websites, all device types. Provider annual aggregate, not an average of monthly shares. Not a share of people, queries or time; zero-click searches are unobserved. Selected countries only; differently named provider columns remain separate.
Yahoo!: search referral share
0.08 % of search referrals latest value, 2025
Share of detected search-engine referrals to Statcounter network websites, all device types. Provider annual aggregate, not an average of monthly shares. Not a share of people, queries or time; zero-click searches are unobserved. Selected countries only; differently named provider columns remain separate.
YANDEX: search referral share
73.34 % of search referrals latest value, 2025
Share of detected search-engine referrals to Statcounter network websites, all device types. Provider annual aggregate, not an average of monthly shares. Not a share of people, queries or time; zero-click searches are unobserved. Selected countries only; differently named provider columns remain separate.
Baidu: search referral share
0.02 % of search referrals latest value, 2025
Share of detected search-engine referrals to Statcounter network websites, all device types. Provider annual aggregate, not an average of monthly shares. Not a share of people, queries or time; zero-click searches are unobserved. Selected countries only; differently named provider columns remain separate.
DuckDuckGo: search referral share
0.23 % of search referrals latest value, 2025
Share of detected search-engine referrals to Statcounter network websites, all device types. Provider annual aggregate, not an average of monthly shares. Not a share of people, queries or time; zero-click searches are unobserved. Selected countries only; differently named provider columns remain separate.
YANDEX RU: search referral share
0 % of search referrals latest value, 2025
Share of detected search-engine referrals to Statcounter network websites, all device types. Provider annual aggregate, not an average of monthly shares. Not a share of people, queries or time; zero-click searches are unobserved. Selected countries only; differently named provider columns remain separate.
Energy
Electricity demand per person
8,176 kWh per person a year latest value, 2025
Electricity demand (generation plus net imports, Ember) divided by the UN WPP 2024 population. A physical measure that is hard to dress up.
Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data
Electricity demand growth
−1.3 % per year latest value, 2025
Change in electricity demand from the previous year (Ember). Useful to set against official GDP growth.
Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data
Wind and solar share of electricity
0.6 % of generation latest value, 2025
Share of wind and solar power in electricity generation (Ember).
Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data
Low-carbon share of electricity
35.7 % of generation latest value, 2025
Share of renewables and nuclear power in electricity generation (Ember).
Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data
Coal share of electricity
18.4 % of generation latest value, 2025
Share of coal power in electricity generation (Ember).
Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data
Carbon intensity of electricity
450 g CO2e per kWh latest value, 2025
Greenhouse gas emissions of electricity generation per kilowatt-hour (Ember).
Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data
Electricity generation
1,194 TWh per year latest value, 2025
Total electricity generation in the country (Ember). Imports are excluded. A volume, not the share of a fuel.
Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data
Electricity generation emissions
536.8 Mt CO2e per year latest value, 2025
Greenhouse gas emissions of electricity generation (Ember), not of the whole economy.
Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data
Security
Military expenditure
7.1 % of GDP latest value, 2024
Government military expenditure, percent of GDP (World Bank, from SIPRI).
Deaths in organised violence
4,433 persons a year latest value, 2025
Deaths in state-based conflict, non-state conflict and one-sided violence against civilians, by where the events took place (UCDP GED, best estimate). 0 means no organised violence above UCDP thresholds (25 deaths a year in one conflict). Events in Gaza and the West Bank are counted for Palestine.
Deaths in organised violence per 100,000
3.1 per 100,000 people a year latest value, 2025
Deaths in organised violence (UCDP GED) per 100,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024).
Armed conflict in the country
2 0 none, 1 minor, 2 war latest value, 2025
Strongest armed conflict of the year in which the government or territory of the country is disputed (UCDP/PRIO ACD): 1 = 25-999 battle-related deaths, 2 = war, 1,000 or more. In interstate conflicts every primary party is marked even if the fighting was elsewhere (the USA in Iraq, 2003). Historical states are mapped to present-day countries by territory (USSR, Yugoslavia, South Vietnam and others).
Battle deaths
4,431 persons a year latest value, 2025
Soldiers and civilians killed in combat in state-based armed conflicts on the territory of the country. 1946-1988: PRIO Battle Deaths (best estimate, else the low one; a conflict of several countries split equally); from 1989: UCDP GED by place of the events. For the same conflicts in 1989-2008 PRIO is 1.6 times UCDP, so the drop in 1989 is partly a change of source. One-sided violence against civilians is not included.
Battle deaths per 100,000
3.1 per 100,000 people a year latest value, 2025
Battle deaths on the territory of the country (PRIO to 1988, UCDP GED from 1989) per 100,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024), from 1950.
Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people)
6.8 per 100,000 people latest value, 2021
An intentional homicide is defined as an unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury.
Purchases and money
Average dietary energy requirement
2,477 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2025
FAOSTAT FS, Average dietary energy requirement (kcal/cap/day). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Commercial bank branches (per 100,000 adults)
21.2 per 100,000 adults latest value, 2024
Commercial bank branches are retail locations of resident commercial banks and other resident banks that function as commercial banks that provide financial services to customers and are physically separated from the main office but not organized as legally separated subsidiaries.
Variation in habitual caloric consumption distribution
0.22 No latest value, 2024
FAOSTAT FS, Coefficient of variation of habitual caloric consumption distribution (real number). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider (% of population ages 15+)
79.3 % of people aged 15+ latest value, 2024
Account denotes the percentage of respondents who report having an account (by themselves or together with someone else) at a bank or another type of financial institution or report personally using a mobile money service in the past 12 months (% age 15+).
Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, male (% of population ages 15+)
81.6 % of men aged 15+ latest value, 2024
Account denotes the percentage of respondents who report having an account (by themselves or together with someone else) at a bank or another type of financial institution or report personally using a mobile money service in the past 12 months (male, % age 15+).
Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, female (% of population ages 15+)
77.3 % of women aged 15+ latest value, 2024
Account denotes the percentage of respondents who report having an account (by themselves or together with someone else) at a bank or another type of financial institution or report personally using a mobile money service in the past 12 months (female, % age 15+).
Alcoholic beverages: energy supply
152.87 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Alcoholic Beverages. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Alcoholic beverages: quantity supply
74.1 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Alcoholic Beverages. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Animal products: energy supply
988.39 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Animal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Animal products: fat supply
67.7 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Animal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Animal products: protein supply
70.3 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Animal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Bovine meat: energy supply
68.66 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Bovine Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Bovine meat: quantity supply
12.86 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Bovine Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Cereals excluding beer: energy supply
1,158.53 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Cereals - Excluding Beer. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Cereals excluding beer: quantity supply
158.95 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Cereals - Excluding Beer. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Coffee and products: energy supply
0.88 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Coffee and products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Coffee and products: quantity supply
1.28 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Coffee and products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Eggs: energy supply
58.68 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Eggs. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Eggs: quantity supply
16.83 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Eggs. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Fish and seafood: energy supply
44.98 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Fish, Seafood. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Fish and seafood: fat supply
1.83 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Fish, Seafood. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Fish and seafood: protein supply
6.92 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Fish, Seafood. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Fish and seafood: quantity supply
22.8 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Fish, Seafood. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Fruits excluding wine: energy supply
94.17 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Fruits - Excluding Wine. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Fruits excluding wine: quantity supply
73.1 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Fruits - Excluding Wine. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Meat: energy supply
358.24 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Meat: fat supply
23.94 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Meat: protein supply
35.63 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Meat: quantity supply
84.77 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Milk excluding butter: energy supply
375.33 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Milk - Excluding Butter. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Milk excluding butter: fat supply
22.31 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Milk - Excluding Butter. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Milk excluding butter: protein supply
19.95 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Milk - Excluding Butter. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Milk excluding butter: quantity supply
198.41 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Milk - Excluding Butter. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Treenuts: energy supply
7.58 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Treenuts. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Treenuts: quantity supply
2.62 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Treenuts. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Vegetal products: energy supply
2,540.01 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Vegetal products: fat supply
59.42 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Vegetal products: protein supply
47.53 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Pigmeat: energy supply
139.03 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Pigmeat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Pigmeat: quantity supply
31.75 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Pigmeat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Poultry meat: energy supply
131.03 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Poultry Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Poultry meat: quantity supply
34.68 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Poultry Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Pulses: energy supply
16.82 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Pulses. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Pulses: quantity supply
1.68 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Pulses. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Starchy roots: energy supply
148.44 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Starchy Roots. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Starchy roots: quantity supply
84.25 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Starchy Roots. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Sugar and sweeteners: energy supply
419.21 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Sugar & Sweeteners. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Sugar and sweeteners: quantity supply
66.55 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Sugar & Sweeteners. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Tea including mate: energy supply
0.07 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Tea (including mate). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Tea including mate: quantity supply
0.69 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Tea (including mate). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
All foods: energy supply
3,528.4 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Grand Total. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
All foods: fat supply
127.12 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Grand Total. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
All foods: protein supply
117.83 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Grand Total. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Vegetable oils: energy supply
433.92 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetable Oils. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Vegetable oils: quantity supply
18.14 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetable Oils. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Vegetables: energy supply
70.86 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetables. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Vegetables: quantity supply
106.74 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetables. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Healthy-diet animal-source food cost
0.68 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021
FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of animal source foods. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Cost of a healthy diet
3.39 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2025
FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of a healthy diet (CoHD). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Healthy-diet fruit cost
0.65 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021
FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of fruits. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Healthy-diet legumes and nuts cost
0.3 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021
FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of legumes, nuts and seeds. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Healthy-diet oils and fats cost
0.16 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021
FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of oils and fats. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Healthy-diet starchy-staple cost
0.43 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021
FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of starchy staples. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Unable to afford a healthy diet
12.4 % latest value, 2025
FAOSTAT CAHD, Prevalence of unaffordability (PUA). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
People unable to afford a healthy diet
17.8 million No latest value, 2025
FAOSTAT CAHD, Number of people unable to afford a healthy diet (NUA). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Healthy-diet vegetable cost
0.55 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021
FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of vegetables. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Households and NPISHs final consumption expenditure (% of GDP)
51.3 % of GDP latest value, 2025
This field includes expenditure on goods and services by the Household and NPISH sector for the direct satisfaction of human needs or wants, whether individual or collective. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.
Source: Households and NPISHs final consumption expenditure (% of GDP)
Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure per capita (constant 2015 US$)
6,540.7 constant 2015 US dollars latest value, 2025
This field includes expenditure on goods and services by the Household and NPISH sector for the direct satisfaction of human needs or wants, whether individual or collective. The core indicator has been divided by the general population to achieve a per capita estimate.This indicator is expressed in constant prices, meaning the series has been adjusted to account for price changes over time. The reference year for this adjustment is 2015. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.
Source: Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure per capita (constant 2015 US$)
Income share held by lowest 20%
7.7 % of income or consumption latest value, 2023
Percentage share of income or consumption is the share that accrues to subgroups of population indicated by deciles or quintiles. Percentage shares by quintile may not sum to 100 because of rounding.
Source: Income share held by lowest 20%
Gini index
33 index, 0-100 latest value, 2023
Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of total income received against the cumulative number of recipients, starting with the poorest individual or household. The Gini index measures the area between the Lorenz curve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality, expressed as a percentage of the maximum area under the line. Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.
Source: Gini index
Income share held by highest 20%
41 % of income or consumption latest value, 2023
Percentage share of income or consumption is the share that accrues to subgroups of population indicated by deciles or quintiles. Percentage shares by quintile may not sum to 100 because of rounding.
Source: Income share held by highest 20%
Minimum dietary energy requirement
1,913 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2025
FAOSTAT FS, Minimum dietary energy requirement (kcal/cap/day). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Adjusted savings: net national savings (% of GNI)
15.9 % of gross national income latest value, 2021
Net national savings are equal to gross national savings less the value of consumption of fixed capital. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross National Income (GNI) which is the total income earned by all residents within an economic territory during an accounting period. It is equal to gross domestic product plus earned income receivable from abroad minus earned income payable abroad.
Poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day (2021 PPP) (% of population)
0.1 % of population, 2021 PPP latest value, 2023
Poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day is the percentage of the population living on less than $3.00 a day at 2021 purchasing power adjusted prices. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions.
Source: Poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day (2021 PPP) (% of population)
Caloric losses at retail distribution
2.03 % latest value, 2025
FAOSTAT FS, Incidence of caloric losses at retail distribution level (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Health
Total alcohol consumption per capita (liters of pure alcohol, projected estimates, 15+ years of age)
10.5 litres per person aged 15+ latest value, 2020
Total alcohol per capita consumption is defined as the total (sum of recorded and unrecorded alcohol) amount of alcohol consumed per person (15 years of age or older) over a calendar year, in litres of pure alcohol, adjusted for tourist consumption.
Source: Total alcohol consumption per capita (liters of pure alcohol, projected estimates, 15+ years of age)
Anaemia among women aged 15–49
24.1 % latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FS, Prevalence of anemia among women of reproductive age (15-49 years) (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Overweight among children under 5
9.5 % latest value, 2024
FAOSTAT FS, Percentage of children under 5 years of age who are overweight (modelled estimates) (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Wasting among children under 5
3.3 % latest value, 2005
FAOSTAT FS, Percentage of children under 5 years affected by wasting (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
COVID economic support index
22.2 mean index 0–100 latest value, 2022
Mean daily national OxCGRT index with all days present, archived 2020–2022. Codes policies, not compliance, effectiveness or causal impact. Average follows source treatment of vaccination groups.
COVID containment and health index
38.9 mean index 0–100 latest value, 2022
Mean daily national OxCGRT index with all days present, archived 2020–2022. Codes policies, not compliance, effectiveness or causal impact. Average follows source treatment of vaccination groups.
COVID government response
36.8 mean index 0–100 latest value, 2022
Mean daily national OxCGRT index with all days present, archived 2020–2022. Codes policies, not compliance, effectiveness or causal impact. Average follows source treatment of vaccination groups.
COVID policy stringency
29.5 mean index 0–100 latest value, 2022
Mean daily national OxCGRT index with all days present, archived 2020–2022. Codes policies, not compliance, effectiveness or causal impact. Average follows source treatment of vaccination groups.
Reported COVID-19 cases
1,075,274 by report dates in year latest value, 2024
Sum of WHO weekly reports by report date in a completed year, requiring at least 50 nonmissing values. Reported events, not total infections/deaths. Negative revisions retained; testing and reporting coverage changed.
Source: WHO: reported COVID-19 data
Reported COVID-19 deaths
2,676 by report dates in year latest value, 2024
Sum of WHO weekly reports by report date in a completed year, requiring at least 50 nonmissing values. Reported events, not total infections/deaths. Negative revisions retained; testing and reporting coverage changed.
Source: WHO: reported COVID-19 data
Diabetes prevalence (% of population ages 20 to 79)
5.9 % of people aged 20-79 latest value, 2024
Diabetes prevalence refers to the percentage of people ages 20-79 who have type 1 or type 2 diabetes. It is calculated by adjusting to a standard population age-structure.
Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population (%)
2.8 % of population latest value, 2023
The percentage of people in the population who live in households classified as moderately or severely food insecure. A household is classified as moderately or severely food insecure when at least one adult in the household has reported to have been exposed, at times during the year, to low quality diets and might have been forced to also reduce the quantity of food they would normally eat because of a lack of money or other resources.
Source: Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population (%)
Prevalence of severe food insecurity in the population (%)
0 % of population latest value, 2023
The percentage of people in the population who live in households classified as severely food insecure. A household is classified as severely food insecure when at least one adult in the household has reported to have been exposed, at times during the year, to several of the most severe experiences described in the FIES questions, such as to have been forced to reduce the quantity of the food, to have skipped meals, having gone hungry, or having to go for a whole day without eating because of a lack of money or other resources.
Source: Prevalence of severe food insecurity in the population (%)
Out-of-pocket expenditure (% of current health expenditure)
28.4 % of current health expenditure latest value, 2023
Share of out-of-pocket payments of total current health expenditures. Out-of-pocket payments are spending on health directly out-of-pocket by households.
Source: Out-of-pocket expenditure (% of current health expenditure)
Current health expenditure (% of GDP)
7 % of GDP latest value, 2023
Level of current health expenditure expressed as a percentage of GDP. Estimates of current health expenditures include healthcare goods and services consumed during each year. This indicator does not include capital health expenditures such as buildings, machinery, IT and stocks of vaccines for emergency or outbreaks.
Current health expenditure per capita (current US$)
1,003.3 current US dollars latest value, 2023
Current expenditures on health per capita in current US dollars. Estimates of current health expenditures include healthcare goods and services consumed during each year.
Hospital beds (per 1,000 people)
6.8 per 1,000 people latest value, 2023
Hospital beds include inpatient beds available in public, private, general, and specialized hospitals and rehabilitation centers. In most cases beds for both acute and chronic care are included.
Source: Hospital beds (per 1,000 people)
Low birthweight
7.3 % latest value, 2020
FAOSTAT FS, Prevalence of low birthweight (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people)
7 per 1,000 people latest value, 2022
Nurses and midwives include professional nurses, professional midwives, auxiliary nurses, auxiliary midwives, enrolled nurses, enrolled midwives and other associated personnel, such as dental nurses and primary care nurses.
Obesity among adults aged 18+
17.6 % latest value, 2024
FAOSTAT FS, Prevalence of obesity in the adult population (18 years and older) (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Physicians (per 1,000 people)
5.1 per 1,000 people latest value, 2022
Physicians include generalist and specialist medical practitioners.
Source: Physicians (per 1,000 people)
Mortality caused by road traffic injury (per 100,000 population)
12 per 100,000 people latest value, 2019
Mortality caused by road traffic injury is estimated road traffic fatal injury deaths per 100,000 population.
Source: Mortality caused by road traffic injury (per 100,000 population)
Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 population)
21.4 per 100,000 people latest value, 2021
Suicide mortality rate is the number of suicide deaths in a year per 100,000 population. Crude suicide rate (not age-adjusted).
Prevalence of current tobacco use (% of adults)
27 % of adults latest value, 2024
The percentage of the population ages 15 years and over who currently use any tobacco product (smoked and/or smokeless tobacco) on a daily or non-daily basis. Tobacco products include cigarettes, pipes, cigars, cigarillos, waterpipes (hookah, shisha), bidis, kretek, heated tobacco products, and all forms of smokeless (oral and nasal) tobacco. Tobacco products exclude e-cigarettes (which do not contain tobacco), “e-cigars”, “e-hookahs”, JUUL and “e-pipes”. The rates are age-standardized to the WHO Standard Population.
Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people)
34 per 100,000 people latest value, 2024
Incidence of tuberculosis is the estimated number of new and relapse tuberculosis cases arising in a given year, expressed as the rate per 100,000 population. All forms of TB are included, including cases in people living with HIV. Estimates for all years are recalculated as new information becomes available and techniques are refined, so they may differ from those published previously.
Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population)
2.5 % of population latest value, 2023
Prevalence of undernourishment is the percentage of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normal active and healthy life. Data showing as 2.5 may signify a prevalence of undernourishment below 2.5%.
Immunization, DPT (% of children ages 12-23 months)
97 % of children aged 12-23 months latest value, 2024
Child immunization, DPT, measures the percentage of children ages 12-23 months who received DPT vaccinations before 12 months or at any time before the survey. A child is considered adequately immunized against diphtheria, pertussis (or whooping cough), and tetanus (DPT) after receiving three doses of vaccine.
Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)
97 % of children aged 12-23 months latest value, 2024
Child immunization, measles, measures the percentage of children ages 12-23 months who received the measles vaccination before 12 months or at any time before the survey. A child is considered adequately immunized against measles after receiving one dose of vaccine.
Source: Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)
Culture and time
International tourism, receipts (current US$)
4,961,000,000 current US dollars latest value, 2020
International tourism receipts are expenditures by international inbound visitors, including payments to national carriers for international transport. These receipts include any other prepayment made for goods or services received in the destination country. They also may include receipts from same-day visitors, except when these are important enough to justify separate classification. For some countries they do not include receipts for passenger transport items. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
International tourism, number of arrivals
6,359,000 arrivals per year latest value, 2020
International inbound tourists (overnight visitors) are the number of tourists who travel to a country other than that in which they have their usual residence, but outside their usual environment, for a period not exceeding 12 months and whose main purpose in visiting is other than an activity remunerated from within the country visited. When data on number of tourists are not available, the number of visitors, which includes tourists, same-day visitors, cruise passengers, and crew members, is shown instead. Sources and collection methods for arrivals differ across countries. In some cases data are from border statistics (police, immigration, and the like) and supplemented by border surveys. In other cases data are from tourism accommodation establishments. For some countries number of arrivals is limited to arrivals by air and for others to arrivals staying in hotels. Some countries include arrivals of nationals residing abroad while others do not. Caution should thus be used in comparing arrivals across countries. The data on inbound tourists refer to the number of arrivals, not to the number of people traveling. Thus a person who makes several trips to a country during a given period is counted each time as a new arrival.
Land and housing
Agricultural land (% of land area)
13.2 % of land area latest value, 2023
Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable, under permanent crops, and under permanent pastures. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded. Land under permanent crops is land cultivated with crops that occupy the land for long periods and need not be replanted after each harvest, such as cocoa, coffee, and rubber. This category includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees, and vines, but excludes land under trees grown for wood or timber. Permanent pasture is land used for five or more years for forage, including natural and cultivated crops.
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added per worker (constant 2015 US$)
16,787.4 constant 2015 US dollars latest value, 2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing corresponds to ISIC (Rev. 4) divisions 01-03 and includes the exploitation of vegetal and animal natural resources, comprising the activities of growing of crops, raising and breeding of animals, harvesting of timber and other plants, animals or animal products from a farm or their natural habitats.Value added is the contribution to the economy by a producer or an industry or an institutional sector, which is estimated by the total value of output produced and deducting the total value of intermediate consumption of goods and services used to produce that output. This indicator is expressed in constant prices, meaning the series has been adjusted to account for price changes over time. The reference year for this adjustment is 2015. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.
Source: Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added per worker (constant 2015 US$)
Arable land (% of land area)
7.4 % of land area latest value, 2023
Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded.
Source: Arable land (% of land area)
Cereal yield (kg per hectare)
3,166.6 kg per hectare latest value, 2023
Cereal yield, measured as kilograms per hectare of harvested land, includes wheat, rice, maize, barley, oats, rye, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, and mixed grains. Production data on cereals relate to crops harvested for dry grain only. Cereal crops harvested for hay or harvested green for food, feed, or silage and those used for grazing are excluded. The FAO allocates production data to the calendar year in which the bulk of the harvest took place. Most of a crop harvested near the end of a year will be used in the following year.
Source: Cereal yield (kg per hectare)
Certified organic agricultural land
95.95 1000 ha latest value, 2024
FAOSTAT RL, Agriculture area certified organic. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Actually irrigated agricultural land
4,247 1000 ha latest value, 2008
FAOSTAT RL, Agriculture area actually irrigated. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Land equipped for irrigation
4,300 1000 ha latest value, 2024
FAOSTAT RL, Land area equipped for irrigation. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Planted forest
20,797.38 1000 ha latest value, 2025
FAOSTAT RL, Planted Forest. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Primary forest
306,645.2 1000 ha latest value, 2025
FAOSTAT RL, Primary Forest. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Everyday environment
Air transport, passengers carried
98,872,628 passengers per year latest value, 2023
Air carrier data per country refers to passengers carried by airlines registered in that country regardless of the origin or destination of the passengers.
Access to electricity (% of population)
100 % of population latest value, 2024
Access to electricity is the percentage of population with access to electricity. Electrification data are collected from industry, national surveys and international sources.
Fertilizer consumption (kilograms per hectare of arable land)
28.7 kg of nutrients per hectare latest value, 2023
Fertilizer consumption measures the quantity of plant nutrients used per unit of arable land. Fertilizer products cover nitrogenous, potash, and phosphate fertilizers (including ground rock phosphate). Traditional nutrients--animal and plant manures--are not included. For the purpose of data dissemination, FAO has adopted the concept of a calendar year (January to December). Some countries compile fertilizer data on a calendar year basis, while others are on a split-year basis. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded.
Source: Fertilizer consumption (kilograms per hectare of arable land)
Forest area (% of land area)
49.8 % of land area latest value, 2023
Forest area (% of land area) is the share of total land area that is under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters in situ, whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems (for example, in fruit plantations and agroforestry systems) and trees in urban parks and gardens.
Source: Forest area (% of land area)
Land temperature anomaly
2.87 °C latest value, 2025
FAOSTAT ET, Meteorological year. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (micrograms per cubic meter)
11.6 micrograms/m³, annual mean exposure latest value, 2023
Population-weighted exposure to ambient PM2.5 pollution is defined as the average level of exposure of a nation's population to concentrations of suspended particles measuring less than 2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter, which are capable of penetrating deep into the respiratory tract and causing severe health damage. Exposure is calculated by weighting mean annual concentrations of PM2.5 by population in both urban and rural areas.
Source: PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (micrograms per cubic meter)
Railways, passengers carried (million passenger-km)
103,447 million passenger-km latest value, 2021
Passengers carried by railway are the number of passengers transported by rail multiplied by kilometers traveled.
People using safely managed drinking water services (% of population)
76.3 % of population latest value, 2024
The percentage of people using drinking water from an improved source that is accessible on premises, available when needed and free from fecal and priority chemical contamination. Improved water sources include piped water, boreholes or tubewells, protected dug wells, protected springs, and packaged or delivered water.
Source: People using safely managed drinking water services (% of population)
People using safely managed sanitation services (% of population)
58.2 % of population latest value, 2024
The percentage of people using improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households and where excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and treated offsite. Improved sanitation facilities include flush/pour flush to piped sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines: ventilated improved pit latrines, composting toilets or pit latrines with slabs.
Source: People using safely managed sanitation services (% of population)
Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources
4.1 % of available freshwater resources latest value, 2022
The level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources is the ratio between total freshwater withdrawn by all major sectors and total renewable freshwater resources, after taking into account environmental water requirements. Main sectors, as defined by ISIC standards, include agriculture; forestry and fishing; manufacturing; electricity industry; and services. This indicator is also known as water withdrawal intensity.
Source: Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources
Work and skills
Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)
99.9 % of people aged 15+ latest value, 2021
Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.
Source: Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)
Children out of school (% of primary school age)
4.9 % of primary-school-age children latest value, 2023
Children out of school are the percentage of primary-school-age children who are not enrolled in primary or secondary school. Children in the official primary age group that are in preprimary education should be considered out of school.
Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP)
4.2 % of GDP latest value, 2023
General government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers) is expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. General government usually refers to local, regional and central governments.
Source: Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP)
Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate)
59.8 % of population aged 15+ latest value, 2025
Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed.
Source: Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate)
Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate)
61.1 % of population aged 15+ latest value, 2025
Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
Source: Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate)
Learning poverty: Share of Children at the End-of-Primary age below minimum reading proficiency adjusted by Out-of-School Children (%)
3.8 % of children of end-of-primary age latest value, 2021
The share of 10-year-olds who cannot read and understand a short passage of age-appropriate material—in other words, those who are below the “minimum proficiency” threshold for reading. This measure is defined as the union of two deprivations: 1) schooling deprivation and 2) learning deprivation. A child is considered schooling-deprived (SD) if he or she is of primary school age and out-of-school. The dimension of learning deprivation (LD) applies only for children in school, and identifies those pupils who are below the minimum proficiency level (MPL) for reading, as defined by the Global Alliance to Monitor Learning (GAML), measured in standard learning assessments, and reported in the context of the SDG 4.1.1b monitoring. This “union approach” to measurement reflects the choice that, as presented in the SDGs, all age 10 children must be both in school and learning. The final learning poverty measure combines the two dimensions in a single indicator using the following formula: LP = SD + [(1-SD) x LD]
New business density (new registrations per 1,000 people ages 15-64)
2.3 per 1,000 people aged 15-64 latest value, 2024
The number of newly registered firms with limited liability per 1,000 working-age people (ages 15-64) per calendar year.
Source: New business density (new registrations per 1,000 people ages 15-64)
Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)
100 % of relevant age group latest value, 2019
Primary completion rate, or gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, is the number of new entrants (enrollments minus repeaters) in the last grade of primary education, regardless of age, divided by the population at the entrance age for the last grade of primary education. Data limitations preclude adjusting for students who drop out during the final year of primary education.
Source: Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)
Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)
4.9 % of employment latest value, 2025
Vulnerable employment is contributing family workers and own-account workers as a percentage of total employment.
Source: Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)
Literacy rate, youth total (% of people ages 15-24)
99.9 % of people aged 15-24 latest value, 2021
Youth literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15-24 who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.
Share of youth not in education, employment or training, total (% of youth population)
6.7 % of youth aged 15-24 latest value, 2025
The share of youth not in education, employment or training (also known as “the NEET rate”) conveys the number of young persons not in education, employment or training as a percentage of the total youth population. Youth not in education are those who were neither enrolled in school nor in a formal training program (e.g. vocational training). For the purposes of this indicator, youth is defined as all persons between the ages of 15 and 24 (inclusive).
Source: Share of youth not in education, employment or training, total (% of youth population)
Science, space and technology
GitHub developer accounts at year end
4,490,870 accounts latest value, 2025
Fourth-quarter end snapshot; includes inactive accounts/organizations/repositories. GitHub Innovation Graph: public GitHub activity only. Geography reflects mode location, not nationality. Suppressed small groups are not zeros; not a professional-programmer count.
Source: GitHub Innovation Graph
GitHub git pushes
18,896,270 git pushes latest value, 2025
Sum of all four published quarters of git pushes. One push may include multiple commits. GitHub Innovation Graph: public GitHub activity only. Geography reflects mode location, not nationality. Suppressed small groups are not zeros; not a professional-programmer count.
Source: GitHub Innovation Graph
GitHub organizations at year end
131,843 organizations latest value, 2025
Fourth-quarter end snapshot; includes inactive accounts/organizations/repositories. GitHub Innovation Graph: public GitHub activity only. Geography reflects mode location, not nationality. Suppressed small groups are not zeros; not a professional-programmer count.
Source: GitHub Innovation Graph
GitHub repositories at year end
9,458,313 repositories latest value, 2025
Fourth-quarter end snapshot; includes inactive accounts/organizations/repositories. GitHub Innovation Graph: public GitHub activity only. Geography reflects mode location, not nationality. Suppressed small groups are not zeros; not a professional-programmer count.
Source: GitHub Innovation Graph
High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)
9.7 % of manufactured exports latest value, 2021
High-technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery.
Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)
0.9 % of GDP latest value, 2024
Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.
R&D expenditure per inhabitant
109 euro per inhabitant latest value, 2019
Gross domestic R&D expenditure, all sectors, current euro per inhabitant, Eurostat. Exchange-rate and inflation changes remain.
Source: GERD by sector of performance
Researchers in R&D (per million people)
2,638.6 full-time equivalents per million people latest value, 2024
The number of researchers engaged in Research &Development (R&D), expressed as per million. Researchers are professionals who conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models techniques instrumentation, software of operational methods. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.
Patent applications, residents
19,569 applications per year latest value, 2021
Patent applications are worldwide patent applications filed through the Patent Cooperation Treaty procedure or with a national patent office for exclusive rights for an invention--a product or process that provides a new way of doing something or offers a new technical solution to a problem. A patent provides protection for the invention to the owner of the patent for a limited period, generally 20 years.
Source: Patent applications, residents
Business R&D, % of GDP
0.62 % of GDP latest value, 2020
BERD — R&D performed by businesses, as a share of GDP. It is part of GERD; the rest is performed by government institutes, universities and non-profits. Counted by who performs the work, not by who pays for it. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.
Government-sector R&D, % of GDP
0.36 % of GDP latest value, 2020
GOVERD — R&D performed by government research bodies (excluding universities), as a share of GDP. Part of GERD; counted by performer, not by source of funds. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.
University R&D, % of GDP
0.11 % of GDP latest value, 2020
HERD — R&D performed by universities and other higher-education institutions, as a share of GDP. Part of GERD; counted by performer, not by source of funds. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.
R&D funded by business
29.2 % of GERD latest value, 2020
Share of all domestic R&D spending (GERD) paid for by businesses, whoever performed the work. GERD is all R&D performed in the country, whoever performs it: businesses, government institutes, universities and non-profits (Frascati Manual). OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.
R&D funded by government
67.8 % of GERD latest value, 2020
Share of all domestic R&D spending (GERD) paid for by government, including public money for universities. GERD is all R&D performed in the country, whoever performs it: businesses, government institutes, universities and non-profits (Frascati Manual). OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.
R&D funded from abroad
1.8 % of GERD latest value, 2020
Share of domestic R&D spending (GERD) paid for from abroad: foreign companies, international organisations, EU programmes. GERD is all R&D performed in the country, whoever performs it: businesses, government institutes, universities and non-profits (Frascati Manual). OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.
R&D spending, billion dollars
48 billion USD PPP, 2020 prices latest value, 2020
All domestic R&D spending (GERD) in billions of US dollars at purchasing power parity, constant 2020 prices, so years compare without inflation. GERD is all R&D performed in the country, whoever performs it: businesses, government institutes, universities and non-profits (Frascati Manual). OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.
Researchers per 1,000 employed
5.6 per 1,000 employed, FTE latest value, 2020
Researchers in full-time equivalents (FTE: two half-timers count as one) per 1,000 people employed. Researchers only, excluding technicians and support staff; not a headcount. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.
Researchers, thousands
397.2 thousand full-time equivalents latest value, 2020
Researchers in all sectors in full-time equivalents (two half-timers count as one), thousands. Excludes technicians and support staff; the headcount is usually larger. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.
Government R&D budget, billion dollars
22.4 billion USD PPP, 2020 prices latest value, 2020
GBARD — R&D appropriations in the central government budget, billions of US dollars at PPP, 2020 prices. A budget, not GERD spending: it includes money spent abroad and given to international organisations, and excludes business money. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.
Defence share of government R&D budget
52.1 % of GBARD latest value, 2003
Share of government R&D appropriations (GBARD) earmarked for defence. GBARD is a budget, not actual spending. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.
Space share of civil government R&D budget
17.9 % of civil GBARD latest value, 2001
Share of civil government R&D appropriations (GBARD excluding defence) for space exploration and exploitation. Military space is not included. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.
Triadic patent families
59 families per year latest value, 2023
Inventions filed at all three of the European, Japanese and US patent offices, by inventors' country and priority year, fractionally counted across co-inventing countries. Applications, not grants; counts inventions, not individual filings. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.
Government R&D budget, % of GDP
0.51 % of GDP latest value, 2020
GBARD — central government R&D appropriations as a share of GDP, both in national currency at current prices from the same OECD table. A budget, not GERD spending; business money is not included. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.
Business R&D per inhabitant
66.1 euro per inhabitant latest value, 2019
R&D performed by businesses (BERD), euros at current prices per inhabitant. Counted by who performs the work, not by who pays. Eurostat, rd_e_gerdtot (sector BES).
Researchers, thousand people
348.2 thousand people latest value, 2019
Number of people working as researchers in all sectors — each person counts once, however many hours they spend on research (headcount). Hence larger than full-time equivalents (researchers_fte). Eurostat, rd_p_persocc.
Women among researchers
38 % of researchers latest value, 2024
Share of women among researchers in all sectors (business, government, higher education, non-profit), by headcount: each person counts once, however many hours they spend on research. Not the share among paper authors or inventors. UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), indicator FRESP.THC.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS): science, technology and innovation
Patent applications by origin, worldwide
24,700 applications per year latest value, 2024
All applications for patents for inventions filed in a year by applicants from the country at any patent office worldwide — at home and abroad (direct filings and PCT national phase entries). Country = first applicant's address (origin), not the filing office. Applications, not grants; one invention filed in five countries counts five times. Residents' filings at their own office are a separate series, resident_patent_applications. WIPO IP Statistics Data Center (the last update is stated in the export file).
Source: WIPO IP Statistics Data Center
Patent applications abroad by origin
2,477 applications per year latest value, 2024
Applications for patents for inventions filed in a year by applicants from the country at foreign and regional offices (such as the European Patent Office): how much the country's inventions seek protection in other markets. Country = first applicant's address; applications, not grants. WIPO IP Statistics Data Center (the last update is stated in the export file).
Source: WIPO IP Statistics Data Center
PCT international patent applications
796 applications per year latest value, 2025
International applications under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) by filing date and first applicant's country. One PCT application defers the choice of countries where the invention will be protected; it is neither a patent nor a filing at a particular office. The incomplete current year is excluded. WIPO IP Statistics Data Center (the last update is stated in the export file).
Source: WIPO IP Statistics Data Center
Electric cars: share of new car sales
2 % of new car sales latest value, 2025
Share of electric cars among all new cars sold in the year. Sales are new cars in the year, not all cars on the road (that is the stock). Electric cars are battery-electric (BEV) and plug-in hybrids (PHEV, a battery charged from the grid plus a petrol engine); ordinary hybrids without a plug and fuel-cell cars are not included. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.
Electric cars: new car sales
32,000 cars a year latest value, 2025
New electric cars sold in the year. Electric cars are battery-electric (BEV) and plug-in hybrids (PHEV, a battery charged from the grid plus a petrol engine); ordinary hybrids without a plug and fuel-cell cars are not included. IEA rounds values to two significant figures. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.
Battery-electric cars (BEV): sales
12,000 cars a year latest value, 2025
New battery-electric cars (BEV: battery only, no combustion engine) sold in the year. Plug-in hybrids are not included. IEA rounds values to two significant figures. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.
Plug-in hybrid cars (PHEV): sales
19,000 cars a year latest value, 2025
New plug-in hybrid cars (PHEV: battery charged from the grid plus a combustion engine) sold in the year. Ordinary hybrids without a plug are not included. IEA rounds values to two significant figures. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.
Electric cars on the road (stock)
84,000 cars latest value, 2025
Electric cars on the road at the end of the year: the whole stock, not the sales of the year. Electric cars are battery-electric (BEV) and plug-in hybrids (PHEV, a battery charged from the grid plus a petrol engine); ordinary hybrids without a plug and fuel-cell cars are not included. IEA rounds values to two significant figures. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.
Electric cars: share of all cars on the road
0.2 % of the car stock latest value, 2025
Share of electric cars among all cars on the road (the stock), not among the sales of the year. Electric cars are battery-electric (BEV) and plug-in hybrids (PHEV, a battery charged from the grid plus a petrol engine); ordinary hybrids without a plug and fuel-cell cars are not included. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.
Electric buses: share of new bus sales
0.6 % of new bus sales latest value, 2025
Share of electric buses (battery-electric and plug-in hybrid) among all new buses sold in the year. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.
Electric trucks: share of new truck sales
0.1 % of new truck sales latest value, 2024
Share of electric trucks (medium and heavy; battery-electric and plug-in hybrid) among all new trucks sold in the year. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.
Public EV charging points
9,899 charging points latest value, 2025
Publicly available charging points (outlets that can each serve one car at a time) at the end of the year, slow and fast together. A point is not a station: one station can have many points. Home and private workplace chargers are not included. IEA rounds values to two significant figures. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.
Fast public charging points (over 22 kW)
4,099 charging points latest value, 2025
Publicly available charging points over 22 kW at the end of the year, including ultra-fast ones (150 kW and more). A point is not a station. IEA rounds values to two significant figures. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.
Slow public charging points (up to 22 kW)
5,800 charging points latest value, 2025
Publicly available charging points of up to 22 kW at the end of the year. A point is not a station. IEA rounds values to two significant figures. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.
Electric cars per public charging point
8.5 vehicles per point latest value, 2025
Light-duty electric vehicles on the road (cars and vans, BEV and PHEV) per publicly available charging point. Higher means fewer public chargers per car; it is high where people charge at home, without a shortage of chargers. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.
Orbital launches
17 launches a year latest value, 2025
Orbital launch attempts in the year, successful and failed together. An orbital launch is an attempt to put a payload into Earth orbit or beyond, successful or not; suborbital flights (sounding rockets, missile tests, tourist hops) are excluded. The country is the GCAT launch vehicle state (Falcon 9 is the US, Ariane France, Electron from New Zealand New Zealand), not the satellite's country. Soviet launches (1957-1991) are not assigned to Russia: they are only in the world total. Zero after a country's first launch is a year without launches. Data from GCAT (J. McDowell, planet4589.org/space/gcat), CC BY 4.0.
Source: GCAT — General Catalog of Artificial Space Objects (J. McDowell)
Failed orbital launches
0 launches a year latest value, 2025
Orbital launches in the year that failed to reach the intended orbit (GCAT code F; partial failures coded F are included). Counted from the country's first launch attempt. An orbital launch is an attempt to put a payload into Earth orbit or beyond, successful or not; suborbital flights (sounding rockets, missile tests, tourist hops) are excluded. The country is the GCAT launch vehicle state (Falcon 9 is the US, Ariane France, Electron from New Zealand New Zealand), not the satellite's country. Soviet launches (1957-1991) are not assigned to Russia: they are only in the world total. Zero after a country's first launch is a year without launches. Data from GCAT (J. McDowell, planet4589.org/space/gcat), CC BY 4.0.
Source: GCAT — General Catalog of Artificial Space Objects (J. McDowell)
Satellites and spacecraft put into orbit
87 payloads a year latest value, 2025
Payloads (satellites, crewed and cargo ships, probes; no rocket stages, debris or dummies) put into orbit by successful launches in the year. The country is the payload owner in GCAT, not the rocket's country: a Turkish satellite on a Falcon 9 is Turkey. Thousands of Starlink satellites since 2019 are the US. Data from GCAT (J. McDowell, planet4589.org/space/gcat), CC BY 4.0.
Source: GCAT — General Catalog of Artificial Space Objects (J. McDowell)
Communities and participation
Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%)
16.4 % of seats latest value, 2025
Women in parliaments are the percentage of parliamentary seats in a single or lower chamber held by women.
Source: Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%)
Religion and beliefs
Christians — population share
69.9 % of population latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Christians — population
102,350 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Muslims — population share
8.2 % of population latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Muslims — population
11,990 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Religiously unaffiliated — population share
20.2 % of population latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Religiously unaffiliated — population
29,560 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Buddhists — population share
0.4 % of population latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Buddhists — population
520 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Hindus — population
100 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Jews — population share
0.1 % of population latest value, 2010
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Jews — population
120 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Other religions — population share
1.2 % of population latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Other religions — population
1,720 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Religious diversity — country rank
47 rank among 201 latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Religious diversity index
5.4 index points (0–10) latest value, 2020
Pew index, 0–10, based on seven broad groups. 10 means seven equal groups; 0 means everyone belongs to one group. Does not measure religious freedom, intensity of belief or conflict. Values below 0.1 are retained as bounds in the table. Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Religious composition: balance between two groups
7.4 index points (0–10) latest value, 2020
Pew index, 0–10, based on seven broad groups. 10 means two equal groups, which may be any two religions. It is not an affiliated/unaffiliated index. Does not measure religious freedom, intensity of belief or conflict. Values below 0.1 are retained as bounds in the table. Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Religiously affiliated — population share
79.8 % of population latest value, 2020
Macroscope calculation: total population minus Unaffiliated. A subtotal of six religious groups, not an eighth group or a count of believers in God. Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Religiously affiliated — population
116,810 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Macroscope calculation: total population minus Unaffiliated. A subtotal of six religious groups, not an eighth group or a count of believers in God. Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Government restrictions on religion
7.7 index points (0–10) latest value, 2023
Pew coding of published materials for 2023, 198 countries and territories. Scores from 0 to 10, not population percentages. GRI covers government restrictions; SHI covers hostile acts by private individuals and groups. They measure different things and must not be summed. North Korea is not scored due to insufficient reliable observations; missing is not no restrictions. Released June 15, 2026.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious restrictions and social hostilities
Social hostilities involving religion
3.8 index points (0–10) latest value, 2023
Pew coding of published materials for 2023, 198 countries and territories. Scores from 0 to 10, not population percentages. GRI covers government restrictions; SHI covers hostile acts by private individuals and groups. They measure different things and must not be summed. North Korea is not scored due to insufficient reliable observations; missing is not no restrictions. Released June 15, 2026.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious restrictions and social hostilities
Christians among immigrants — share
62.3 % of migrants latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Christians among immigrants — population
7,250 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Muslims among immigrants — share
10.9 % of migrants latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Muslims among immigrants — population
1,270 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Religiously unaffiliated among immigrants — share
24.7 % of migrants latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Religiously unaffiliated among immigrants — population
2,880 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Buddhists among immigrants — share
0.5 % of migrants latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Buddhists among immigrants — population
60 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Hindus among immigrants — share
0.2 % of migrants latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Hindus among immigrants — population
30 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Jews among immigrants — share
0.9 % of migrants latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Jews among immigrants — population
100 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Other religions among immigrants — share
0.5 % of migrants latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Other religions among immigrants — population
50 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Christians among emigrants — share
67.6 % of migrants latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Christians among emigrants — population
7,830 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Muslims among emigrants — share
8.5 % of migrants latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Muslims among emigrants — population
980 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Religiously unaffiliated among emigrants — share
20.7 % of migrants latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Religiously unaffiliated among emigrants — population
2,390 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Buddhists among emigrants — share
0.4 % of migrants latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Buddhists among emigrants — population
40 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Hindus among emigrants — share
0.3 % of migrants latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Hindus among emigrants — population
40 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Jews among emigrants — share
2.1 % of migrants latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Jews among emigrants — population
240 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Other religions among emigrants — share
0.4 % of migrants latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Other religions among emigrants — population
50 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Religion very important: EVS
17.1 % of valid answers latest value, 2017
EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.
Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables
Religion not at all important: EVS
19.5 % of valid answers latest value, 2017
EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.
Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables
Belong to a denomination: EVS
52.7 % of valid answers latest value, 2017
EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.
Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables
No denominational affiliation: EVS
47.3 % of valid answers latest value, 2017
EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.
Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables
Never attend services: EVS
40.1 % of valid answers latest value, 2017
EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.
Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables
Identify as religious: EVS
76.2 % of valid answers latest value, 2017
EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.
Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables
Identify as non-religious: EVS
16.6 % of valid answers latest value, 2017
EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.
Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables
Identify as convinced atheists: EVS
7.2 % of valid answers latest value, 2017
EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.
Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables
Believe in God: EVS
77.3 % of valid answers latest value, 2017
EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.
Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables
Do not believe in God: EVS
22.7 % of valid answers latest value, 2017
EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.
Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables
Believe in life after death: EVS
45.7 % of valid answers latest value, 2017
EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.
Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables
Believe in hell: EVS
45.9 % of valid answers latest value, 2017
EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.
Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables
Believe in heaven: EVS
47 % of valid answers latest value, 2017
EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.
Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables
Believe in reincarnation: EVS
29.2 % of valid answers latest value, 2017
EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.
Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables
Belief in a personal God: EVS
48.8 % of valid answers latest value, 2017
EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.
Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables
Belief in a spirit or life force: EVS
20.5 % of valid answers latest value, 2017
EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.
Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables
Unsure what to think about God: EVS
17.9 % of valid answers latest value, 2017
EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.
Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables
No God, spirit or life force: EVS
12.7 % of valid answers latest value, 2017
EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.
Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables
Daily prayer: EVS
19.8 % of valid answers latest value, 2017
EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.
Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables
Never pray: EVS
39 % of valid answers latest value, 2017
EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.
Source: EVS 2017: public weighted tables
Religion very important: WVS
18.3 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2017
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Religion not at all important: WVS
16.1 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2017
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Never attend services: WVS
32.7 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2017
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Never pray: WVS
31.5 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2017
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Identify as religious: WVS
76.5 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2017
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Identify as non-religious: WVS
9.5 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2017
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Identify as atheists: WVS
6 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2017
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Do not believe in God: WVS
14.4 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2017
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Believe in God: WVS
77.4 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2017
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Believe in life after death: WVS
40.3 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2017
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Believe in hell: WVS
36.8 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2017
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Believe in heaven: WVS
38.3 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2017
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Catholics — population, 2010 estimate
740 thousand persons latest value, 2010
Historical all-age estimates for 2010 from Pew’s 2011 release, 232 countries/territories. Pew’s 2025 revision does not update this detailed split: do not splice into the revised Christian total series. Affiliation, not practice. Protestant includes Anglicans and independent churches; Orthodox includes Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches. Other Christians include, among others, Latter-day Saints and Jehovah’s Witnesses under the source classification. Counts of at least 10,000 are rounded to 10,000; <1,000 and <10,000 remain bounds in the typed table only. The source states that <10,000 means 1,000–9,999, not zero. World is the sum of the five regions in the same release. Netherlands Antilles and Channel Islands are not assigned to a single present-day country. Geography follows the 2011 release; South Sudan is separate. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.
Source: Pew: Christian traditions, 2010 estimates (2011 release)
Protestants — population, 2010 estimate
2,560 thousand persons latest value, 2010
Historical all-age estimates for 2010 from Pew’s 2011 release, 232 countries/territories. Pew’s 2025 revision does not update this detailed split: do not splice into the revised Christian total series. Affiliation, not practice. Protestant includes Anglicans and independent churches; Orthodox includes Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches. Other Christians include, among others, Latter-day Saints and Jehovah’s Witnesses under the source classification. Counts of at least 10,000 are rounded to 10,000; <1,000 and <10,000 remain bounds in the typed table only. The source states that <10,000 means 1,000–9,999, not zero. World is the sum of the five regions in the same release. Netherlands Antilles and Channel Islands are not assigned to a single present-day country. Geography follows the 2011 release; South Sudan is separate. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.
Source: Pew: Christian traditions, 2010 estimates (2011 release)
Eastern and Oriental Orthodox — population, 2010 estimate
101,450 thousand persons latest value, 2010
Historical all-age estimates for 2010 from Pew’s 2011 release, 232 countries/territories. Pew’s 2025 revision does not update this detailed split: do not splice into the revised Christian total series. Affiliation, not practice. Protestant includes Anglicans and independent churches; Orthodox includes Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches. Other Christians include, among others, Latter-day Saints and Jehovah’s Witnesses under the source classification. Counts of at least 10,000 are rounded to 10,000; <1,000 and <10,000 remain bounds in the typed table only. The source states that <10,000 means 1,000–9,999, not zero. World is the sum of the five regions in the same release. Netherlands Antilles and Channel Islands are not assigned to a single present-day country. Geography follows the 2011 release; South Sudan is separate. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.
Source: Pew: Christian traditions, 2010 estimates (2011 release)
Other Christians — population, 2010 estimate
470 thousand persons latest value, 2010
Historical all-age estimates for 2010 from Pew’s 2011 release, 232 countries/territories. Pew’s 2025 revision does not update this detailed split: do not splice into the revised Christian total series. Affiliation, not practice. Protestant includes Anglicans and independent churches; Orthodox includes Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches. Other Christians include, among others, Latter-day Saints and Jehovah’s Witnesses under the source classification. Counts of at least 10,000 are rounded to 10,000; <1,000 and <10,000 remain bounds in the typed table only. The source states that <10,000 means 1,000–9,999, not zero. World is the sum of the five regions in the same release. Netherlands Antilles and Channel Islands are not assigned to a single present-day country. Geography follows the 2011 release; South Sudan is separate. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.
Source: Pew: Christian traditions, 2010 estimates (2011 release)
Sunni — adult Muslim self-identification
30 % of Muslim adults latest value, 2011
Published weighted responses among Muslim adults aged 18+, Q31 and the published Q32 subtotal; not shares of all residents or all-age population counts. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; exact dates are in the table. Fourteen African samples date to 2008–2009 and the remaining samples to 2011–2012. Sunni/Shia self-identification differs from Pew’s 2009 ethnographic classification: “just a Muslim” is not reassigned to either. Zero is a rounded survey answer, not proof of an absent community. Ahmadiyya, Alevi, Bektashi and Aliran Kepercayaan are volunteered (VOL.) responses. Sufi affiliation is a separate question and overlaps Sunni/Shia identities; do not add it to Q31. Thailand covers only five southern provinces and is a region, never a country chart point. Chad and DR Congo samples are disproportionately urban; some countries exclude inaccessible areas. Several major Muslim populations, including India, Iran and Saudi Arabia, were not surveyed. No world total can be inferred. See the source methodology for country-specific sampling exclusions and margins of error. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.
Source: Pew: adult Muslim self-identification, surveys in 2008–2012
Shia — adult Muslim self-identification
6 % of Muslim adults latest value, 2011
Published weighted responses among Muslim adults aged 18+, Q31 and the published Q32 subtotal; not shares of all residents or all-age population counts. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; exact dates are in the table. Fourteen African samples date to 2008–2009 and the remaining samples to 2011–2012. Sunni/Shia self-identification differs from Pew’s 2009 ethnographic classification: “just a Muslim” is not reassigned to either. Zero is a rounded survey answer, not proof of an absent community. Ahmadiyya, Alevi, Bektashi and Aliran Kepercayaan are volunteered (VOL.) responses. Sufi affiliation is a separate question and overlaps Sunni/Shia identities; do not add it to Q31. Thailand covers only five southern provinces and is a region, never a country chart point. Chad and DR Congo samples are disproportionately urban; some countries exclude inaccessible areas. Several major Muslim populations, including India, Iran and Saudi Arabia, were not surveyed. No world total can be inferred. See the source methodology for country-specific sampling exclusions and margins of error. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.
Source: Pew: adult Muslim self-identification, surveys in 2008–2012
Ahmadiyya — adult Muslim self-identification
0 % of Muslim adults latest value, 2011
Published weighted responses among Muslim adults aged 18+, Q31 and the published Q32 subtotal; not shares of all residents or all-age population counts. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; exact dates are in the table. Fourteen African samples date to 2008–2009 and the remaining samples to 2011–2012. Sunni/Shia self-identification differs from Pew’s 2009 ethnographic classification: “just a Muslim” is not reassigned to either. Zero is a rounded survey answer, not proof of an absent community. Ahmadiyya, Alevi, Bektashi and Aliran Kepercayaan are volunteered (VOL.) responses. Sufi affiliation is a separate question and overlaps Sunni/Shia identities; do not add it to Q31. Thailand covers only five southern provinces and is a region, never a country chart point. Chad and DR Congo samples are disproportionately urban; some countries exclude inaccessible areas. Several major Muslim populations, including India, Iran and Saudi Arabia, were not surveyed. No world total can be inferred. See the source methodology for country-specific sampling exclusions and margins of error. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.
Source: Pew: adult Muslim self-identification, surveys in 2008–2012
Alevi — adult Muslim self-identification
0 % of Muslim adults latest value, 2011
Published weighted responses among Muslim adults aged 18+, Q31 and the published Q32 subtotal; not shares of all residents or all-age population counts. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; exact dates are in the table. Fourteen African samples date to 2008–2009 and the remaining samples to 2011–2012. Sunni/Shia self-identification differs from Pew’s 2009 ethnographic classification: “just a Muslim” is not reassigned to either. Zero is a rounded survey answer, not proof of an absent community. Ahmadiyya, Alevi, Bektashi and Aliran Kepercayaan are volunteered (VOL.) responses. Sufi affiliation is a separate question and overlaps Sunni/Shia identities; do not add it to Q31. Thailand covers only five southern provinces and is a region, never a country chart point. Chad and DR Congo samples are disproportionately urban; some countries exclude inaccessible areas. Several major Muslim populations, including India, Iran and Saudi Arabia, were not surveyed. No world total can be inferred. See the source methodology for country-specific sampling exclusions and margins of error. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.
Source: Pew: adult Muslim self-identification, surveys in 2008–2012
Bektashi — adult Muslim self-identification
0 % of Muslim adults latest value, 2011
Published weighted responses among Muslim adults aged 18+, Q31 and the published Q32 subtotal; not shares of all residents or all-age population counts. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; exact dates are in the table. Fourteen African samples date to 2008–2009 and the remaining samples to 2011–2012. Sunni/Shia self-identification differs from Pew’s 2009 ethnographic classification: “just a Muslim” is not reassigned to either. Zero is a rounded survey answer, not proof of an absent community. Ahmadiyya, Alevi, Bektashi and Aliran Kepercayaan are volunteered (VOL.) responses. Sufi affiliation is a separate question and overlaps Sunni/Shia identities; do not add it to Q31. Thailand covers only five southern provinces and is a region, never a country chart point. Chad and DR Congo samples are disproportionately urban; some countries exclude inaccessible areas. Several major Muslim populations, including India, Iran and Saudi Arabia, were not surveyed. No world total can be inferred. See the source methodology for country-specific sampling exclusions and margins of error. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.
Source: Pew: adult Muslim self-identification, surveys in 2008–2012
Aliran Kepercayaan — adult Muslim self-identification
0 % of Muslim adults latest value, 2011
Published weighted responses among Muslim adults aged 18+, Q31 and the published Q32 subtotal; not shares of all residents or all-age population counts. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; exact dates are in the table. Fourteen African samples date to 2008–2009 and the remaining samples to 2011–2012. Sunni/Shia self-identification differs from Pew’s 2009 ethnographic classification: “just a Muslim” is not reassigned to either. Zero is a rounded survey answer, not proof of an absent community. Ahmadiyya, Alevi, Bektashi and Aliran Kepercayaan are volunteered (VOL.) responses. Sufi affiliation is a separate question and overlaps Sunni/Shia identities; do not add it to Q31. Thailand covers only five southern provinces and is a region, never a country chart point. Chad and DR Congo samples are disproportionately urban; some countries exclude inaccessible areas. Several major Muslim populations, including India, Iran and Saudi Arabia, were not surveyed. No world total can be inferred. See the source methodology for country-specific sampling exclusions and margins of error. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.
Source: Pew: adult Muslim self-identification, surveys in 2008–2012
Something else — adult Muslim self-identification
0 % of Muslim adults latest value, 2011
Published weighted responses among Muslim adults aged 18+, Q31 and the published Q32 subtotal; not shares of all residents or all-age population counts. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; exact dates are in the table. Fourteen African samples date to 2008–2009 and the remaining samples to 2011–2012. Sunni/Shia self-identification differs from Pew’s 2009 ethnographic classification: “just a Muslim” is not reassigned to either. Zero is a rounded survey answer, not proof of an absent community. Ahmadiyya, Alevi, Bektashi and Aliran Kepercayaan are volunteered (VOL.) responses. Sufi affiliation is a separate question and overlaps Sunni/Shia identities; do not add it to Q31. Thailand covers only five southern provinces and is a region, never a country chart point. Chad and DR Congo samples are disproportionately urban; some countries exclude inaccessible areas. Several major Muslim populations, including India, Iran and Saudi Arabia, were not surveyed. No world total can be inferred. See the source methodology for country-specific sampling exclusions and margins of error. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.
Source: Pew: adult Muslim self-identification, surveys in 2008–2012
Nothing in particular — adult Muslim self-identification
11 % of Muslim adults latest value, 2011
Published weighted responses among Muslim adults aged 18+, Q31 and the published Q32 subtotal; not shares of all residents or all-age population counts. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; exact dates are in the table. Fourteen African samples date to 2008–2009 and the remaining samples to 2011–2012. Sunni/Shia self-identification differs from Pew’s 2009 ethnographic classification: “just a Muslim” is not reassigned to either. Zero is a rounded survey answer, not proof of an absent community. Ahmadiyya, Alevi, Bektashi and Aliran Kepercayaan are volunteered (VOL.) responses. Sufi affiliation is a separate question and overlaps Sunni/Shia identities; do not add it to Q31. Thailand covers only five southern provinces and is a region, never a country chart point. Chad and DR Congo samples are disproportionately urban; some countries exclude inaccessible areas. Several major Muslim populations, including India, Iran and Saudi Arabia, were not surveyed. No world total can be inferred. See the source methodology for country-specific sampling exclusions and margins of error. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.
Source: Pew: adult Muslim self-identification, surveys in 2008–2012
Just a Muslim — adult Muslim self-identification
45 % of Muslim adults latest value, 2011
Published weighted responses among Muslim adults aged 18+, Q31 and the published Q32 subtotal; not shares of all residents or all-age population counts. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; exact dates are in the table. Fourteen African samples date to 2008–2009 and the remaining samples to 2011–2012. Sunni/Shia self-identification differs from Pew’s 2009 ethnographic classification: “just a Muslim” is not reassigned to either. Zero is a rounded survey answer, not proof of an absent community. Ahmadiyya, Alevi, Bektashi and Aliran Kepercayaan are volunteered (VOL.) responses. Sufi affiliation is a separate question and overlaps Sunni/Shia identities; do not add it to Q31. Thailand covers only five southern provinces and is a region, never a country chart point. Chad and DR Congo samples are disproportionately urban; some countries exclude inaccessible areas. Several major Muslim populations, including India, Iran and Saudi Arabia, were not surveyed. No world total can be inferred. See the source methodology for country-specific sampling exclusions and margins of error. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.
Source: Pew: adult Muslim self-identification, surveys in 2008–2012
Don’t know or refused — adult Muslim self-identification
8 % of Muslim adults latest value, 2011
Published weighted responses among Muslim adults aged 18+, Q31 and the published Q32 subtotal; not shares of all residents or all-age population counts. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; exact dates are in the table. Fourteen African samples date to 2008–2009 and the remaining samples to 2011–2012. Sunni/Shia self-identification differs from Pew’s 2009 ethnographic classification: “just a Muslim” is not reassigned to either. Zero is a rounded survey answer, not proof of an absent community. Ahmadiyya, Alevi, Bektashi and Aliran Kepercayaan are volunteered (VOL.) responses. Sufi affiliation is a separate question and overlaps Sunni/Shia identities; do not add it to Q31. Thailand covers only five southern provinces and is a region, never a country chart point. Chad and DR Congo samples are disproportionately urban; some countries exclude inaccessible areas. Several major Muslim populations, including India, Iran and Saudi Arabia, were not surveyed. No world total can be inferred. See the source methodology for country-specific sampling exclusions and margins of error. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.
Source: Pew: adult Muslim self-identification, surveys in 2008–2012
Affiliated with a Sufi order — adult Muslim self-identification
19 % of Muslim adults latest value, 2011
Published weighted responses among Muslim adults aged 18+, Q31 and the published Q32 subtotal; not shares of all residents or all-age population counts. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; exact dates are in the table. Fourteen African samples date to 2008–2009 and the remaining samples to 2011–2012. Sunni/Shia self-identification differs from Pew’s 2009 ethnographic classification: “just a Muslim” is not reassigned to either. Zero is a rounded survey answer, not proof of an absent community. Ahmadiyya, Alevi, Bektashi and Aliran Kepercayaan are volunteered (VOL.) responses. Sufi affiliation is a separate question and overlaps Sunni/Shia identities; do not add it to Q31. Thailand covers only five southern provinces and is a region, never a country chart point. Chad and DR Congo samples are disproportionately urban; some countries exclude inaccessible areas. Several major Muslim populations, including India, Iran and Saudi Arabia, were not surveyed. No world total can be inferred. See the source methodology for country-specific sampling exclusions and margins of error. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.
Source: Pew: adult Muslim self-identification, surveys in 2008–2012
Internet and communication freedom
Communication restrictions: documented cases
19 documented cases a year latest value, 2025
Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.
Full-network restrictions
11 documented cases a year latest value, 2025
Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.
Service-based restrictions
9 documented cases a year latest value, 2025
Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.
Intentional throttling
3 documented cases a year latest value, 2025
Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.
Mobile internet restrictions
19 documented cases a year latest value, 2025
Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.
Broadband internet restrictions
11 documented cases a year latest value, 2025
Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.
SMS restrictions
0 documented cases a year latest value, 2025
Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.
Phone-call restrictions
0 documented cases a year latest value, 2025
Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.
Facebook restrictions
1 documented cases a year latest value, 2025
Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.
X / Twitter restrictions
2 documented cases a year latest value, 2025
Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.
WhatsApp restrictions
1 documented cases a year latest value, 2025
Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.
Instagram restrictions
1 documented cases a year latest value, 2025
Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.
Telegram restrictions
2 documented cases a year latest value, 2025
Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.
Restrictions linked to protests
0 documented cases a year latest value, 2025
Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.
Restrictions linked to elections
0 documented cases a year latest value, 2025
Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.
Restrictions linked to conflict
7 documented cases a year latest value, 2025
Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.
Restrictions linked to exams
0 documented cases a year latest value, 2025
Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.
Internet freedom: overall score
17 points out of 100 latest value, 2025
Freedom House expert assessment; higher scores mean more freedom, not a percentage of people or sites. Year denotes the edition, assessing June 1 of the previous year through May 31 of that year. Total is access (0–25) plus content (0–35) plus user rights (0–40). Country coverage is neither a random sample nor the entire world. History starts in 2019, when the source reversed its scale; the 2025 production process was reduced due to budget constraints. Detailed questions cover 2025 only; gaps remain missing.
Internet freedom: access score
10 points out of 25 latest value, 2025
Freedom House expert assessment; higher scores mean more freedom, not a percentage of people or sites. Year denotes the edition, assessing June 1 of the previous year through May 31 of that year. Total is access (0–25) plus content (0–35) plus user rights (0–40). Country coverage is neither a random sample nor the entire world. History starts in 2019, when the source reversed its scale; the 2025 production process was reduced due to budget constraints. Detailed questions cover 2025 only; gaps remain missing.
Internet freedom: content score
4 points out of 35 latest value, 2025
Freedom House expert assessment; higher scores mean more freedom, not a percentage of people or sites. Year denotes the edition, assessing June 1 of the previous year through May 31 of that year. Total is access (0–25) plus content (0–35) plus user rights (0–40). Country coverage is neither a random sample nor the entire world. History starts in 2019, when the source reversed its scale; the 2025 production process was reduced due to budget constraints. Detailed questions cover 2025 only; gaps remain missing.
Internet freedom: user-rights score
3 points out of 40 latest value, 2025
Freedom House expert assessment; higher scores mean more freedom, not a percentage of people or sites. Year denotes the edition, assessing June 1 of the previous year through May 31 of that year. Total is access (0–25) plus content (0–35) plus user rights (0–40). Country coverage is neither a random sample nor the entire world. History starts in 2019, when the source reversed its scale; the 2025 production process was reduced due to budget constraints. Detailed questions cover 2025 only; gaps remain missing.
Connectivity freedom: infrastructure control
2 points out of 6 latest value, 2025
Freedom House expert assessment; higher scores mean more freedom, not a percentage of people or sites. Year denotes the edition, assessing June 1 of the previous year through May 31 of that year. Total is access (0–25) plus content (0–35) plus user rights (0–40). Country coverage is neither a random sample nor the entire world. History starts in 2019, when the source reversed its scale; the 2025 production process was reduced due to budget constraints. Detailed questions cover 2025 only; gaps remain missing.
Content freedom: website and VPN blocking
0 points out of 6 latest value, 2025
Freedom House expert assessment; higher scores mean more freedom, not a percentage of people or sites. Year denotes the edition, assessing June 1 of the previous year through May 31 of that year. Total is access (0–25) plus content (0–35) plus user rights (0–40). Country coverage is neither a random sample nor the entire world. History starts in 2019, when the source reversed its scale; the 2025 production process was reduced due to budget constraints. Detailed questions cover 2025 only; gaps remain missing.
Content freedom: forced removal
0 points out of 4 latest value, 2025
Freedom House expert assessment; higher scores mean more freedom, not a percentage of people or sites. Year denotes the edition, assessing June 1 of the previous year through May 31 of that year. Total is access (0–25) plus content (0–35) plus user rights (0–40). Country coverage is neither a random sample nor the entire world. History starts in 2019, when the source reversed its scale; the 2025 production process was reduced due to budget constraints. Detailed questions cover 2025 only; gaps remain missing.
Online rights: punishment for online activity
1 points out of 6 latest value, 2025
Freedom House expert assessment; higher scores mean more freedom, not a percentage of people or sites. Year denotes the edition, assessing June 1 of the previous year through May 31 of that year. Total is access (0–25) plus content (0–35) plus user rights (0–40). Country coverage is neither a random sample nor the entire world. History starts in 2019, when the source reversed its scale; the 2025 production process was reduced due to budget constraints. Detailed questions cover 2025 only; gaps remain missing.
Online rights: anonymity and encryption
0 points out of 4 latest value, 2025
Freedom House expert assessment; higher scores mean more freedom, not a percentage of people or sites. Year denotes the edition, assessing June 1 of the previous year through May 31 of that year. Total is access (0–25) plus content (0–35) plus user rights (0–40). Country coverage is neither a random sample nor the entire world. History starts in 2019, when the source reversed its scale; the 2025 production process was reduced due to budget constraints. Detailed questions cover 2025 only; gaps remain missing.
Online rights: state surveillance
1 points out of 6 latest value, 2025
Freedom House expert assessment; higher scores mean more freedom, not a percentage of people or sites. Year denotes the edition, assessing June 1 of the previous year through May 31 of that year. Total is access (0–25) plus content (0–35) plus user rights (0–40). Country coverage is neither a random sample nor the entire world. History starts in 2019, when the source reversed its scale; the 2025 production process was reduced due to budget constraints. Detailed questions cover 2025 only; gaps remain missing.
Markets and valuations
Equity price change (WDI)
−54.6 % per year latest value, 2022
Annual equity index price change, without adding dividends. WDI describes USD S&P BMI indices but separately specifies local prices and CAC40, DAX, Nikkei, FTSE and S&P500 for France, Germany, Japan, the UK and US. Do not treat all countries as one USD portfolio. Coverage and currency bases differ; a historical sample, not live quotes. Source definition: S&P Global Equity Indices measure the U.S. dollar price change in the stock markets covered by the S&P BMI country indices.
Stock market capitalisation / GDP
31.79 % of GDP latest value, 2023
Year-end market value of listed domestic equities divided by annual GDP: a stock/flow ratio, not P/E or a bubble diagnosis. Foreign revenues and the share of business outside exchanges vary across countries. India, 2025: WDI reports USD 10.56 trillion of capitalisation, while NSE Market Pulse January 2026 reports about USD 5.3 trillion for India. The reason is unresolved. That year’s capitalisation and capitalisation/GDP are retained in the typed dataset with quality=source_discrepancy but excluded from annual charts and automatic analysis pending review. Source definition: Market capitalization (also known as market value) is the share price times the number of shares outstanding (including their several classes) for listed domestic companies. Investment funds, unit trusts, and companies whose only business goal is to hold shares of other listed companies are excluded. Data are end of year values.
Listed domestic equity capitalisation
650.49 US$ bn latest value, 2023
Price times outstanding shares at year end, in current US dollars. Funds and companies that only hold other companies’ shares are excluded. Changes include repricing, listings, delistings and exchange rates; this is not portfolio return. India, 2025: WDI reports USD 10.56 trillion of capitalisation, while NSE Market Pulse January 2026 reports about USD 5.3 trillion for India. The reason is unresolved. That year’s capitalisation and capitalisation/GDP are retained in the typed dataset with quality=source_discrepancy but excluded from annual charts and automatic analysis pending review. Source definition: Market capitalization (also known as market value) is the share price times the number of shares outstanding (including their several classes) for listed domestic companies. Investment funds, unit trusts, and companies whose only business goal is to hold shares of other listed companies are excluded. Data are end of year values converted to U.S. dollars using corresponding year-end foreign exchange rates.
Equity trading value / GDP
10.48 % of GDP latest value, 2023
Annual value of domestic and foreign shares traded divided by GDP, counting one side of each transaction. Trading volume is neither market capitalisation nor invested savings. Source definition: The value of shares traded is the total number of shares traded, both domestic and foreign, multiplied by their respective matching prices. Figures are single counted (only one side of the transaction is considered). Companies admitted to listing and admitted to trading are included in the data. Data are end of year values.
Domestic equity turnover ratio
32.96 % per year latest value, 2023
Domestic shares traded relative to their capitalisation; WDI annualises the monthly average by multiplying by 12. High turnover measures trading activity, not investment return. Source definition: Turnover ratio is the value of domestic shares traded divided by their market capitalization. The value is annualized by multiplying the monthly average by 12.
Listed domestic companies
194 companies latest value, 2023
Companies with listed shares at year end, including foreign companies exclusively listed locally. Multiple share classes count as one company; investment funds are excluded. Source definition: Listed domestic companies, including foreign companies which are exclusively listed, are those which have shares listed on an exchange at the end of the year. Investment funds, unit trusts, and companies whose only business goal is to hold shares of other listed companies, such as holding companies and investment companies, regardless of their legal status, are excluded. A company with several classes of shares is counted once. Only companies admitted to listing on the exchange are included.
Private-sector credit / GDP
54.64 % of GDP latest value, 2021
Financial resources supplied to the private sector by financial corporations relative to GDP. Includes loans and other debt claims; country coverage differs. Neither government debt nor mortgages alone. Source definition: Domestic credit to private sector refers to financial resources provided to the private sector by financial corporations, such as through loans, purchases of nonequity securities, and trade credits and other accounts receivable, that establish a claim for repayment. For some countries these claims include credit to public enterprises. The financial corporations include monetary authorities and deposit money banks, as well as other financial corporations where data are available (including corporations that do not accept transferable deposits but do incur such liabilities as time and savings deposits). Examples of other financial corporations are finance and leasing companies, money lenders, insurance corporations, pension funds, and foreign exchange companies. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.
Bank nonperforming loans
4.51 % of gross loans latest value, 2023
Loans 90+ days overdue or unlikely to be repaid in full divided by gross loans, before provisions and collateral deductions. National rules and coverage can differ. Source definition: The indicator measures the proportion of a deposit taker’s loan portfolio that is impaired or at risk of default. It is calculated as the ratio of non-performing loans (NPLs) to total gross loans, where NPLs are defined as loans that are past due by 90 days or more or are otherwise considered unlikely to be repaid in full without the realization of collateral. Both non-performing loans and total gross loans should be reported at their gross book value, without deducting for loan-loss provisions or collateral. This indicator provides a key measure of asset quality and potential credit risk in the banking system.
Equities: latest month (OECD)
190.94 2015 = 100 latest value, 2026
The annual axis selects the last published month of each year, labelled with its actual date. The current year is incomplete; this is neither a full-year mean nor a live quote. OECD national indices, normally monthly means of daily closes, 2015 = 100. Index composition differs across countries; dividends are not added. Index changes are not total-market capitalisation growth. Monthly averages smooth intramonth falls.
Long-term yields: latest month (OECD)
7.62 % per year latest value, 2018
The annual axis selects the last published month of each year, labelled with its actual date. The current year is incomplete; this is neither a full-year mean nor a live quote. National-currency long-term government bond rates, normally around ten years, monthly national-source observations. Maturity, coverage and methodology vary by country. A quoted yield is not investor total return.
Nominal residential property prices
216.3 index, 2010 = 100 latest value, 2025
BIS residential property prices in local currency, without inflation adjustment. Mean of four quarters; incomplete years omitted. Housing coverage and methods differ across countries. Compare with BIS real prices; excludes rental income and does not establish a bubble.
Industry and waste
Municipal waste per person
558 kg per person a year latest value, 2012
Municipal waste generated in the year per inhabitant. Municipal waste is collected by or on behalf of municipalities: household waste and similar waste of shops, offices and institutions. Industrial, construction and mining waste are outside it; national scopes differ. OECD, MUNW.
Source: OECD, Municipal waste: generation and treatment (MUNW)
Industrial production (OECD index)
116.7 index, 2015 = 100 latest value, 2021
Industrial output volume — mining, manufacturing, electricity, gas and water (ISIC B-E), annual average, 2015 = 100. It tracks physical volume, not revenue; compare countries by their change, not by their level. OECD short-term statistics (production volume, not seasonally adjusted).
Source: OECD short-term statistics: industrial production index
Manufacturing, share of GDP
13.7 % of GDP latest value, 2025
Manufacturing value added (ISIC section C: factories, excluding mining, utilities and construction) as a percentage of GDP. The share can fall while output grows if the rest of the economy grows faster. World Bank, WDI. Source note: Manufacturing includes industries classified in ISIC (Rev. 3) major division C and is defined as the physical or chemical transformation of materials or components into new products. Value added is the contribution to the economy by a producer or an industry or an institutional sector, which is estimated by the total value of output produced and deducting the total value of intermediate consumption of goods and services used to produce that output. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.
Industry incl. construction, share of GDP
29.7 % of GDP latest value, 2025
Value added of industry in the broad sense (mining, manufacturing, utilities and construction; ISIC B-F) as a percentage of GDP. World Bank, WDI. Source note: Industry (including construction) corresponds to ISIC (Rev.4) divisions 05-43. It is comprised of mining, manufacturing, construction, electricity, water, and gas industries. Value added is the contribution to the economy by a producer or an industry or an institutional sector, which is estimated by the total value of output produced and deducting the total value of intermediate consumption of goods and services used to produce that output. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.
Manufacturing value added per person
1,669 constant 2015 US$ per person latest value, 2025
Manufacturing value added at constant 2015 US dollars divided by population (UN WPP 2024): factory output net of inputs, not revenue. World Bank, WDI. Source note: Manufacturing includes industries classified in ISIC (Rev. 3) major division C and is defined as the physical or chemical transformation of materials or components into new products. Value added is the contribution to the economy by a producer or an industry or an institutional sector, which is estimated by the total value of output produced and deducting the total value of intermediate consumption of goods and services used to produce that output. This indicator is expressed in constant prices, meaning the series has been adjusted to account for price changes over time. The reference year for this adjustment is 2015. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.
Manufacturing value added per person (UNIDO)
1,678 constant 2020 US$ per person latest value, 2025
Manufacturing value added (ISIC section C) per person at constant 2020 US dollars. UNIDO National Accounts Database via the UN SDG database (indicator 9.2.1). Differs from the World Bank series by its base year (2020 rather than 2015) and UNIDO estimates for countries without recent accounts. Series: Manufacturing value added per capita (constant 2020 United States dollars).
Source: UNIDO via the UN SDG database: manufacturing value added
Manufacturing, share of GDP (UNIDO)
14.2 % of GDP latest value, 2025
Manufacturing value added as a percentage of GDP, constant prices. UNIDO via the UN SDG database (indicator 9.2.1). Series: Manufacturing value added (constant 2020 United States dollars) as a proportion of GDP (%).
Source: UNIDO via the UN SDG database: manufacturing value added
Oil production
523.3 million tonnes a year latest value, 2025
Crude oil, shale oil, oil sands, condensates and natural gas liquids (NGLs), million tonnes a year. Source: Energy Institute, Statistical Review of World Energy 2026 (via the Our World in Data copy).
Source: Energy Institute: Statistical Review of World Energy 2026
Natural gas production
609.4 billion cubic metres a year latest value, 2025
Marketed natural gas production, excluding gas flared or reinjected, billion cubic metres a year. Source: Energy Institute, Statistical Review of World Energy 2026 (via the Our World in Data copy).
Source: Energy Institute: Statistical Review of World Energy 2026
Coal production
429.2 million tonnes a year latest value, 2025
Hard coal and lignite in physical tonnes (not adjusted for energy content), million tonnes a year. Source: Energy Institute, Statistical Review of World Energy 2026 (via the Our World in Data copy).
Source: Energy Institute: Statistical Review of World Energy 2026
Rare earths production
2.6 thousand tonnes of oxides a year latest value, 2025
Rare earth mine production, rare earth oxide equivalent, thousand tonnes a year. Source: Energy Institute, Statistical Review of World Energy 2026 (via the Our World in Data copy).
Source: Energy Institute: Statistical Review of World Energy 2026
Crude steel production
67.9 million tonnes a year latest value, 2025
Crude steel output by all processes (basic oxygen and electric arc furnaces), million tonnes a year. The 20 largest producers of the latest year and the world; each year from the newest World Steel in Figures edition. Source: World Steel Association.
Source: World Steel Association: World Steel in Figures and Short Range Outlook
Cement production
59,000 thousand tonnes a year latest value, 2025
Portland and other hydraulic cement, thousand tonnes a year. USGS rounds large values (China to 100 million tonnes); the latest year of each edition is an estimate. US Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries.
Source: US Geological Survey: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2020–2026
Primary aluminium production
3,900 thousand tonnes a year latest value, 2025
Primary aluminium smelter production (excluding secondary metal from scrap), thousand tonnes a year; the latest year of each edition is a USGS estimate. US Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries.
Source: US Geological Survey: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2020–2026
Copper mine production
1,300 thousand tonnes of copper a year latest value, 2025
Copper mine production, copper content, thousand tonnes a year; the latest year of each edition is a USGS estimate. US Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries.
Source: US Geological Survey: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2020–2026
Municipal waste per person (World Bank)
315 kg per person a year latest value, 2022
Municipal solid waste generation, kg per person a year (kg a day × 365). Municipal solid waste: households plus similar waste from shops, institutions and streets — excluding industrial, construction and mining waste. One reported year a country, the years differ. World Bank, What a Waste 3.0 (2026).
Municipal waste left uncollected
11 % of municipal waste generated latest value, 2022
Share of municipal waste that is not collected: burned, buried or dumped where it is generated. Municipal solid waste: households plus similar waste from shops, institutions and streets — excluding industrial, construction and mining waste. One reported year a country, the years differ. World Bank, What a Waste 3.0 (2026).
Municipal waste sent to recycling
7 % of municipal waste latest value, 2022
Share of municipal waste sent to recycling, as reported by the country. Sent is not the same as recycled: sorting rejects and exports are included; composting and incineration are not. Municipal solid waste: households plus similar waste from shops, institutions and streets — excluding industrial, construction and mining waste. One reported year a country, the years differ. World Bank, What a Waste 3.0 (2026).
Education and skills
PISA: reading, mean score of 15-year-olds
479 PISA points latest value, 2018
Mean score in the OECD PISA test of reading literacy. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. PISA scale: in the cycle when the domain was first the major one (2000) the OECD mean = 500, standard deviation = 100; the series is comparable from 2000. A 10-15 point change between cycles is often within the error (standard errors and significance are in the education_pisa dataset). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.
PISA: mathematics, mean score of 15-year-olds
488 PISA points latest value, 2018
Mean score in the OECD PISA test of mathematical literacy. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. PISA scale: in the cycle when the domain was first the major one (2003) the OECD mean = 500, standard deviation = 100; the series is comparable from 2003. A 10-15 point change between cycles is often within the error (standard errors and significance are in the education_pisa dataset). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.
PISA: science, mean score of 15-year-olds
478 PISA points latest value, 2018
Mean score in the OECD PISA test of scientific literacy. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. PISA scale: in the cycle when the domain was first the major one (2006) the OECD mean = 500, standard deviation = 100; the series is comparable from 2006. A 10-15 point change between cycles is often within the error (standard errors and significance are in the education_pisa dataset). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.
PISA: reading, share of 15-year-olds below baseline
22.1 % of students latest value, 2018
Share of 15-year-olds who did not reach Level 2 in the PISA reading literacy test (below 407 points) — the level the OECD treats as the baseline for full participation in life and learning. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. Shares are comparable from 2009 (for reading, the latest OECD reports give shares only from 2009). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.
PISA: mathematics, share of 15-year-olds below baseline
21.6 % of students latest value, 2018
Share of 15-year-olds who did not reach Level 2 in the PISA mathematical literacy test (below 420 points) — the level the OECD treats as the baseline for full participation in life and learning. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. Shares are comparable from 2003 (for reading, the latest OECD reports give shares only from 2009). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.
PISA: science, share of 15-year-olds below baseline
21.2 % of students latest value, 2018
Share of 15-year-olds who did not reach Level 2 in the PISA scientific literacy test (below 410 points) — the level the OECD treats as the baseline for full participation in life and learning. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. Shares are comparable from 2006 (for reading, the latest OECD reports give shares only from 2009). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.
PISA: mathematics, share of top performers (Levels 5-6)
8.1 % of students latest value, 2018
Share of 15-year-olds reaching Level 5 or 6 in the PISA mathematics test (607 points or more): they solve complex modelling and reasoning tasks. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. Shares are comparable from 2003. In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.
TIMSS: mathematics, grade 4
567 TIMSS score latest value, 2019
Average score of students in their fourth year of school (usually grade 4, about 10 years old) in the international TIMSS mathematics test. The TIMSS scale was set in 1995: 500 is the mean of that cycle's countries and 100 points is one standard deviation; the test is repeated every 4 years, and a country's scores from different cycles are comparable when IEA includes them in its trend table. Year is the test year. In 2019 about half the countries tested on computer (eTIMSS), linked to paper through a bridge sample; in 2023 almost all did. Some countries test the next grade up (Norway, South Africa, Turkey) to keep the average age above the IEA minimum. Values IEA flags as not reliably measured (more than 25% of students too low to estimate) are left out. Russia took part until 2019 and is not in TIMSS 2023. Figures come from the TIMSS 2023 trend tables; for countries absent in 2023, from the TIMSS 2019 report. Source: IEA, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.
Source: IEA Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)
TIMSS: mathematics, grade 8
543 TIMSS score latest value, 2019
Average score of students in their eighth year of school (usually grade 8, about 14 years old) in the international TIMSS mathematics test. The TIMSS scale was set in 1995: 500 is the mean of that cycle's countries and 100 points is one standard deviation; the test is repeated every 4 years, and a country's scores from different cycles are comparable when IEA includes them in its trend table. Year is the test year. In 2019 about half the countries tested on computer (eTIMSS), linked to paper through a bridge sample; in 2023 almost all did. Some countries test the next grade up (Norway, South Africa, Turkey) to keep the average age above the IEA minimum. Values IEA flags as not reliably measured (more than 25% of students too low to estimate) are left out. Russia took part until 2019 and is not in TIMSS 2023. Figures come from the TIMSS 2023 trend tables; for countries absent in 2023, from the TIMSS 2019 report. Source: IEA, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.
Source: IEA Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)
TIMSS: grade 8 students below the Low benchmark in mathematics
4 % of students latest value, 2019
Share of students in their eighth year of school (about 14) who score below 400 TIMSS points in mathematics, the Low International Benchmark: basic whole-number operations and reading simple graphs. Computed as 100 minus the IEA-published percentage reaching 400 (whole percentages). The TIMSS scale was set in 1995: 500 is the mean of that cycle's countries and 100 points is one standard deviation; the test is repeated every 4 years, and a country's scores from different cycles are comparable when IEA includes them in its trend table. Year is the test year. In 2019 about half the countries tested on computer (eTIMSS), linked to paper through a bridge sample; in 2023 almost all did. Some countries test the next grade up (Norway, South Africa, Turkey) to keep the average age above the IEA minimum. Values IEA flags as not reliably measured (more than 25% of students too low to estimate) are left out. Russia took part until 2019 and is not in TIMSS 2023. Figures come from the TIMSS 2023 trend tables; for countries absent in 2023, from the TIMSS 2019 report. Source: IEA, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.
Source: IEA Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)
TIMSS: science, grade 4
567 TIMSS score latest value, 2019
Average score of students in their fourth year of school (usually grade 4, about 10 years old) in the international TIMSS science test. The TIMSS scale was set in 1995: 500 is the mean of that cycle's countries and 100 points is one standard deviation; the test is repeated every 4 years, and a country's scores from different cycles are comparable when IEA includes them in its trend table. Year is the test year. In 2019 about half the countries tested on computer (eTIMSS), linked to paper through a bridge sample; in 2023 almost all did. Some countries test the next grade up (Norway, South Africa, Turkey) to keep the average age above the IEA minimum. Values IEA flags as not reliably measured (more than 25% of students too low to estimate) are left out. Russia took part until 2019 and is not in TIMSS 2023. Figures come from the TIMSS 2023 trend tables; for countries absent in 2023, from the TIMSS 2019 report. Source: IEA, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.
Source: IEA Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)
TIMSS: science, grade 8
543 TIMSS score latest value, 2019
Average score of students in their eighth year of school (usually grade 8, about 14 years old) in the international TIMSS science test. The TIMSS scale was set in 1995: 500 is the mean of that cycle's countries and 100 points is one standard deviation; the test is repeated every 4 years, and a country's scores from different cycles are comparable when IEA includes them in its trend table. Year is the test year. In 2019 about half the countries tested on computer (eTIMSS), linked to paper through a bridge sample; in 2023 almost all did. Some countries test the next grade up (Norway, South Africa, Turkey) to keep the average age above the IEA minimum. Values IEA flags as not reliably measured (more than 25% of students too low to estimate) are left out. Russia took part until 2019 and is not in TIMSS 2023. Figures come from the TIMSS 2023 trend tables; for countries absent in 2023, from the TIMSS 2019 report. Source: IEA, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.
Source: IEA Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)
PIRLS: reading, grade 4
567 PIRLS score latest value, 2021
Average score of students in their fourth year of school (usually grade 4, about 10 years old) in the international PIRLS reading comprehension test. The PIRLS scale was set in 2001: 500 is the mean of that cycle's countries and 100 points is one standard deviation; the test is repeated every 5 years, and a country's scores from different cycles are comparable when IEA includes them in its trend table. Year is the cycle year. In 2021, because of COVID-19, some countries tested the same children at the beginning of grade 5 (at least 4 months older: the United States, Ireland, Hungary, Croatia, Lithuania and others) and six tested a year later (England, Australia, Brazil, Iran, Israel, South Africa); about half the countries tested on computer (digitalPIRLS). Some countries test the next grade up (Norway, grade 5). Values IEA flags as not reliably measured (more than 25% of students too low to estimate) are left out. Russia took part in every cycle 2001-2021; Moscow City is a separate participant. Figures come from the PIRLS 2021 trend tables; for countries absent there, from the PIRLS 2016 report. Source: IEA, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.
Source: IEA Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)
PIRLS: grade 4 students below the Low reading benchmark
2 % of students latest value, 2021
Share of students in their fourth year of school (about 10) who score below 400 PIRLS points, the Low International Benchmark: finding an explicitly stated detail in a simple text. Computed as 100 minus the IEA-published percentage reaching 400 (whole percentages). The PIRLS scale was set in 2001: 500 is the mean of that cycle's countries and 100 points is one standard deviation; the test is repeated every 5 years, and a country's scores from different cycles are comparable when IEA includes them in its trend table. Year is the cycle year. In 2021, because of COVID-19, some countries tested the same children at the beginning of grade 5 (at least 4 months older: the United States, Ireland, Hungary, Croatia, Lithuania and others) and six tested a year later (England, Australia, Brazil, Iran, Israel, South Africa); about half the countries tested on computer (digitalPIRLS). Some countries test the next grade up (Norway, grade 5). Values IEA flags as not reliably measured (more than 25% of students too low to estimate) are left out. Russia took part in every cycle 2001-2021; Moscow City is a separate participant. Figures come from the PIRLS 2021 trend tables; for countries absent there, from the PIRLS 2016 report. Source: IEA, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.
Source: IEA Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)
Adult literacy (PIAAC)
275 PIAAC score points latest value, 2012
Mean literacy score of adults aged 16-65 in the OECD PIAAC test (reading and understanding texts). Adults aged 16-65, PIAAC scale 0-500. Year = year of data collection: cycle 1 - 2012 (Russia, Japan, Finland, US, ...), 2015 (Chile, Greece, Israel, Lithuania, New Zealand, Singapore, Slovenia, Turkey), 2017 (Hungary, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Kazakhstan and a separate US sample); cycle 2 - 2023 (fieldwork 2022-23, tablets only). The OECD treats literacy and numeracy as comparable across cycles (linked scales); the linking error is about 3 points. Cycle 1 values are as originally published (the 2023 report did not re-estimate them). For countries in both cycles 2023 excludes adults who only did the doorstep interview because of a language barrier, as in the OECD trend tables; for cycle-2-only countries (Latvia, Portugal, Switzerland, Croatia) the headline values are used. Belgium (only Flanders took part) and the UK (England, Northern Ireland) are not in the catalog. Russia: 2012, sample without Moscow; Russia did not take part in cycle 2.
Adult numeracy (PIAAC)
270 PIAAC score points latest value, 2012
Mean numeracy score of adults aged 16-65 in the OECD PIAAC test. Adults aged 16-65, PIAAC scale 0-500. Year = year of data collection: cycle 1 - 2012 (Russia, Japan, Finland, US, ...), 2015 (Chile, Greece, Israel, Lithuania, New Zealand, Singapore, Slovenia, Turkey), 2017 (Hungary, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Kazakhstan and a separate US sample); cycle 2 - 2023 (fieldwork 2022-23, tablets only). The OECD treats literacy and numeracy as comparable across cycles (linked scales); the linking error is about 3 points. Cycle 1 values are as originally published (the 2023 report did not re-estimate them). For countries in both cycles 2023 excludes adults who only did the doorstep interview because of a language barrier, as in the OECD trend tables; for cycle-2-only countries (Latvia, Portugal, Switzerland, Croatia) the headline values are used. Belgium (only Flanders took part) and the UK (England, Northern Ireland) are not in the catalog. Russia: 2012, sample without Moscow; Russia did not take part in cycle 2.
Literacy of young adults aged 16-24 (PIAAC)
274 PIAAC score points latest value, 2012
Mean literacy score of 16-24 year-olds. Adults aged 16-65, PIAAC scale 0-500. Year = year of data collection: cycle 1 - 2012 (Russia, Japan, Finland, US, ...), 2015 (Chile, Greece, Israel, Lithuania, New Zealand, Singapore, Slovenia, Turkey), 2017 (Hungary, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Kazakhstan and a separate US sample); cycle 2 - 2023 (fieldwork 2022-23, tablets only). The OECD treats literacy and numeracy as comparable across cycles (linked scales); the linking error is about 3 points. Cycle 1 values are as originally published (the 2023 report did not re-estimate them). For countries in both cycles 2023 excludes adults who only did the doorstep interview because of a language barrier, as in the OECD trend tables; for cycle-2-only countries (Latvia, Portugal, Switzerland, Croatia) the headline values are used. Belgium (only Flanders took part) and the UK (England, Northern Ireland) are not in the catalog. Russia: 2012, sample without Moscow; Russia did not take part in cycle 2.
Literacy of adults aged 55-65 (PIAAC)
275 PIAAC score points latest value, 2012
Mean literacy score of 55-65 year-olds. Adults aged 16-65, PIAAC scale 0-500. Year = year of data collection: cycle 1 - 2012 (Russia, Japan, Finland, US, ...), 2015 (Chile, Greece, Israel, Lithuania, New Zealand, Singapore, Slovenia, Turkey), 2017 (Hungary, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Kazakhstan and a separate US sample); cycle 2 - 2023 (fieldwork 2022-23, tablets only). The OECD treats literacy and numeracy as comparable across cycles (linked scales); the linking error is about 3 points. Cycle 1 values are as originally published (the 2023 report did not re-estimate them). For countries in both cycles 2023 excludes adults who only did the doorstep interview because of a language barrier, as in the OECD trend tables; for cycle-2-only countries (Latvia, Portugal, Switzerland, Croatia) the headline values are used. Belgium (only Flanders took part) and the UK (England, Northern Ireland) are not in the catalog. Russia: 2012, sample without Moscow; Russia did not take part in cycle 2.
Numeracy of young adults aged 16-24 (PIAAC)
273 PIAAC score points latest value, 2012
Mean numeracy score of 16-24 year-olds. Adults aged 16-65, PIAAC scale 0-500. Year = year of data collection: cycle 1 - 2012 (Russia, Japan, Finland, US, ...), 2015 (Chile, Greece, Israel, Lithuania, New Zealand, Singapore, Slovenia, Turkey), 2017 (Hungary, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Kazakhstan and a separate US sample); cycle 2 - 2023 (fieldwork 2022-23, tablets only). The OECD treats literacy and numeracy as comparable across cycles (linked scales); the linking error is about 3 points. Cycle 1 values are as originally published (the 2023 report did not re-estimate them). For countries in both cycles 2023 excludes adults who only did the doorstep interview because of a language barrier, as in the OECD trend tables; for cycle-2-only countries (Latvia, Portugal, Switzerland, Croatia) the headline values are used. Belgium (only Flanders took part) and the UK (England, Northern Ireland) are not in the catalog. Russia: 2012, sample without Moscow; Russia did not take part in cycle 2.
Numeracy of adults aged 55-65 (PIAAC)
267 PIAAC score points latest value, 2012
Mean numeracy score of 55-65 year-olds. Adults aged 16-65, PIAAC scale 0-500. Year = year of data collection: cycle 1 - 2012 (Russia, Japan, Finland, US, ...), 2015 (Chile, Greece, Israel, Lithuania, New Zealand, Singapore, Slovenia, Turkey), 2017 (Hungary, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Kazakhstan and a separate US sample); cycle 2 - 2023 (fieldwork 2022-23, tablets only). The OECD treats literacy and numeracy as comparable across cycles (linked scales); the linking error is about 3 points. Cycle 1 values are as originally published (the 2023 report did not re-estimate them). For countries in both cycles 2023 excludes adults who only did the doorstep interview because of a language barrier, as in the OECD trend tables; for cycle-2-only countries (Latvia, Portugal, Switzerland, Croatia) the headline values are used. Belgium (only Flanders took part) and the UK (England, Northern Ireland) are not in the catalog. Russia: 2012, sample without Moscow; Russia did not take part in cycle 2.
Adults with low literacy (PIAAC)
13 % of adults 16-65 latest value, 2012
Share of adults aged 16-65 at Level 1 or below in PIAAC literacy: they can handle only short, simple texts. In cycle 1 the share is of adults with a score (missing cases for language or reading difficulties excluded), as in the OECD 2023 trend tables. Adults aged 16-65, PIAAC scale 0-500. Year = year of data collection: cycle 1 - 2012 (Russia, Japan, Finland, US, ...), 2015 (Chile, Greece, Israel, Lithuania, New Zealand, Singapore, Slovenia, Turkey), 2017 (Hungary, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Kazakhstan and a separate US sample); cycle 2 - 2023 (fieldwork 2022-23, tablets only). The OECD treats literacy and numeracy as comparable across cycles (linked scales); the linking error is about 3 points. Cycle 1 values are as originally published (the 2023 report did not re-estimate them). For countries in both cycles 2023 excludes adults who only did the doorstep interview because of a language barrier, as in the OECD trend tables; for cycle-2-only countries (Latvia, Portugal, Switzerland, Croatia) the headline values are used. Belgium (only Flanders took part) and the UK (England, Northern Ireland) are not in the catalog. Russia: 2012, sample without Moscow; Russia did not take part in cycle 2.
HBSC: problematic social media use, 15-year-olds
8 % of pupils latest value, 2018
Share of 15-year-old pupils with six or more of the nine symptoms of the Social Media Disorder Scale (yes/no items: preoccupation, conflicts, lying about time spent and others). First asked in 2017/18. HBSC survey with the WHO Regional Office for Europe: pupils aged 11, 13 and 15 fill in a questionnaire in class, about 1500 per age group and country; waves 2013/14, 2017/18 and 2021/22 (charted at the end year). Value: prevalence for girls and boys combined, the value the HBSC data browser sorts countries by (its charts print whole percentages for girls and boys separately — those are in the education_hbsc dataset). The 2021/22 wave ran under COVID-19 with a relaxed age window (80% instead of 90% of pupils within half a year of the mean age). Participation varies: Russia 2013/14 and 2017/18, Ukraine up to 2017/18. England, Scotland, Wales and the two Belgian communities take part separately and are not shown here (they are in the dataset). Source: HBSC Data Browser; the same numbers are in the annexes of the WHO HBSC 2021/22 reports.
HBSC: continuous online contact with friends and others, 15-year-olds
37 % of pupils latest value, 2018
Share of 15-year-olds in online contact through social media "almost all the time throughout the day" with at least one of four groups: close friends, a larger friend group, friends met online, other people. A frequency of contact, not a symptom of addiction. First asked in 2017/18. HBSC survey with the WHO Regional Office for Europe: pupils aged 11, 13 and 15 fill in a questionnaire in class, about 1500 per age group and country; waves 2013/14, 2017/18 and 2021/22 (charted at the end year). Value: prevalence for girls and boys combined, the value the HBSC data browser sorts countries by (its charts print whole percentages for girls and boys separately — those are in the education_hbsc dataset). The 2021/22 wave ran under COVID-19 with a relaxed age window (80% instead of 90% of pupils within half a year of the mean age). Participation varies: Russia 2013/14 and 2017/18, Ukraine up to 2017/18. England, Scotland, Wales and the two Belgian communities take part separately and are not shown here (they are in the dataset). Source: HBSC Data Browser; the same numbers are in the annexes of the WHO HBSC 2021/22 reports.
HBSC: difficulty getting to sleep more than once a week, 15-year-olds
16 % of pupils latest value, 2018
Share of 15-year-olds who had difficulty getting to sleep more than once a week in the last six months ("about every day" or "more than once a week" of five options). A complaint about falling asleep, not sleep duration. HBSC survey with the WHO Regional Office for Europe: pupils aged 11, 13 and 15 fill in a questionnaire in class, about 1500 per age group and country; waves 2013/14, 2017/18 and 2021/22 (charted at the end year). Value: prevalence for girls and boys combined, the value the HBSC data browser sorts countries by (its charts print whole percentages for girls and boys separately — those are in the education_hbsc dataset). The 2021/22 wave ran under COVID-19 with a relaxed age window (80% instead of 90% of pupils within half a year of the mean age). Participation varies: Russia 2013/14 and 2017/18, Ukraine up to 2017/18. England, Scotland, Wales and the two Belgian communities take part separately and are not shown here (they are in the dataset). Source: HBSC Data Browser; the same numbers are in the annexes of the WHO HBSC 2021/22 reports.
HBSC: pressured by schoolwork, 15-year-olds
22 % of pupils latest value, 2018
Share of 15-year-olds who feel pressured by the schoolwork they have to do "some" or "a lot" (options: not at all, a little, some, a lot). HBSC survey with the WHO Regional Office for Europe: pupils aged 11, 13 and 15 fill in a questionnaire in class, about 1500 per age group and country; waves 2013/14, 2017/18 and 2021/22 (charted at the end year). Value: prevalence for girls and boys combined, the value the HBSC data browser sorts countries by (its charts print whole percentages for girls and boys separately — those are in the education_hbsc dataset). The 2021/22 wave ran under COVID-19 with a relaxed age window (80% instead of 90% of pupils within half a year of the mean age). Participation varies: Russia 2013/14 and 2017/18, Ukraine up to 2017/18. England, Scotland, Wales and the two Belgian communities take part separately and are not shown here (they are in the dataset). Source: HBSC Data Browser; the same numbers are in the annexes of the WHO HBSC 2021/22 reports.
HBSC: like school a lot, 15-year-olds
13 % of pupils latest value, 2018
Share of 15-year-olds who answered "I like it a lot" to "how do you feel about school at present" (four options, down to "I don't like it at all"). HBSC survey with the WHO Regional Office for Europe: pupils aged 11, 13 and 15 fill in a questionnaire in class, about 1500 per age group and country; waves 2013/14, 2017/18 and 2021/22 (charted at the end year). Value: prevalence for girls and boys combined, the value the HBSC data browser sorts countries by (its charts print whole percentages for girls and boys separately — those are in the education_hbsc dataset). The 2021/22 wave ran under COVID-19 with a relaxed age window (80% instead of 90% of pupils within half a year of the mean age). Participation varies: Russia 2013/14 and 2017/18, Ukraine up to 2017/18. England, Scotland, Wales and the two Belgian communities take part separately and are not shown here (they are in the dataset). Source: HBSC Data Browser; the same numbers are in the annexes of the WHO HBSC 2021/22 reports.
Education and work
Unemployment aged 25 and over: basic education (ILO)
5.4 % of labour force latest value, 2025
Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25 and over with basic education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, UNE_DEAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.
Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)
Unemployment aged 25 and over: intermediate education (ILO)
2 % of labour force latest value, 2025
Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25 and over with intermediate education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, UNE_DEAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.
Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)
Unemployment aged 25 and over: advanced (tertiary) education (ILO)
1.2 % of labour force latest value, 2025
Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25 and over with advanced (tertiary) education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, UNE_DEAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.
Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)
Unemployment aged 15-24: basic education (ILO)
11.1 % of labour force latest value, 2025
Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 15-24 with basic education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, UNE_DEAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.
Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)
Unemployment aged 15-24: advanced (tertiary) education (ILO)
7.5 % of labour force latest value, 2025
Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 15-24 with advanced (tertiary) education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, UNE_DEAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.
Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)
Employment aged 25 and over: basic education (ILO)
34.7 % of population latest value, 2025
Employed as a share of the population, people aged 25 and over with basic education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, EMP_DWAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.
Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)
Employment aged 25 and over: advanced (tertiary) education (ILO)
79.4 % of population latest value, 2025
Employed as a share of the population, people aged 25 and over with advanced (tertiary) education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, EMP_DWAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.
Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)
In-depth checks
This country has in-depth checks against archives of national projections:
- Russia · TFR
- Russia · births
- Russia · population
- Russia · population (pre-2015)
- Russia · births (all editions)
- Russia · fertility (all editions)
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- Russia · inflation (Bank of Russia)
- Russia · the policy rate (Bank of Russia)
- Russia · dollar rate (budget)
- Russia · Urals oil (budget)
- Russia · GDP growth (budget)
- Russia · inflation (budget)
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