North Macedonia

Births

16.9k

births per year, 2023

Total fertility rate

1.47

children per woman, 2023

Median age

40.3

years, 2023

UN DESA, International Migrant Stock 2024

International migrants, share

8.3

% of population, 2024

Internet users

93.1

% of population, 2025

World Bank, World Development Indicators

GDP per capita, PPP

25,095

constant 2021 international $, 2025

World Bank, World Development Indicators

Electricity demand per person

4,675

kWh per person a year, 2025

Ember, Yearly Electricity Data

What the data shows

Computed with the same code as the observations under the main chart and in the API (get_insights). Moving together in time does not prove a cause.

How the indicators changed

Fertility (TFR): 5.14 in 1950 → 1.47 in 2023 (−71%). Thresholds: below 2.1 since 1996, below 1.5 since 2023. The trend broke around 1956 and 1979: −0.18 → −0.07 → −0.02 a year.
Births: 47k in 1950 → 16.9k in 2023 (−64%). The trend broke around 1992 and 1999: −0.21k → −1.24k → −0.38k a year.
Population: 1.25M in 1950 → 1.83M in 2023 (+47%). Peak: 2.09M in 2005; the latest value is 12% lower. The trend broke around 1985 and 2009: +22.8k → +2.38k → −17.9k a year.
Internet: 0% in 1990 → 93.1% in 2025 (+93 pp). Thresholds: above 10% since 2002, above 50% since 2009, above 90% since 2024. Fastest growth in 2006–2011: 28.6% → 56.7%.
Urban share: 34% in 1960 → 62.9% in 2025 (+29 pp). Threshold: above 50% since 1974. The trend broke around 1971 and 1989: +1.4 → +0.47 → +0.09 a year.
GDP per person (PPP): 12,904 PPP dollars in 1990 → 25,095 PPP dollars in 2025 (+94%). Low: 10,501 PPP dollars in 1995; +139% since then. The trend broke around 1996 and 2003: −350 → +313 → +552 a year.
GDP growth: on average 0.0% in the 1990s, 3.1% in the 2000s, 2.6% in the 2010s, 1.9% in the 2020s. Lowest: −7.5% in 1993; highest: 6.5% in 2007.
Inflation: on average 69.2% in the 1990s, 2.7% in the 2000s, 1.4% in the 2010s, 5.9% in the 2020s. Lowest: −1.3% in 1999; highest: 338.7% in 1993.
Net migration: on average −6.88k a year in the 1950s, −5.51k a year in the 1960s, −1.04k a year in the 1970s, −10.6k a year in the 1980s, −18.3k a year in the 1990s, −7.28k a year in the 2000s, −21.7k a year in the 2010s, −9.97k a year in the 2020s.
Life expectancy, men: 50.4 years in 1950 → 75.1 years in 2023 (+25 years). Low: 48.9 years in 1951; +26 years since then. Threshold: above 70 years since 2000. The trend broke around 1958 and 1978: +1.2 → +0.39 → +0.16 a year.

What changed at the same time

The fastest decline of "Fertility (TFR)" was in 1951–1961: 4.97 → 3.62. Over the same years: births 47.1k → 42.5k; population 1.27M → 1.46M; urban share 35.2% (1961); net migration 0 a year → −6.31k a year; life expectancy, men 48.9 years → 61.4 years; no data for the others in those years.
Over the last 10 years (2013–2023): fertility (TFR) 1.71 → 1.47; births 24.5k → 16.9k; population 2.01M → 1.83M; internet 65.2% → 88.5%; urban share 58.6% → 62.3%; GDP per person (PPP) 17,758 PPP dollars → 23,455 PPP dollars; GDP growth 2.9% → 2.6%; inflation 2.8% → 9.4%; net migration −20.3k a year → −5.6k a year; life expectancy, men 73.2 years → 75.1 years.

How the indicators relate

Fertility (TFR) and internet (1990–2023, 30 years): levels are noticeably related, in opposite directions (r = −0.55); year-to-year changes show no reliable link (r = 0.17).
Fertility (TFR) and urban share (1960–2023, 64 years): levels are strongly related, in opposite directions (r = −0.94); year-to-year changes show no reliable link (r = −0.02). This looks like a shared trend: both change over time, but not in step from year to year.
Fertility (TFR) and GDP per person (PPP) (1990–2023, 34 years): levels are noticeably related, in opposite directions (r = −0.57); year-to-year changes show no reliable link (r = 0.00).

Against other countries

Fertility (TFR), adjusted for income: countries with the same GDP per person (23,460 PPP dollars) typically have 1.85; here it is 1.47, lower than in 84% of countries at this income (2023, 197 countries).
Internet, adjusted for income: countries with the same GDP per person (24,200 PPP dollars) typically have 80.4%; here it is 93.6%, higher than in 91% of countries at this income (2024, 177 countries).
Order of events: fertility below 3: 1971; urban majority: 1974; fertility below 2.1: 1996; half the population online: 2009. Fertility fell below 3 after the urban share passed 50% in 69% of 111 countries where the order is known; median gap 9 years. Fertility fell below 2.1 before half the population went online in 88% of 112 countries where the order is known.

Forecasts vs actual

Fertility (TFR): past UN projections. The outcome was below the projection in 2 of 11 revisions (1998–2022) and above in 9; median gap +11%.
Fertility (TFR): UN 2024 projection (medium): 2050 — 1.51 (+3% vs 2023), 2100 — 1.56 (+6% vs 2023); low variant for 2100: 1.06.
Births: past UN projections. The outcome was below the projection in 6 of 11 revisions (1998–2022) and above in 5; median gap −1.6%.
The UN 2000 projection did not expect today's level (16.9k, 2023) before its horizon ended (2050).
The UN 2022 projection expected today's level (16.9k, 2023) only after 2030: reality is at least 8 years ahead of it.
Births: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2050 — 12.4k (−27% vs 2023), 2100 — 5.75k (−66% vs 2023); low variant for 2100: 1.36k.
Population: past UN projections. The outcome was below the projection in 12 of 12 revisions (1998–2022) and above in none; median gap −12%.
Population: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2050 — 1.51M (−17% vs 2023), 2100 — 863k (−53% vs 2023); low variant for 2100: 524k.
Why the UN missed the population. The 1998 projection for 2023: 2.25M; the UN's 2024 estimate: 1.83M (−18%). Parts of the gap (plus means more people than projected): the starting population +35.5k, births −142k, deaths −27.1k (more deaths than expected), migration −279k; the largest: migration.
Why the UN missed the population. The 2010 projection for 2023: 2.07M; the UN's 2024 estimate: 1.83M (−11%). Parts of the gap (plus means more people than projected): the starting population −8.6k, births +24.6k, deaths −0.3k (more deaths than expected), migration −250k; the largest: migration.
GDP growth: IMF next-year forecasts (36 editions, 2007–2024). On average the outcome was 1.2 pp below the forecast; below it in 69% of cases; typical error ±1.7 pp. The biggest miss was for 2020: IMF, October 2019 expected 3.4%, the outcome was −4.7%.
GDP growth: latest IMF forecast (IMF, April 2026): 2026 — 3.1%, 2028 — 3%, 2031 — 3%.
Inflation: IMF next-year forecasts (36 editions, 2007–2024). On average the outcome was 0.9 pp above the forecast; below it in 53% of cases; typical error ±2.4 pp. The biggest miss was for 2022: IMF, April 2021 expected 1.5%, the outcome was 14.2%.
Inflation: latest IMF forecast (IMF, April 2026): 2026 — 4.5%, 2028 — 3.2%, 2031 — 2%.
Net migration: past UN projections. The outcome was above the projection in none of 12 revisions (1998–2022) and below in 12; median difference −7.04k a year. The biggest miss: the 2010 revision expected 0.4k a year for 2020–2025; the outcome was −8.04k a year (for the years of the period so far).
Net migration: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2030 — −5.39k a year, 2050 — −2.95k a year, 2100 — −1.35k a year.
Life expectancy, men: past UN projections. The outcome was above the projection in 1 of 12 revisions (1998–2022) and below in 11; median difference −1 years. The biggest miss: the 2022 revision expected 73.1 years for 2023; the outcome was 75.1 years.
Life expectancy, men: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2030 — 76.2 years, 2050 — 79.6 years, 2100 — 86.5 years.

UN projections vs actual

Solid line: actual data, UN WPP 2024 estimates; births and fertility from national statistics from the last year they matched the UN estimate (the UN's figures for the latest years are partly its own projection). Dashed: medium variants of past UN revisions. The table shows what each revision expected for the latest year (or five-year period) with actual data.

Population

persons, 1 July

Actual
UN 1998
UN 2000
UN 2002
UN 2004
UN 2006
UN 2008
UN 2010
UN 2012
UN 2015
UN 2017
UN 2019
UN 2022
UN 2024, medium

Release	Target period	Horizon	Expected	Actual	Actual vs expected
UN 1998	2023	25 years	2.25M	1.83M	−18.4%
UN 2000	2023	23 years	2.07M	1.83M	−11.6%
UN 2002	2023	21 years	2.19M	1.83M	−16.5%
UN 2004	2023	19 years	2.05M	1.83M	−10.7%
UN 2006	2023	17 years	2.01M	1.83M	−9%
UN 2008	2023	15 years	2.04M	1.83M	−10.3%
UN 2010	2023	13 years	2.07M	1.83M	−11.4%
UN 2012	2023	11 years	2.1M	1.83M	−12.8%
UN 2015	2023	8 years	2.09M	1.83M	−12.4%
UN 2017	2023	6 years	2.09M	1.83M	−12.3%
UN 2019	2023	4 years	2.08M	1.83M	−11.9%
UN 2022	2023	1 year	2.09M	1.83M	−12.2%

Births

births per year

Actual
UN 1998
UN 2000
UN 2002
UN 2004
UN 2006
UN 2008
UN 2010
UN 2012
UN 2015
UN 2017
UN 2019
UN 2022
UN 2024, medium

Release	Target period	Horizon	Expected	Actual	Actual vs expected
UN 1998	2015–2020	20 years	28.2k	22.6k	−19.9%
UN 2000	2015–2020	18 years	21k	22.6k	+7.8%
UN 2002	2015–2020	16 years	27.8k	22.6k	−18.6%
UN 2004	2015–2020	14 years	22.9k	22.6k	−1.6%
UN 2006	2015–2020	12 years	20.5k	22.6k	+10.1%
UN 2008	2015–2020	10 years	22.1k	22.6k	+2.3%
UN 2010	2015–2020	8 years	20.4k	22.6k	+10.6%
UN 2012	2015–2020	6 years	21.7k	22.6k	+4.1%
UN 2015	2015–2020	2 years	23.3k	22.6k	−2.9%
UN 2017	2015–2020	0 years	23.3k	22.6k	−3.3%
UN 2022	2023	1 year	19.8k	16.9k	−14.6%

Total fertility rate

children per woman

Actual
UN 1998
UN 2000
UN 2002
UN 2004
UN 2006
UN 2008
UN 2010
UN 2012
UN 2015
UN 2017
UN 2019
UN 2022
UN 2024, medium

Release	Target period	Horizon	Expected	Actual	Actual vs expected
UN 1998	2015–2020	20 years	1.91	1.72	−10.1%
UN 2000	2015–2020	18 years	1.40	1.72	+22.7%
UN 2002	2015–2020	16 years	1.88	1.72	−8.7%
UN 2004	2015–2020	14 years	1.59	1.72	+8.3%
UN 2006	2015–2020	12 years	1.43	1.72	+19.8%
UN 2008	2015–2020	10 years	1.52	1.72	+13.3%
UN 2010	2015–2020	8 years	1.37	1.72	+25.7%
UN 2012	2015–2020	6 years	1.43	1.72	+20.3%
UN 2015	2015–2020	2 years	1.55	1.72	+10.6%
UN 2017	2015–2020	0 years	1.55	1.72	+11.1%
UN 2022	2023	1 year	1.38	1.47	+6.2%

Deaths

thousand deaths per year

Actual
UN 1998
UN 2000
UN 2002
UN 2004
UN 2006
UN 2008
UN 2010
UN 2012
UN 2015
UN 2017
UN 2019
UN 2022
UN 2024, medium

Release	Target period	Horizon	Expected	Actual	Actual vs expected
UN 1998	2015–2020	20 years	20	20	−1.4%
UN 2000	2015–2020	18 years	21	20	−3.9%
UN 2002	2015–2020	16 years	21	20	−2.3%
UN 2004	2015–2020	14 years	21	20	−2.4%
UN 2006	2015–2020	12 years	21	20	−4.1%
UN 2008	2015–2020	10 years	21	20	−4.2%
UN 2010	2015–2020	8 years	21	20	−3.2%
UN 2012	2015–2020	6 years	21	20	−5.1%
UN 2015	2015–2020	2 years	20	20	−0.8%
UN 2017	2015–2020	0 years	21	20	−2.4%
UN 2022	2023	1 year	25	20	−19.7%

Infant mortality

deaths under age 1 per 1,000 live births

Actual
UN 1998
UN 2000
UN 2002
UN 2004
UN 2006
UN 2008
UN 2010
UN 2012
UN 2015
UN 2017
UN 2019
UN 2022
UN 2024, medium

Release	Target period	Horizon	Expected	Actual	Actual vs expected
UN 1998	2015–2020	20 years	14	7.8	−44.4%
UN 2000	2015–2020	18 years	11.4	7.8	−31.7%
UN 2002	2015–2020	16 years	11.4	7.8	−31.7%
UN 2004	2015–2020	14 years	11.6	7.8	−32.7%
UN 2006	2015–2020	12 years	12	7.8	−34.8%
UN 2008	2015–2020	10 years	12	7.8	−34.8%
UN 2010	2015–2020	8 years	12	7.8	−34.9%
UN 2012	2015–2020	6 years	8.6	7.8	−9.4%
UN 2015	2015–2020	2 years	8.5	7.8	−8.3%
UN 2017	2015–2020	0 years	8.1	7.8	−3.2%
UN 2022	2023	1 year	5.6	4.7	−15.7%

Net migration

persons per year

Actual
UN 1998
UN 2000
UN 2002
UN 2004
UN 2006
UN 2008
UN 2010
UN 2012
UN 2015
UN 2017
UN 2019
UN 2022
UN 2024, medium

Release	Target period	Horizon	Expected	Actual	Actual vs expected
UN 1998	2020–2025*	24 years	0	−8.04k	−8k a year
UN 2000	2020–2025*	22 years	0	−8.04k	−8k a year
UN 2002	2020–2025*	20 years	−2k	−8.04k	−6k a year
UN 2004	2020–2025*	18 years	−2k	−8.04k	−6k a year
UN 2006	2020–2025*	16 years	−2k	−8.04k	−6k a year
UN 2008	2020–2025*	14 years	−1k	−8.04k	−7k a year
UN 2010	2020–2025*	12 years	0.4k	−8.04k	−8k a year
UN 2012	2020–2025*	10 years	−1k	−8.04k	−7k a year
UN 2015	2020–2025*	8 years	−1k	−8.04k	−7k a year
UN 2017	2020–2025*	6 years	−1k	−8.04k	−7k a year
UN 2019	2020–2025*	4 years	−1k	−8.04k	−7k a year
UN 2022	2023	1 year	−1k	−5.6k	−5k a year

Life expectancy at birth, women

years

Actual
UN 1998
UN 2000
UN 2002
UN 2004
UN 2006
UN 2008
UN 2010
UN 2012
UN 2015
UN 2017
UN 2019
UN 2022
UN 2024, medium

Release	Target period	Horizon	Expected	Actual	Actual vs expected
UN 1998	2020–2025*	24 years	79.3	78	−1.2 yrs
UN 2000	2020–2025*	22 years	78.7	78	−0.7 yrs
UN 2002	2020–2025*	20 years	78.7	78	−0.7 yrs
UN 2004	2020–2025*	18 years	78.8	78	−0.8 yrs
UN 2006	2020–2025*	16 years	78.5	78	−0.5 yrs
UN 2008	2020–2025*	14 years	78.5	78	−0.5 yrs
UN 2010	2020–2025*	12 years	78.4	78	−0.4 yrs
UN 2012	2020–2025*	10 years	79	78	−0.9 yrs
UN 2015	2020–2025*	8 years	79	78	−0.9 yrs
UN 2017	2020–2025*	6 years	78.7	78	−0.7 yrs
UN 2019	2020–2025*	4 years	78.3	78	−0.3 yrs
UN 2022	2023	1 year	77.5	79.6	+2.1 yrs

Life expectancy at birth, men

years

Actual
UN 1998
UN 2000
UN 2002
UN 2004
UN 2006
UN 2008
UN 2010
UN 2012
UN 2015
UN 2017
UN 2019
UN 2022
UN 2024, medium

Release	Target period	Horizon	Expected	Actual	Actual vs expected
UN 1998	2020–2025*	24 years	74.9	73.1	−1.8 yrs
UN 2000	2020–2025*	22 years	74	73.1	−0.9 yrs
UN 2002	2020–2025*	20 years	74	73.1	−0.9 yrs
UN 2004	2020–2025*	18 years	74	73.1	−0.8 yrs
UN 2006	2020–2025*	16 years	73.9	73.1	−0.7 yrs
UN 2008	2020–2025*	14 years	73.9	73.1	−0.7 yrs
UN 2010	2020–2025*	12 years	74.3	73.1	−1.2 yrs
UN 2012	2020–2025*	10 years	74.5	73.1	−1.3 yrs
UN 2015	2020–2025*	8 years	74.5	73.1	−1.3 yrs
UN 2017	2020–2025*	6 years	74.7	73.1	−1.5 yrs
UN 2019	2020–2025*	4 years	74.3	73.1	−1.1 yrs
UN 2022	2023	1 year	73.1	75.1	+2 yrs

* The five-year period is not over: the projection is compared with the mean of its years so far (UN facts end in 2023).

IMF forecasts vs actual

Solid line: actual values from the latest IMF edition (data get revised, so we use the newest). Dashed: April editions, current year and five years ahead. The table covers next-year forecasts from all editions: mean error shows bias, mean absolute error shows accuracy.

Real GDP growth

% per year

Actual (IMF)
WEO, April editions

Indicator	Forecasts	Mean error	Mean absolute error	Actual below forecast
Real GDP growth	36	−1.2 pp	1.7 pp	69%
Inflation	36	+0.9 pp	2.4 pp	53%
Unemployment rate	29	−2.1 pp	2.1 pp	97%
Government gross debt	28	+1.1 pp	3.1 pp	43%
Government budget balance	29	−0.7 pp	1.3 pp	66%

All indicators

Demography

Population

1.83M persons, 1 July latest value, 2023

Population on 1 July. UN estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024; past UN revisions for forecast checks.

Births

16.9k births per year latest value, 2023

Live births per calendar year. UN WPP 2024 and national statistics (64 countries, 2015-2025).

Deaths

20 thousand deaths per year latest value, 2023

Deaths per calendar year (UN estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024); past UN revisions for forecast checks.

Natural change

−3 thousand persons per year latest value, 2023

Births minus deaths in the year (UN). Negative: natural decrease, more deaths than births.

Rate of natural change

−1.6 per 1,000 population per year latest value, 2023

Births minus deaths in the year per 1,000 people (UN). With the net migration rate it makes up population growth.

Life expectancy at 65

16.5 years latest value, 2023

Years a person aged 65 would still live at the mortality rates of the year; both sexes (UN).

Infant mortality

4.7 deaths under age 1 per 1,000 live births latest value, 2023

Children per 1,000 live births who die before their first birthday (UN); past UN revisions for forecast checks.

Total fertility rate

1.47 children per woman latest value, 2023

Average number of children a woman would have at the age-specific fertility rates of the year.

Life expectancy at birth, women

79.6 years latest value, 2023

Years a newborn girl would live at the mortality rates of the year (UN).

Life expectancy at birth, men

75.1 years latest value, 2023

Years a newborn boy would live at the mortality rates of the year (UN).

Median age

40.3 years latest value, 2023

Age that divides the population in two halves (UN).

Mean age of mothers at childbirth

29 years latest value, 2023

Mean age of mothers at the birth of their children of any order (UN).

Sex ratio at birth

107.7 boys per 100 girls latest value, 2023

Boys born per 100 girls born (UN).

Crude marriage rate

5.79 marriages per 1,000 people latest value, 2025

Marriages in the year per 1,000 people: marriages from national offices (Korea, Japan, Taiwan, China, the USA, the UK, Russia, Brazil and others, where they publish more than the international databases), Eurostat and the UN, divided by the UN WPP 2024 population. Where most births are within marriage, marriages come before births.

Source: State Statistical Office of North Macedonia

Marriages

10.5k marriages a year latest value, 2025

Marriages in the year (couples). National offices (Korea, Japan, Taiwan, China, the USA, the UK, Russia, Brazil and others), Eurostat for Europe, the UN for the rest; by year of registration or of occurrence, as each country counts.

Source: State Statistical Office of North Macedonia

Adolescent fertility rate

12.4 births per 1,000 women aged 15-19 latest value, 2024

Births to women aged 15-19 per 1,000 women of that age (World Bank, from UN World Population Prospects).

Old-age dependency

27 persons 65+ per 100 aged 20-64 latest value, 2020

Persons aged 65+ per 100 aged 20-64, every five years (UN).

Children under 15

313 thousand persons, 1 July latest value, 2023

Children aged 0-14 on 1 July: the sum of the five-year groups 0-4, 5-9 and 10-14 (UN; estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024).

Children under 5

95 thousand persons, 1 July latest value, 2023

Children aged 0-4 on 1 July (UN; estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024).

People aged 65 and over

321 thousand persons, 1 July latest value, 2023

People aged 65 and over on 1 July: the sum of the five-year groups from 65-69 to 100+ (UN; estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024).

People aged 80 and over

58 thousand persons, 1 July latest value, 2023

People aged 80 and over on 1 July: the sum of the five-year groups from 80-84 to 100+ (UN; estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024).

Migration

Net migration

−5.6k persons per year latest value, 2023

Immigrants minus emigrants per year (UN estimate and projection). Past UN revisions for forecast checks.

Net migration rate

−3.06 per 1,000 population per year latest value, 2023

Immigrants minus emigrants per year per 1,000 people: UN net migration divided by the population on 1 July. Comparable across countries of any size.

Personal remittances received

2.4 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Money sent home by people working or living abroad, percent of the receiving country's GDP (World Bank, from IMF balance of payments data).

International migrants, share

8.3 % of population latest value, 2024

People born in another country (foreign citizens where birthplace is not recorded) as a share of the population at mid-year (UN, every five years and 2024).

International migrant stock

151k persons latest value, 2024

Number of people born in another country (or foreign citizens) living in the country at mid-year (UN).

Emigrants, share

29.3 % of home population latest value, 2024

People from the country (born there or its citizens) living in other countries, as a percentage of the population living in the country (UN, International Migrant Stock 2024).

Emigrant stock

535k persons latest value, 2024

Number of people from the country (born there or its citizens) living in other countries at mid-year (UN).

Refugees hosted

20.8k persons, end of year latest value, 2025

Refugees under UNHCR's mandate (incl. people in refugee-like situations) and other people in need of international protection living in the country; asylum-seekers and internally displaced people are not included.

Refugees hosted per 1,000 people

11.5 per 1,000 population latest value, 2025

Refugees under UNHCR's mandate and other people in need of international protection living in the country, per 1,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024).

Refugees from the country

1.89k persons, end of year latest value, 2025

Refugees and other people in need of international protection from the country living abroad (UNHCR). Palestine refugees under UNRWA's mandate are not included, so the figure for Palestine is far too low.

Refugees from the country per 1,000 people

1 per 1,000 population of the country latest value, 2025

Refugees and other people in need of international protection from the country per 1,000 people living in it (UNHCR; population: UN WPP 2024). UNRWA refugees not included.

Source: Eurostat, beneficiaries of temporary protection at the end of June 2026 (latest month published; the year is not over)

Citizens under temporary protection in Europe

0 thousand persons, end of year latest value, 2026

Citizens of the country under temporary protection in the EU, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland (all 31 report from 2022), end of December. For the running year: the latest month all have published. Granted from March 2022 to people fleeing the war in Ukraine: almost all are Ukrainians; for other countries, their citizens who lived in Ukraine. Eurostat, migr_asytpsm.

Asylum applications worldwide

0.09 new applications per 1,000 people latest value, 2025

New asylum applications lodged in the country in the year per 1,000 people (UNHCR; cases where a country counts cases rather than people; population: UN WPP 2024). All countries; for Europe there is also Eurostat's series of first-time applicants.

Economy

GDP per capita, PPP

25,095 constant 2021 international $ latest value, 2025

Gross domestic product per person at purchasing power parity, constant 2021 international dollars (World Bank, ICP).

Real GDP growth

3.5 % per year latest value, 2025

Annual change of GDP at constant prices. Actual values and forecasts from IMF WEO editions.

Inflation

4.1 % per year, average latest value, 2025

Change of the annual average consumer price index (IMF WEO).

Government gross debt

52.5 % of GDP latest value, 2025

General government gross debt, percent of GDP (IMF WEO).

Unemployment rate

11.5 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force (IMF WEO; national definitions).

Unemployment, ILO estimate

12.3 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force by the ILO's single definition: a modelled estimate for every country, including those without surveys (via the World Bank). Unlike the IMF series, one definition for all, but no projections.

Youth unemployment, 15-24

28.8 % of labour force aged 15-24 latest value, 2025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force aged 15-24 (ILO modelled estimate, via the World Bank).

GDP per capita, US dollars

10,546 current US dollars latest value, 2025

GDP per person in current US dollars at market exchange rates (IMF WEO).

Government budget balance

−4 % of GDP latest value, 2025

General government net lending (+, surplus) or borrowing (−, deficit), percent of GDP (IMF WEO).

Current account balance

−4.4 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Balance of trade in goods and services, income and transfers with the rest of the world, percent of GDP: plus means the country earns abroad more than it spends (IMF WEO).

Real house prices

117.3 index, 2010 = 100 latest value, 2025

House prices adjusted for consumer price inflation (BIS index from national sources, 2010 = 100, mean of four quarters). Compare the changes, not the levels of different countries.

Source: BIS, selected residential property prices

Society

Urban population

62.9 % of population latest value, 2025

Share of people living in urban areas as defined by national statistical offices (World Bank, from UN World Urbanization Prospects).

Tertiary enrolment, women

65 % gross latest value, 2023

Women enrolled in tertiary education as a share of women in the five-year age group after secondary school; can exceed 100 (UNESCO).

Women with upper secondary education

62.3 % of women 25+ latest value, 2024

Share of women aged 25+ who completed at least upper secondary education (UNESCO).

Female labour force participation

42.7 % of women 15+ latest value, 2025

Share of women aged 15+ who work or look for work (ILO modelled estimate, via the World Bank).

Life expectancy at birth

76.6 years latest value, 2024

Life expectancy at birth, both sexes (World Bank, from UN and national statistics).

Digitalisation

Internet users

93.1 % of population latest value, 2025

Share of individuals who used the Internet in the last three months from any device. ITU data.

Mobile cellular subscriptions

108.4 per 100 people latest value, 2024

Active mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 people; can exceed 100 when people have several SIM cards. ITU data.

Fixed broadband subscriptions

29.9 subscriptions per 100 people latest value, 2024

Fixed subscriptions to high-speed Internet (256 kbit/s or more) per 100 people. ITU data.

Generative AI use, age 16–74

22.03 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Use of generative AI tools: in the last 3 months.

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Generative AI for private use, age 16–74

15.76 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Generative AI for work, age 16–74

8.55 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Generative AI for formal education, age 16–74

4.21 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Social networking, age 16–74

77.92 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Instant messaging, age 16–74

80.33 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Internet calls, age 16–74

85.84 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Finding goods and services online, age 16–74

34.34 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Online news, age 16–74

62.34 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Playing or downloading games, age 16–74

23.8 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2024

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Online music and downloads, age 16–74

53.25 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2024

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Streamed TV and video, age 16–74

67.56 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2024

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Internet TV, age 16–74

46.14 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2024

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Video on demand, age 16–74

19.17 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2024

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Video-sharing services, age 16–74

50.97 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2024

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Online courses, age 16–74

6.73 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Email, age 16–74

41.45 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Health information online, age 16–74

42.77 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Daily internet use, age 16–74

89.24 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

At least basic digital skills: low education, ages 16–74

12.22 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Eurostat survey of individuals aged 16–74; percent of everyone in the stated group, not only internet users. Survey year. DSI 2.0 is a proxy based on reported activities in five areas, not an examination; at least basic overall skills require at least basic skills in all five areas. Education: ISCED 0–2, 3–4, 5–8. Other group characteristics are not controlled. AI use refers to the last three months; purposes can overlap. Source flags and missing values retained; groups and components must not be added.

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

At least basic digital skills: high education, ages 16–74

52.82 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Above basic digital skills: ages 16–74

6.14 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

At least basic digital skills: ages 16–74

28.5 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Communication: at least basic digital skills: ages 16–74

91.3 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Content creation: at least basic skills: ages 16–74

33.89 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Information literacy: at least basic skills: ages 16–74

72.82 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Problem solving: at least basic digital skills: ages 16–74

67.85 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Safety: at least basic digital skills: ages 16–74

58.39 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

At least basic digital skills: ages 16–24

44.47 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

At least basic digital skills: ages 65–74

4.66 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Generative AI use: low education, ages 16–74

10.47 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Generative AI use: high education, ages 16–74

43.81 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Generative AI use: ages 16–24

45.37 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Generative AI use: ages 65–74

2.79 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Energy

Electricity demand per person

4,675 kWh per person a year latest value, 2025

Electricity demand (generation plus net imports, Ember) divided by the UN WPP 2024 population. A physical measure that is hard to dress up.

Electricity demand growth

20.8 % per year latest value, 2025

Change in electricity demand from the previous year (Ember). Useful to set against official GDP growth.

Wind and solar share of electricity

35.4 % of generation latest value, 2025

Share of wind and solar power in electricity generation (Ember).

Low-carbon share of electricity

53.1 % of generation latest value, 2025

Share of renewables and nuclear power in electricity generation (Ember).

Coal share of electricity

29.2 % of generation latest value, 2025

Share of coal power in electricity generation (Ember).

Carbon intensity of electricity

407 g CO2e per kWh latest value, 2025

Greenhouse gas emissions of electricity generation per kilowatt-hour (Ember).

Electricity generation

7.1 TWh per year latest value, 2025

Total electricity generation in the country (Ember). Imports are excluded. A volume, not the share of a fuel.

Electricity generation emissions

2.9 Mt CO2e per year latest value, 2025

Greenhouse gas emissions of electricity generation (Ember), not of the whole economy.

Security

Military expenditure

2.1 % of GDP latest value, 2024

Government military expenditure, percent of GDP (World Bank, from SIPRI).

Source: Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider (% of population ages 15+)

Deaths in organised violence

0 persons a year latest value, 2025

Deaths in state-based conflict, non-state conflict and one-sided violence against civilians, by where the events took place (UCDP GED, best estimate). 0 means no organised violence above UCDP thresholds (25 deaths a year in one conflict). Events in Gaza and the West Bank are counted for Palestine.

Source: Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), GED 26.1

Deaths in organised violence per 100,000

0 per 100,000 people a year latest value, 2025

Deaths in organised violence (UCDP GED) per 100,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024).

Source: Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), GED 26.1

Armed conflict in the country

0 0 none, 1 minor, 2 war latest value, 2025

Strongest armed conflict of the year in which the government or territory of the country is disputed (UCDP/PRIO ACD): 1 = 25-999 battle-related deaths, 2 = war, 1,000 or more. In interstate conflicts every primary party is marked even if the fighting was elsewhere (the USA in Iraq, 2003). Historical states are mapped to present-day countries by territory (USSR, Yugoslavia, South Vietnam and others).

Source: UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset 26.1

Battle deaths

0 persons a year latest value, 2025

Soldiers and civilians killed in combat in state-based armed conflicts on the territory of the country. 1946-1988: PRIO Battle Deaths (best estimate, else the low one; a conflict of several countries split equally); from 1989: UCDP GED by place of the events. For the same conflicts in 1989-2008 PRIO is 1.6 times UCDP, so the drop in 1989 is partly a change of source. One-sided violence against civilians is not included.

Source: Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), GED 26.1

Battle deaths per 100,000

0 per 100,000 people a year latest value, 2025

Battle deaths on the territory of the country (PRIO to 1988, UCDP GED from 1989) per 100,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024), from 1950.

Source: Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), GED 26.1

Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people)

1.5 per 100,000 people latest value, 2023

An intentional homicide is defined as an unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury.

Source: Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people)

Purchases and money

Average dietary energy requirement

2,486 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2025

FAOSTAT FS, Average dietary energy requirement (kcal/cap/day). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Commercial bank branches (per 100,000 adults)

25.3 per 100,000 adults latest value, 2024

Commercial bank branches are retail locations of resident commercial banks and other resident banks that function as commercial banks that provide financial services to customers and are physically separated from the main office but not organized as legally separated subsidiaries.

Source: Commercial bank branches (per 100,000 adults)

Variation in habitual caloric consumption distribution

0.22 No latest value, 2024

FAOSTAT FS, Coefficient of variation of habitual caloric consumption distribution (real number). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider (% of population ages 15+)

84.3 % of people aged 15+ latest value, 2024

Account denotes the percentage of respondents who report having an account (by themselves or together with someone else) at a bank or another type of financial institution or report personally using a mobile money service in the past 12 months (% age 15+).

Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, male (% of population ages 15+)

91.6 % of men aged 15+ latest value, 2024

Source: Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, male (% of population ages 15+)

Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, female (% of population ages 15+)

77.2 % of women aged 15+ latest value, 2024

Source: Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, female (% of population ages 15+)

Alcoholic beverages: energy supply

84.25 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Alcoholic Beverages. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Alcoholic beverages: quantity supply

44.36 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Animal products: energy supply

596.54 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Animal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Animal products: fat supply

39.8 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Animal products: protein supply

43.37 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Bovine meat: energy supply

47.86 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Bovine Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Bovine meat: quantity supply

9.95 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Cereals excluding beer: energy supply

1,131.83 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Cereals - Excluding Beer. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Cereals excluding beer: quantity supply

165.68 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Coffee and products: energy supply

8.03 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Coffee and products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Coffee and products: quantity supply

10.13 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Eggs: energy supply

22 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Eggs. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Eggs: quantity supply

8.07 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Fish and seafood: energy supply

15.64 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Fish, Seafood. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Fish and seafood: fat supply

0.73 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Fish and seafood: protein supply

2.18 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Fish and seafood: quantity supply

8.01 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Fruits excluding wine: energy supply

141.17 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Fruits - Excluding Wine. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Fruits excluding wine: quantity supply

97.56 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Meat: energy supply

244.09 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Meat: fat supply

17.06 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Meat: protein supply

22.33 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Meat: quantity supply

51.48 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Milk excluding butter: energy supply

226.44 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Milk - Excluding Butter. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Milk excluding butter: fat supply

11.63 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Milk excluding butter: protein supply

14.83 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Milk excluding butter: quantity supply

156.38 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Treenuts: energy supply

44.8 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Treenuts. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Treenuts: quantity supply

7.82 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetal products: energy supply

2,879.01 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetal products: fat supply

76.21 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetal products: protein supply

59.74 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Pigmeat: energy supply

98.56 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Pigmeat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Pigmeat: quantity supply

17.28 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Poultry meat: energy supply

86.81 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Poultry Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Poultry meat: quantity supply

22.63 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Pulses: energy supply

48.63 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Pulses. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Pulses: quantity supply

5.54 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Starchy roots: energy supply

128.79 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Starchy Roots. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Starchy roots: quantity supply

77.27 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Sugar and sweeteners: energy supply

439.93 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Sugar & Sweeteners. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Sugar and sweeteners: quantity supply

59.29 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Tea including mate: energy supply

0.05 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Tea (including mate). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Tea including mate: quantity supply

0.18 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

All foods: energy supply

3,475.55 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Grand Total. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

All foods: fat supply

116 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

All foods: protein supply

103.11 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetable oils: energy supply

464.6 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetable Oils. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetable oils: quantity supply

18.6 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetables: energy supply

221 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetables. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetables: quantity supply

298.72 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Six or more online purchases in three months

7.7 % of people aged 16-74 latest value, 2025

ICT survey, all individuals aged 16-74, not only internet users or buyers. Reference window is defined by the selected Eurostat category; since 2020.

Source: Internet purchases by individuals (2020 onwards)

Healthy-diet animal-source food cost

1.17 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of animal source foods. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Cost of a healthy diet

5.39 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2025

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of a healthy diet (CoHD). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Healthy-diet fruit cost

0.78 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of fruits. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Healthy-diet legumes and nuts cost

0.43 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of legumes, nuts and seeds. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Healthy-diet oils and fats cost

0.15 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of oils and fats. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Healthy-diet starchy-staple cost

0.55 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of starchy staples. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Unable to afford a healthy diet

15.6 % latest value, 2025

FAOSTAT CAHD, Prevalence of unaffordability (PUA). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

People unable to afford a healthy diet

0.3 million No latest value, 2025

FAOSTAT CAHD, Number of people unable to afford a healthy diet (NUA). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Healthy-diet vegetable cost

0.77 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of vegetables. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Households and NPISHs final consumption expenditure (% of GDP)

65.6 % of GDP latest value, 2025

This field includes expenditure on goods and services by the Household and NPISH sector for the direct satisfaction of human needs or wants, whether individual or collective. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.

Source: Households and NPISHs final consumption expenditure (% of GDP)

Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure per capita (constant 2015 US$)

5,084.5 constant 2015 US dollars latest value, 2025

This field includes expenditure on goods and services by the Household and NPISH sector for the direct satisfaction of human needs or wants, whether individual or collective. The core indicator has been divided by the general population to achieve a per capita estimate.This indicator is expressed in constant prices, meaning the series has been adjusted to account for price changes over time. The reference year for this adjustment is 2015. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.

Source: Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure per capita (constant 2015 US$)

Income share held by lowest 20%

5.8 % of income or consumption latest value, 2019

Percentage share of income or consumption is the share that accrues to subgroups of population indicated by deciles or quintiles. Percentage shares by quintile may not sum to 100 because of rounding.

Source: Income share held by lowest 20%

Gini index

33.5 index, 0-100 latest value, 2019

Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of total income received against the cumulative number of recipients, starting with the poorest individual or household. The Gini index measures the area between the Lorenz curve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality, expressed as a percentage of the maximum area under the line. Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.

Source: Gini index

Income quintile share ratio S80/S20

5.2 ratio latest value, 2024

Equivalised disposable income of the top population quintile divided by the bottom quintile, EU-SILC. Survey and income reference years may differ.

Source: Income quintile share ratio S80/S20 for disposable income by sex and age group

Income share held by highest 20%

39 % of income or consumption latest value, 2019

Percentage share of income or consumption is the share that accrues to subgroups of population indicated by deciles or quintiles. Percentage shares by quintile may not sum to 100 because of rounding.

Source: Income share held by highest 20%

Minimum dietary energy requirement

1,917 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2025

FAOSTAT FS, Minimum dietary energy requirement (kcal/cap/day). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Adjusted savings: net national savings (% of GNI)

13.9 % of gross national income latest value, 2021

Net national savings are equal to gross national savings less the value of consumption of fixed capital. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross National Income (GNI) which is the total income earned by all residents within an economic territory during an accounting period. It is equal to gross domestic product plus earned income receivable from abroad minus earned income payable abroad.

Source: Adjusted savings: net national savings (% of GNI)

Never bought online

29.3 % of people aged 16-74 latest value, 2025

ICT survey, all individuals aged 16-74, not only internet users or buyers. Reference window is defined by the selected Eurostat category; since 2020.

Source: Internet purchases by individuals (2020 onwards)

Online purchase in the last year

55.9 % of people aged 16-74 latest value, 2025

ICT survey, all individuals aged 16-74, not only internet users or buyers. Reference window is defined by the selected Eurostat category; since 2020.

Source: Internet purchases by individuals (2020 onwards)

Online purchase in the last three months

42 % of people aged 16-74 latest value, 2025

ICT survey, all individuals aged 16-74, not only internet users or buyers. Reference window is defined by the selected Eurostat category; since 2020.

Source: Internet purchases by individuals (2020 onwards)

Poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day (2021 PPP) (% of population)

3.9 % of population, 2021 PPP latest value, 2019

Poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day is the percentage of the population living on less than $3.00 a day at 2021 purchasing power adjusted prices. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions.

Source: Poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day (2021 PPP) (% of population)

At risk of poverty or social exclusion

27.1 % of population latest value, 2024

Europe 2030 AROPE: at-risk-of-poverty, severe material/social deprivation or very low work intensity, EU-SILC. Not the sum of three rates.

Source: Persons at risk of poverty or social exclusion by age and sex

Caloric losses at retail distribution

2.37 % latest value, 2025

FAOSTAT FS, Incidence of caloric losses at retail distribution level (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Health

Total alcohol consumption per capita (liters of pure alcohol, projected estimates, 15+ years of age)

4.4 litres per person aged 15+ latest value, 2020

Total alcohol per capita consumption is defined as the total (sum of recorded and unrecorded alcohol) amount of alcohol consumed per person (15 years of age or older) over a calendar year, in litres of pure alcohol, adjusted for tourist consumption.

Source: Total alcohol consumption per capita (liters of pure alcohol, projected estimates, 15+ years of age)

Anaemia among women aged 15–49

21.5 % latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FS, Prevalence of anemia among women of reproductive age (15-49 years) (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Overweight among children under 5

12.3 % latest value, 2024

FAOSTAT FS, Percentage of children under 5 years of age who are overweight (modelled estimates) (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Prevalence of stunting, height for age (% of children under 5)

4.3 % of children under 5 latest value, 2019

Prevalence of stunting is the percentage of children under age 5 whose height for age is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months. For children up to two years old height is measured by recumbent length. For older children height is measured by stature while standing. The data are based on the WHO's 2006 Child Growth Standards.

Source: Prevalence of stunting, height for age (% of children under 5)

Wasting among children under 5

3.4 % latest value, 2019

FAOSTAT FS, Percentage of children under 5 years affected by wasting (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Reported COVID-19 cases

1,749 by report dates in year latest value, 2024

Sum of WHO weekly reports by report date in a completed year, requiring at least 50 nonmissing values. Reported events, not total infections/deaths. Negative revisions retained; testing and reporting coverage changed.

Source: WHO: reported COVID-19 data

Reported COVID-19 deaths

25 by report dates in year latest value, 2024

Source: WHO: reported COVID-19 data

Diabetes prevalence (% of population ages 20 to 79)

7.4 % of people aged 20-79 latest value, 2024

Diabetes prevalence refers to the percentage of people ages 20-79 who have type 1 or type 2 diabetes. It is calculated by adjusting to a standard population age-structure.

Source: Diabetes prevalence (% of population ages 20 to 79)

Exclusive breastfeeding under 6 months

27.5 % latest value, 2019

FAOSTAT FS, Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding among infants 0-5 months of age (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population (%)

15.2 % of population latest value, 2023

The percentage of people in the population who live in households classified as moderately or severely food insecure. A household is classified as moderately or severely food insecure when at least one adult in the household has reported to have been exposed, at times during the year, to low quality diets and might have been forced to also reduce the quantity of food they would normally eat because of a lack of money or other resources.

Source: Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population (%)

Prevalence of severe food insecurity in the population (%)

3.4 % of population latest value, 2023

The percentage of people in the population who live in households classified as severely food insecure. A household is classified as severely food insecure when at least one adult in the household has reported to have been exposed, at times during the year, to several of the most severe experiences described in the FIES questions, such as to have been forced to reduce the quantity of the food, to have skipped meals, having gone hungry, or having to go for a whole day without eating because of a lack of money or other resources.

Source: Prevalence of severe food insecurity in the population (%)

Out-of-pocket expenditure (% of current health expenditure)

39.6 % of current health expenditure latest value, 2023

Share of out-of-pocket payments of total current health expenditures. Out-of-pocket payments are spending on health directly out-of-pocket by households.

Source: Out-of-pocket expenditure (% of current health expenditure)

Current health expenditure (% of GDP)

7.4 % of GDP latest value, 2023

Level of current health expenditure expressed as a percentage of GDP. Estimates of current health expenditures include healthcare goods and services consumed during each year. This indicator does not include capital health expenditures such as buildings, machinery, IT and stocks of vaccines for emergency or outbreaks.

Source: Current health expenditure (% of GDP)

Current health expenditure per capita (current US$)

639.4 current US dollars latest value, 2023

Current expenditures on health per capita in current US dollars. Estimates of current health expenditures include healthcare goods and services consumed during each year.

Source: Current health expenditure per capita (current US$)

Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49)

0.1 % of people aged 15-49 latest value, 2024

Prevalence of HIV refers to the percentage of people ages 15-49 who are infected with HIV.

Source: Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49)

Hospital beds (per 1,000 people)

4.7 per 1,000 people latest value, 2021

Hospital beds include inpatient beds available in public, private, general, and specialized hospitals and rehabilitation centers. In most cases beds for both acute and chronic care are included.

Source: Hospital beds (per 1,000 people)

Low birthweight

8.3 % latest value, 2020

FAOSTAT FS, Prevalence of low birthweight (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people)

5.5 per 1,000 people latest value, 2022

Nurses and midwives include professional nurses, professional midwives, auxiliary nurses, auxiliary midwives, enrolled nurses, enrolled midwives and other associated personnel, such as dental nurses and primary care nurses.

Source: Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people)

Obesity among adults aged 18+

26.8 % latest value, 2024

FAOSTAT FS, Prevalence of obesity in the adult population (18 years and older) (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Physicians (per 1,000 people)

2.9 per 1,000 people latest value, 2022

Physicians include generalist and specialist medical practitioners.

Source: Physicians (per 1,000 people)

Mortality caused by road traffic injury (per 100,000 population)

5.1 per 100,000 people latest value, 2019

Mortality caused by road traffic injury is estimated road traffic fatal injury deaths per 100,000 population.

Source: Mortality caused by road traffic injury (per 100,000 population)

Bad or very bad self-rated health

7.3 % of people aged 16+ in group latest value, 2024

Self-rated bad or very bad health, EU-SILC, both sexes aged 16+. Not a medical diagnosis.

Source: Self-perceived health by sex, age and income quintile

Bad or very bad self-rated health in the highest income quintile

3.1 % of people aged 16+ in group latest value, 2024

Self-rated bad or very bad health, EU-SILC, both sexes aged 16+. Not a medical diagnosis.

Source: Self-perceived health by sex, age and income quintile

Bad or very bad self-rated health in the lowest income quintile

13.6 % of people aged 16+ in group latest value, 2024

Self-rated bad or very bad health, EU-SILC, both sexes aged 16+. Not a medical diagnosis.

Source: Self-perceived health by sex, age and income quintile

Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 population)

5.8 per 100,000 people latest value, 2021

Suicide mortality rate is the number of suicide deaths in a year per 100,000 population. Crude suicide rate (not age-adjusted).

Source: Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 population)

Prevalence of current tobacco use (% of adults)

39.6 % of adults latest value, 2024

The percentage of the population ages 15 years and over who currently use any tobacco product (smoked and/or smokeless tobacco) on a daily or non-daily basis. Tobacco products include cigarettes, pipes, cigars, cigarillos, waterpipes (hookah, shisha), bidis, kretek, heated tobacco products, and all forms of smokeless (oral and nasal) tobacco. Tobacco products exclude e-cigarettes (which do not contain tobacco), “e-cigars”, “e-hookahs”, JUUL and “e-pipes”. The rates are age-standardized to the WHO Standard Population.

Source: Prevalence of current tobacco use (% of adults)

Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people)

11 per 100,000 people latest value, 2024

Incidence of tuberculosis is the estimated number of new and relapse tuberculosis cases arising in a given year, expressed as the rate per 100,000 population. All forms of TB are included, including cases in people living with HIV. Estimates for all years are recalculated as new information becomes available and techniques are refined, so they may differ from those published previously.

Source: Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people)

Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population)

2.5 % of population latest value, 2023

Prevalence of undernourishment is the percentage of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normal active and healthy life. Data showing as 2.5 may signify a prevalence of undernourishment below 2.5%.

Source: Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population)

Unmet medical examination needs

2.3 % of people aged 16+ in group latest value, 2024

Self-reported unmet medical examination needs due to cost, distance or waiting lists, EU-SILC, age 16+. Source flags and questionnaire changes are preserved; do not add reasons.

Source: Self-reported unmet needs for medical examination by sex, age, main reason declared and income quintile

Unmet medical examination needs in the highest income quintile

0.7 % of people aged 16+ in group latest value, 2024

Self-reported unmet medical examination needs due to cost, distance or waiting lists, EU-SILC, age 16+. Source flags and questionnaire changes are preserved; do not add reasons.

Source: Self-reported unmet needs for medical examination by sex, age, main reason declared and income quintile

Unmet medical examination needs in the lowest income quintile

5 % of people aged 16+ in group latest value, 2024

Self-reported unmet medical examination needs due to cost, distance or waiting lists, EU-SILC, age 16+. Source flags and questionnaire changes are preserved; do not add reasons.

Source: Self-reported unmet needs for medical examination by sex, age, main reason declared and income quintile

Immunization, DPT (% of children ages 12-23 months)

89 % of children aged 12-23 months latest value, 2024

Child immunization, DPT, measures the percentage of children ages 12-23 months who received DPT vaccinations before 12 months or at any time before the survey. A child is considered adequately immunized against diphtheria, pertussis (or whooping cough), and tetanus (DPT) after receiving three doses of vaccine.

Source: Immunization, DPT (% of children ages 12-23 months)

Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)

73 % of children aged 12-23 months latest value, 2024

Child immunization, measles, measures the percentage of children ages 12-23 months who received the measles vaccination before 12 months or at any time before the survey. A child is considered adequately immunized against measles after receiving one dose of vaccine.

Source: Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)

Culture and time

Cinema attendance in the last year

13.1 % of people aged 16+ latest value, 2015

At least one attendance in the last 12 months, EU-SILC, both sexes aged 16+, all education levels. Sparse waves; people are not visits.

Source: Persons participating in cultural or sport activities in the last 12 months by sex, age, educational attainment, activity type and frequency

Financial barrier: Cinema attendance in the last year

12.4 % of non-participants latest value, 2015

Financial reason among non-participants in the specified cultural or sports activity, EU-SILC, age 16+. Not a share of all residents.

Source: Persons not participating in cultural or sport activities in the last 12 months by sex, age, educational attainment, activity type and reasons

Cultural site visits in the last year

13.8 % of people aged 16+ latest value, 2015

At least one attendance in the last 12 months, EU-SILC, both sexes aged 16+, all education levels. Sparse waves; people are not visits.

Source: Persons participating in cultural or sport activities in the last 12 months by sex, age, educational attainment, activity type and frequency

Financial barrier: Cultural site visits in the last year

15.3 % of non-participants latest value, 2015

Financial reason among non-participants in the specified cultural or sports activity, EU-SILC, age 16+. Not a share of all residents.

Source: Persons not participating in cultural or sport activities in the last 12 months by sex, age, educational attainment, activity type and reasons

Live performance attendance in the last year

19.6 % of people aged 16+ latest value, 2015

At least one attendance in the last 12 months, EU-SILC, both sexes aged 16+, all education levels. Sparse waves; people are not visits.

Source: Persons participating in cultural or sport activities in the last 12 months by sex, age, educational attainment, activity type and frequency

Financial barrier: Live performance attendance in the last year

16.6 % of non-participants latest value, 2015

Financial reason among non-participants in the specified cultural or sports activity, EU-SILC, age 16+. Not a share of all residents.

Source: Persons not participating in cultural or sport activities in the last 12 months by sex, age, educational attainment, activity type and reasons

Sports event attendance in the last year

20.1 % of people aged 16+ latest value, 2015

At least one attendance in the last 12 months, EU-SILC, both sexes aged 16+, all education levels. Sparse waves; people are not visits.

Source: Persons participating in cultural or sport activities in the last 12 months by sex, age, educational attainment, activity type and frequency

Financial barrier: Sports event attendance in the last year

12.6 % of non-participants latest value, 2015

Financial reason among non-participants in the specified cultural or sports activity, EU-SILC, age 16+. Not a share of all residents.

Source: Persons not participating in cultural or sport activities in the last 12 months by sex, age, educational attainment, activity type and reasons

International tourism, receipts (current US$)

253,000,000 current US dollars latest value, 2020

International tourism receipts are expenditures by international inbound visitors, including payments to national carriers for international transport. These receipts include any other prepayment made for goods or services received in the destination country. They also may include receipts from same-day visitors, except when these are important enough to justify separate classification. For some countries they do not include receipts for passenger transport items. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

Source: International tourism, receipts (current US$)

International tourism, number of arrivals

118,000 arrivals per year latest value, 2020

International inbound tourists (overnight visitors) are the number of tourists who travel to a country other than that in which they have their usual residence, but outside their usual environment, for a period not exceeding 12 months and whose main purpose in visiting is other than an activity remunerated from within the country visited. When data on number of tourists are not available, the number of visitors, which includes tourists, same-day visitors, cruise passengers, and crew members, is shown instead. Sources and collection methods for arrivals differ across countries. In some cases data are from border statistics (police, immigration, and the like) and supplemented by border surveys. In other cases data are from tourism accommodation establishments. For some countries number of arrivals is limited to arrivals by air and for others to arrivals staying in hotels. Some countries include arrivals of nationals residing abroad while others do not. Caution should thus be used in comparing arrivals across countries. The data on inbound tourists refer to the number of arrivals, not to the number of people traveling. Thus a person who makes several trips to a country during a given period is counted each time as a new arrival.

Source: International tourism, number of arrivals

Land and housing

Agricultural land (% of land area)

49.6 % of land area latest value, 2023

Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable, under permanent crops, and under permanent pastures. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded. Land under permanent crops is land cultivated with crops that occupy the land for long periods and need not be replanted after each harvest, such as cocoa, coffee, and rubber. This category includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees, and vines, but excludes land under trees grown for wood or timber. Permanent pasture is land used for five or more years for forage, including natural and cultivated crops.

Source: Agricultural land (% of land area)

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added per worker (constant 2015 US$)

12,078.4 constant 2015 US dollars latest value, 2025

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing corresponds to ISIC (Rev. 4) divisions 01-03 and includes the exploitation of vegetal and animal natural resources, comprising the activities of growing of crops, raising and breeding of animals, harvesting of timber and other plants, animals or animal products from a farm or their natural habitats.Value added is the contribution to the economy by a producer or an industry or an institutional sector, which is estimated by the total value of output produced and deducting the total value of intermediate consumption of goods and services used to produce that output. This indicator is expressed in constant prices, meaning the series has been adjusted to account for price changes over time. The reference year for this adjustment is 2015. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.

Source: Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added per worker (constant 2015 US$)

Arable land (% of land area)

16.5 % of land area latest value, 2023

Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded.

Source: Arable land (% of land area)

Cereal yield (kg per hectare)

3,565.4 kg per hectare latest value, 2024

Cereal yield, measured as kilograms per hectare of harvested land, includes wheat, rice, maize, barley, oats, rye, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, and mixed grains. Production data on cereals relate to crops harvested for dry grain only. Cereal crops harvested for hay or harvested green for food, feed, or silage and those used for grazing are excluded. The FAO allocates production data to the calendar year in which the bulk of the harvest took place. Most of a crop harvested near the end of a year will be used in the following year.

Source: Cereal yield (kg per hectare)

Certified organic agricultural land

2.64 1000 ha latest value, 2024

FAOSTAT RL, Agriculture area certified organic. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

People in housing rented at market price

0.7 % of population latest value, 2024

Population by housing tenure, all household types and income groups, EU-SILC. Denominator is people, not dwellings.

Source: Distribution of population by tenure status, type of household and income group

People in housing with a mortgage

0.6 % of population latest value, 2024

Population by housing tenure, all household types and income groups, EU-SILC. Denominator is people, not dwellings.

Source: Distribution of population by tenure status, type of household and income group

Housing cost overburden

5.6 % of population latest value, 2024

People in households with housing costs exceeding 40% of disposable income, EU-SILC; all ages and sexes.

Source: Housing cost overburden rate by age, sex and poverty status

Housing overcrowding

38.3 % of population latest value, 2024

People in overcrowded dwellings under the EU-SILC room-based definition; all ages and sexes.

Source: Overcrowding rate by age, sex and poverty status - total population

People in owner-occupied housing

87 % of population latest value, 2024

Population by housing tenure, all household types and income groups, EU-SILC. Denominator is people, not dwellings.

Source: Distribution of population by tenure status, type of household and income group

Actually irrigated agricultural land

84.43 1000 ha latest value, 2016

FAOSTAT RL, Agriculture area actually irrigated. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Land equipped for irrigation

127.8 1000 ha latest value, 2024

FAOSTAT RL, Land area equipped for irrigation. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Age of leaving the parental household

30.7 years, estimate latest value, 2025

Estimated mean age of leaving the parental household under the Eurostat method, both sexes. Not the mean age of observed moves during the year.

Source: Estimated average age of young persons leaving the parental household

Cropland under zero or no tillage

13 1000 ha latest value, 2016

FAOSTAT RL, Cropland area under zero or no tillage. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Everyday environment

Air transport, passengers carried

86,868 passengers per year latest value, 2009

Air carrier data per country refers to passengers carried by airlines registered in that country regardless of the origin or destination of the passengers.

Source: Air transport, passengers carried

Unable to keep home adequately warm

27 % of population in group latest value, 2024

Self-reported inability to keep home adequately warm, EU-SILC. The at-risk group has income below 60% of the national median.

Source: Inability to keep home adequately warm

Unable to keep home adequately warm (at risk of poverty)

37.6 % of population in group latest value, 2024

Self-reported inability to keep home adequately warm, EU-SILC. The at-risk group has income below 60% of the national median.

Source: Inability to keep home adequately warm

Access to electricity (% of population)

100 % of population latest value, 2024

Access to electricity is the percentage of population with access to electricity. Electrification data are collected from industry, national surveys and international sources.

Source: Access to electricity (% of population)

Fertilizer consumption (kilograms per hectare of arable land)

54.3 kg of nutrients per hectare latest value, 2023

Fertilizer consumption measures the quantity of plant nutrients used per unit of arable land. Fertilizer products cover nitrogenous, potash, and phosphate fertilizers (including ground rock phosphate). Traditional nutrients--animal and plant manures--are not included. For the purpose of data dissemination, FAO has adopted the concept of a calendar year (January to December). Some countries compile fertilizer data on a calendar year basis, while others are on a split-year basis. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded.

Source: Fertilizer consumption (kilograms per hectare of arable land)

Forest area (% of land area)

39.7 % of land area latest value, 2023

Forest area (% of land area) is the share of total land area that is under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters in situ, whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems (for example, in fruit plantations and agroforestry systems) and trees in urban parks and gardens.

Source: Forest area (% of land area)

Household electricity price

0.12 euro per kWh, mean of both half-years latest value, 2025

Arithmetic mean of both half-year prices including taxes in the selected Eurostat consumption band. Partial years excluded; not a sales-weighted annual price.

Source: Electricity prices for household consumers - bi-annual data (from 2007 onwards)

Household gas price

0.12 euro per kWh, mean of both half-years latest value, 2025

Arithmetic mean of both half-year prices including taxes in the selected Eurostat consumption band. Partial years excluded; not a sales-weighted annual price.

Source: Gas prices for household consumers - bi-annual data

Land temperature anomaly

2.22 °C latest value, 2025

FAOSTAT ET, Meteorological year. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Municipal waste generated

480 kg per inhabitant latest value, 2023

Municipal waste by treatment operation, Eurostat, kg per inhabitant. National scope of municipal waste differs.

Source: Municipal waste by waste management operations

Municipal waste landfilled

340 kg per inhabitant latest value, 2023

Municipal waste by treatment operation, Eurostat, kg per inhabitant. National scope of municipal waste differs.

Source: Municipal waste by waste management operations

Municipal waste recycled

0 kg per inhabitant latest value, 2023

Municipal waste by treatment operation, Eurostat, kg per inhabitant. National scope of municipal waste differs.

Source: Municipal waste by waste management operations

PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (micrograms per cubic meter)

21.8 micrograms/m³, annual mean exposure latest value, 2023

Population-weighted exposure to ambient PM2.5 pollution is defined as the average level of exposure of a nation's population to concentrations of suspended particles measuring less than 2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter, which are capable of penetrating deep into the respiratory tract and causing severe health damage. Exposure is calculated by weighting mean annual concentrations of PM2.5 by population in both urban and rural areas.

Source: PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (micrograms per cubic meter)

Railways, passengers carried (million passenger-km)

25.3 million passenger-km latest value, 2021

Passengers carried by railway are the number of passengers transported by rail multiplied by kilometers traveled.

Source: Railways, passengers carried (million passenger-km)

People using safely managed drinking water services (% of population)

80.8 % of population latest value, 2024

The percentage of people using drinking water from an improved source that is accessible on premises, available when needed and free from fecal and priority chemical contamination. Improved water sources include piped water, boreholes or tubewells, protected dug wells, protected springs, and packaged or delivered water.

Source: People using safely managed drinking water services (% of population)

People using safely managed sanitation services (% of population)

12.1 % of population latest value, 2024

The percentage of people using improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households and where excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and treated offsite. Improved sanitation facilities include flush/pour flush to piped sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines: ventilated improved pit latrines, composting toilets or pit latrines with slabs.

Source: People using safely managed sanitation services (% of population)

Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources

52.6 % of available freshwater resources latest value, 2022

The level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources is the ratio between total freshwater withdrawn by all major sectors and total renewable freshwater resources, after taking into account environmental water requirements. Main sectors, as defined by ISIC standards, include agriculture; forestry and fishing; manufacturing; electricity industry; and services. This indicator is also known as water withdrawal intensity.

Source: Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources

Work and skills

Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)

96.1 % of people aged 15+ latest value, 2002

Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.

Source: Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)

Children in employment, total (% of children ages 7-14)

19.8 % of children aged 7-14 latest value, 2011

Children in employment refer to children involved in economic activity for at least one hour in the reference week of the survey.

Source: Children in employment, total (% of children ages 7-14)

Children out of school (% of primary school age)

3.8 % of primary-school-age children latest value, 2023

Children out of school are the percentage of primary-school-age children who are not enrolled in primary or secondary school. Children in the official primary age group that are in preprimary education should be considered out of school.

Source: Children out of school (% of primary school age)

Early leavers from education and training

9.5 % of people aged 18-24 latest value, 2025

People aged 18-24 with at most lower secondary education and no recent education/training, Eurostat LFS.

Source: Early leavers from education and training by labour status

Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP)

3.3 % of GDP latest value, 2002

General government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers) is expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. General government usually refers to local, regional and central governments.

Source: Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP)

Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate)

45.6 % of population aged 15+ latest value, 2025

Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed.

Source: Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate)

Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate)

51.9 % of population aged 15+ latest value, 2025

Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.

Source: Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate)

Learning poverty: Share of Children at the End-of-Primary age below minimum reading proficiency adjusted by Out-of-School Children (%)

33 % of children of end-of-primary age latest value, 2021

The share of 10-year-olds who cannot read and understand a short passage of age-appropriate material—in other words, those who are below the “minimum proficiency” threshold for reading. This measure is defined as the union of two deprivations: 1) schooling deprivation and 2) learning deprivation. A child is considered schooling-deprived (SD) if he or she is of primary school age and out-of-school. The dimension of learning deprivation (LD) applies only for children in school, and identifies those pupils who are below the minimum proficiency level (MPL) for reading, as defined by the Global Alliance to Monitor Learning (GAML), measured in standard learning assessments, and reported in the context of the SDG 4.1.1b monitoring. This “union approach” to measurement reflects the choice that, as presented in the SDGs, all age 10 children must be both in school and learning. The final learning poverty measure combines the two dimensions in a single indicator using the following formula: LP = SD + [(1-SD) x LD]

Source: Learning poverty: Share of Children at the End-of-Primary age below minimum reading proficiency adjusted by Out-of-School Children (%)

New business density (new registrations per 1,000 people ages 15-64)

5.2 per 1,000 people aged 15-64 latest value, 2024

The number of newly registered firms with limited liability per 1,000 working-age people (ages 15-64) per calendar year.

Source: New business density (new registrations per 1,000 people ages 15-64)

Part-time employment

3.1 % of employed people aged 15-64 latest value, 2025

Employed people aged 15-64 working part-time as a share of employment, Eurostat LFS, both sexes.

Source: Part-time employment and temporary contracts - annual data

Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)

95.8 % of relevant age group latest value, 2023

Primary completion rate, or gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, is the number of new entrants (enrollments minus repeaters) in the last grade of primary education, regardless of age, divided by the population at the entrance age for the last grade of primary education. Data limitations preclude adjusting for students who drop out during the final year of primary education.

Source: Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)

Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

12.3 % of employment latest value, 2025

Vulnerable employment is contributing family workers and own-account workers as a percentage of total employment.

Source: Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Actual weekly hours worked

39.4 hours latest value, 2025

Mean actual hours in the main job among those who worked in the reference week, age 15+, both sexes and all employment types/industries, Eurostat LFS. Full-week absentees excluded.

Source: Average actual weekly hours worked in the main job of persons who worked in this job during the reference week by professional status, full-time/part-time employment and economic activity (NACE Rev. 2) (2008-2026)

Literacy rate, youth total (% of people ages 15-24)

98.7 % of people aged 15-24 latest value, 2002

Youth literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15-24 who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.

Source: Literacy rate, youth total (% of people ages 15-24)

Share of youth not in education, employment or training, total (% of youth population)

19.5 % of youth aged 15-24 latest value, 2025

The share of youth not in education, employment or training (also known as “the NEET rate”) conveys the number of young persons not in education, employment or training as a percentage of the total youth population. Youth not in education are those who were neither enrolled in school nor in a formal training program (e.g. vocational training). For the purposes of this indicator, youth is defined as all persons between the ages of 15 and 24 (inclusive).

Source: Share of youth not in education, employment or training, total (% of youth population)

Science, space and technology

GitHub developer accounts at year end

76,972 accounts latest value, 2025

Fourth-quarter end snapshot; includes inactive accounts/organizations/repositories. GitHub Innovation Graph: public GitHub activity only. Geography reflects mode location, not nationality. Suppressed small groups are not zeros; not a professional-programmer count.

GitHub git pushes

309,624 git pushes latest value, 2025

Sum of all four published quarters of git pushes. One push may include multiple commits. GitHub Innovation Graph: public GitHub activity only. Geography reflects mode location, not nationality. Suppressed small groups are not zeros; not a professional-programmer count.

GitHub organizations at year end

3,166 organizations latest value, 2025

GitHub repositories at year end

151,893 repositories latest value, 2025

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS): science, technology and innovation

High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)

6.4 % of manufactured exports latest value, 2024

High-technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery.

Source: High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)

Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)

0.4 % of GDP latest value, 2024

Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.

Source: Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)

R&D expenditure per inhabitant

29.5 euro per inhabitant latest value, 2023

Gross domestic R&D expenditure, all sectors, current euro per inhabitant, Eurostat. Exchange-rate and inflation changes remain.

Source: GERD by sector of performance

Researchers in R&D (per million people)

888.1 full-time equivalents per million people latest value, 2024

The number of researchers engaged in Research &Development (R&D), expressed as per million. Researchers are professionals who conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models techniques instrumentation, software of operational methods. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.

Source: Researchers in R&D (per million people)

Patent applications, residents

42 applications per year latest value, 2021

Patent applications are worldwide patent applications filed through the Patent Cooperation Treaty procedure or with a national patent office for exclusive rights for an invention--a product or process that provides a new way of doing something or offers a new technical solution to a problem. A patent provides protection for the invention to the owner of the patent for a limited period, generally 20 years.

Source: Patent applications, residents

Business R&D per inhabitant

8.1 euro per inhabitant latest value, 2023

R&D performed by businesses (BERD), euros at current prices per inhabitant. Counted by who performs the work, not by who pays. Eurostat, rd_e_gerdtot (sector BES).

Source: Eurostat research and development statistics

Researchers, thousand people

2.8 thousand people latest value, 2022

Number of people working as researchers in all sectors — each person counts once, however many hours they spend on research (headcount). Hence larger than full-time equivalents (researchers_fte). Eurostat, rd_p_persocc.

Source: Eurostat research and development statistics

Women among researchers

54.7 % of researchers latest value, 2024

Share of women among researchers in all sectors (business, government, higher education, non-profit), by headcount: each person counts once, however many hours they spend on research. Not the share among paper authors or inventors. UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), indicator FRESP.THC.

Patent applications by origin, worldwide

41 applications per year latest value, 2024

All applications for patents for inventions filed in a year by applicants from the country at any patent office worldwide — at home and abroad (direct filings and PCT national phase entries). Country = first applicant's address (origin), not the filing office. Applications, not grants; one invention filed in five countries counts five times. Residents' filings at their own office are a separate series, resident_patent_applications. WIPO IP Statistics Data Center (the last update is stated in the export file).

Source: WIPO IP Statistics Data Center

Patent applications abroad by origin

14 applications per year latest value, 2024

Applications for patents for inventions filed in a year by applicants from the country at foreign and regional offices (such as the European Patent Office): how much the country's inventions seek protection in other markets. Country = first applicant's address; applications, not grants. WIPO IP Statistics Data Center (the last update is stated in the export file).

Source: WIPO IP Statistics Data Center

PCT international patent applications

5 applications per year latest value, 2025

International applications under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) by filing date and first applicant's country. One PCT application defers the choice of countries where the invention will be protected; it is neither a patent nor a filing at a particular office. The incomplete current year is excluded. WIPO IP Statistics Data Center (the last update is stated in the export file).

Source: WIPO IP Statistics Data Center

All cars on the road: battery-electric (BEV), share

0.3 % of all passenger cars latest value, 2025

Share of all registered passenger cars at the end of the year (the stock, not the sales of the year). Battery-electric: battery and electric motor only, no petrol or diesel engine (Eurostat code ELC). Eurostat, road_eqs_carpda.

Source: Eurostat: new passenger car registrations and the car stock by motor energy (road_eqr_carpda, road_eqs_carpda)

Communities and participation

Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%)

39.2 % of seats latest value, 2025

Women in parliaments are the percentage of parliamentary seats in a single or lower chamber held by women.

Source: Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%)

Religion and beliefs

Christians — population share

64.7 % of population latest value, 2020

Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Christians — population

1,210 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Muslims — population share

34.7 % of population latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Muslims — population

650 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religiously unaffiliated — population share

0.5 % of population latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religiously unaffiliated — population

30 thousand persons latest value, 2010

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religious diversity — country rank

48 rank among 201 latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religious diversity index

5.4 index points (0–10) latest value, 2020

Pew index, 0–10, based on seven broad groups. 10 means seven equal groups; 0 means everyone belongs to one group. Does not measure religious freedom, intensity of belief or conflict. Values below 0.1 are retained as bounds in the table. Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religious composition: balance between two groups

9.1 index points (0–10) latest value, 2020

Pew index, 0–10, based on seven broad groups. 10 means two equal groups, which may be any two religions. It is not an affiliated/unaffiliated index. Does not measure religious freedom, intensity of belief or conflict. Values below 0.1 are retained as bounds in the table. Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religiously affiliated — population share

99.5 % of population latest value, 2020

Macroscope calculation: total population minus Unaffiliated. A subtotal of six religious groups, not an eighth group or a count of believers in God. Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religiously affiliated — population

1,860 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Government restrictions on religion

3.5 index points (0–10) latest value, 2023

Pew coding of published materials for 2023, 198 countries and territories. Scores from 0 to 10, not population percentages. GRI covers government restrictions; SHI covers hostile acts by private individuals and groups. They measure different things and must not be summed. North Korea is not scored due to insufficient reliable observations; missing is not no restrictions. Released June 15, 2026.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious restrictions and social hostilities

Social hostilities involving religion

3.1 index points (0–10) latest value, 2023

Source: Pew Research Center: religious restrictions and social hostilities

Christians among immigrants — share

45.8 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Christians among immigrants — population

60 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Muslims among immigrants — share

34.6 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Muslims among immigrants — population

50 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Religiously unaffiliated among immigrants — share

18.7 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Religiously unaffiliated among immigrants — population

20 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Buddhists among immigrants — share

0.2 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Hindus among immigrants — share

0 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Jews among immigrants — share

0.2 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Other religions among immigrants — share

0.4 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Christians among emigrants — share

40.1 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Christians among emigrants — population

280 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Muslims among emigrants — share

52 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Muslims among emigrants — population

370 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Religiously unaffiliated among emigrants — share

6.6 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Religiously unaffiliated among emigrants — population

50 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Buddhists among emigrants — share

0.7 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Hindus among emigrants — share

0.3 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Jews among emigrants — share

0.3 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Other religions among emigrants — share

0.1 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Religion very important: EVS

54.6 % of valid answers latest value, 2019

EVS 2017, ZA7500 v5.0.0: published weighted tables, fieldwork 2017–2021. Percentages use valid answers to each question; do-not-know and refusal responses are excluded. The gweight calibration adjusts age, sex, education and region. Rounded weighted valid/missing frequencies are retained; they are neither population counts nor actual interview counts. Q17 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and a convinced atheist: self-description, not affiliation. Q20 “do not know what to think” is not relabelled agnosticism. Q13a describes only respondents naming a denomination, not all adults. Great Britain excludes Northern Ireland and is retained as a region. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; the full period is retained in the table. Rounded 0.0% is not an exact zero; blank cells remain absent. Small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Source: EVS, GESIS (2022), EVS 2017 Variable Report, GESIS-Variable Reports 2022/05; EVS (2022), ZA7500 v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897. Only selected aggregates from the public report are republished, not microdata.

Religion not at all important: EVS

6.2 % of valid answers latest value, 2019

Belong to a denomination: EVS

92.7 % of valid answers latest value, 2019

No denominational affiliation: EVS

7.3 % of valid answers latest value, 2019

Never attend services: EVS

8.2 % of valid answers latest value, 2019

Identify as religious: EVS

85.6 % of valid answers latest value, 2019

Identify as non-religious: EVS

11.1 % of valid answers latest value, 2019

Identify as convinced atheists: EVS

3.3 % of valid answers latest value, 2019

Believe in God: EVS

92.5 % of valid answers latest value, 2019

Do not believe in God: EVS

7.5 % of valid answers latest value, 2019

Believe in life after death: EVS

60.7 % of valid answers latest value, 2019

Believe in hell: EVS

55.4 % of valid answers latest value, 2019

Believe in heaven: EVS

60.2 % of valid answers latest value, 2019

Believe in reincarnation: EVS

37.8 % of valid answers latest value, 2019

Belief in a personal God: EVS

76.1 % of valid answers latest value, 2019

Belief in a spirit or life force: EVS

14.1 % of valid answers latest value, 2019

Unsure what to think about God: EVS

6.6 % of valid answers latest value, 2019

No God, spirit or life force: EVS

3.2 % of valid answers latest value, 2019

Daily prayer: EVS

35.6 % of valid answers latest value, 2019

Never pray: EVS

11.2 % of valid answers latest value, 2019