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Turkey

Asia

All indicators of the Macroscope base for Turkey, with sources. Below: what past UN and IMF releases projected and what actually happened.

Open on the chartCSV: all factsAPI
Population
87.3M
persons, 1 July, 2023
UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024
Births
895k
births per year, 2025
TurkStat (TÜİK), Birth Statistics 2025 (released 21 May 2026), table 'Basic fertility indicators, 2001-2025'
Total fertility rate
1.42
children per woman, 2025
TurkStat (TÜİK), Birth Statistics 2025 (released 21 May 2026), table 'Basic fertility indicators, 2001-2025'
Median age
32.5
years, 2023
UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024
International migrants, share
8.1
% of population, 2024
UN DESA, International Migrant Stock 2024
Internet users
89.8
% of population, 2025
World Bank, World Development Indicators
GDP per capita, PPP
37,301
constant 2021 international $, 2025
World Bank, World Development Indicators
Electricity demand per person
4,012
kWh per person a year, 2025
Ember, Yearly Electricity Data

What the data shows

Computed with the same code as the observations under the main chart and in the API (get_insights). Moving together in time does not prove a cause.

How the indicators changed

  • Fertility (TFR): 6.47 in 1950 → 1.42 in 2025 (−78%). Thresholds: below 2.1 since 2017, below 1.5 since 2024. The trend broke around 1965 and 1993: −0.01 → −0.13 → −0.04 a year.
  • Births: 983k in 1950 → 895k in 2025 (−9%). Peak: 1.53M in 1981; the latest value is 42% lower. The trend broke around 1971 and 2018: +25.5k → −5.08k → −60.9k a year.
  • Population: 21M in 1950 → 87.3M in 2023 (×4.2).
  • Internet: 0% in 1990 → 89.8% in 2025 (+90 pp). Thresholds: above 10% since 2002, above 50% since 2014. Fastest growth in 2006–2011: 18.2% → 43.1%.
  • Urban share: 23.4% in 1960 → 89.5% in 2025 (+66 pp). Thresholds: above 50% since 1989, above 75% since 2013. The trend broke around 2010 and 2016: +0.94 → +3.3 → +0.07 a year.
  • GDP per person (PPP): 12,184 PPP dollars in 1990 → 37,301 PPP dollars in 2025 (×3.1). The trend broke around 2002 and 2019: +218 → +827 → +1,456 a year.
  • GDP growth: on average 4.2% in the 1980s, 4.1% in the 1990s, 4.1% in the 2000s, 5.9% in the 2010s, 5.2% in the 2020s. Lowest: −5.5% in 2001; highest: 11.8% in 2021.
  • Inflation: on average 51.2% in the 1980s, 77.2% in the 1990s, 23.1% in the 2000s, 9.8% in the 2010s, 41.9% in the 2020s. Lowest: 6.2% in 2009; highest: 110.6% in 1980.
  • Net migration: on average 71.2k a year in the 1950s, −58.1k a year in the 1960s, −153k a year in the 1970s, −40.3k a year in the 1980s, −121k a year in the 1990s, −124k a year in the 2000s, 410k a year in the 2010s, −140k a year in the 2020s.
  • Life expectancy, men: 44.2 years in 1950 → 74.5 years in 2023 (+30 years). Threshold: above 70 years since 2004. The trend broke around 2014: change slowed down (+0.37 → +0.08 a year).

What changed at the same time

  • The fastest decline of "Fertility (TFR)" was in 1973–1983: 5.41 → 4.06. Over the same years: births 1.51M → 1.51M; population 39.3M → 48.4M; urban share 33.4% → 43.2%; GDP growth 4.8% (1983); inflation 31.3% (1983); net migration −131k a year → 39.9k a year; life expectancy, men 55.5 years → 61.1 years; no data for the others in those years.
  • Over the last 10 years (2015–2025): fertility (TFR) 2.16 → 1.42; births 1.39M → 895k; population 80M (2015); internet 53.7% → 89.8%; urban share 87.2% → 89.5%; GDP per person (PPP) 25,985 PPP dollars → 37,301 PPP dollars; GDP growth 5.8% → 3.6%; inflation 7.7% → 34.9%; net migration 1.06M a year (2015); life expectancy, men 73.5 years (2015).

How the indicators relate

  • Fertility (TFR) and internet (1990–2025, 34 years): levels are strongly related, in opposite directions (r = −0.91); year-to-year changes show no reliable link (r = 0.06). This looks like a shared trend: both change over time, but not in step from year to year.
  • Fertility (TFR) and urban share (1960–2025, 66 years): levels are strongly related, in opposite directions (r = −0.93); year-to-year changes show no reliable link (r = 0.31). This looks like a shared trend: both change over time, but not in step from year to year.
  • Fertility (TFR) and GDP per person (PPP) (1990–2025, 36 years): levels are strongly related, in opposite directions (r = −0.91); year-to-year changes show no reliable link (r = 0.17). This looks like a shared trend: both change over time, but not in step from year to year.

Against other countries

  • Fertility (TFR), adjusted for income: countries with the same GDP per person (35,070 PPP dollars) typically have 1.61; here it is 1.52, about the same as most countries at this income (2023, 197 countries).
  • Internet, adjusted for income: countries with the same GDP per person (36,150 PPP dollars) typically have 88.2%; here it is 87.3%, about the same as most countries at this income (2024, 177 countries).
  • Order of events: urban majority: 1989; fertility below 3: 1992; fertility below 2.1: 2010; half the population online: 2014. Fertility fell below 3 after the urban share passed 50% in 69% of 111 countries where the order is known; median gap 9 years. Fertility fell below 2.1 before half the population went online in 88% of 112 countries where the order is known.

Forecasts vs actual

  • Fertility (TFR): past UN projections. The outcome was below the projection in 12 of 12 revisions (1998–2022) and above in none; median gap −18%.
  • The UN 2004 projection did not expect today's level (1.42, 2025) before its horizon ended (2050).
  • The UN 2019 projection did not expect today's level (1.42, 2025) before its horizon ended (2100).
  • Fertility (TFR): UN 2024 projection (medium): 2050 — 1.62 (+14% vs 2025), 2100 — 1.61 (+13% vs 2025); low variant for 2100: 1.11.
  • Births: past UN projections. The outcome was below the projection in 12 of 12 revisions (1998–2022) and above in none; median gap −19%.
  • The UN 2004 projection did not expect today's level (895k, 2025) before its horizon ended (2050).
  • The UN 2022 projection expected today's level (895k, 2025) only after 2050: reality is at least 26 years ahead of it.
  • National statistics for 2025: 895k, 15% below the UN 2024 medium variant (1.05M).
  • Births: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2050 — 848k (−5% vs 2025), 2100 — 444k (−50% vs 2025); low variant for 2100: 120k.
  • Population: past UN projections. The outcome was below the projection in 3 of 12 revisions (1998–2022) and above in 9; median gap +1.6%.
  • The UN 1998 projection expected today's level (87.3M, 2023) only by 2025: reality is at least 2 years ahead of it.
  • The UN 2019 projection expected today's level (87.3M, 2023) only by 2027: reality is at least 4 years ahead of it.
  • Population: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2050 — 91.3M (+5% vs 2023), 2100 — 65.3M (−25% vs 2023); low variant for 2100: 42.5M.
  • Why the UN missed the population. The 1998 projection for 2023: 86.4M; the UN's 2024 estimate: 87.3M (+1%). Parts of the gap (plus means more people than projected): the starting population −251k, births −606k, deaths +1.14M (fewer deaths than expected), migration +588k; the largest: deaths.
  • Why the UN missed the population. The 2010 projection for 2023: 82.8M; the UN's 2024 estimate: 87.3M (+5.5%). Parts of the gap (plus means more people than projected): the starting population +595k, births +771k, deaths −498k (more deaths than expected), migration +3.71M; the largest: migration.
  • GDP growth: IMF next-year forecasts (36 editions, 2007–2024). On average the outcome was 1.4 pp above the forecast; below it in 28% of cases; typical error ±3.1 pp. The biggest miss was for 2009: IMF, April 2008 expected 4.3%, the outcome was −4.9%.
  • GDP growth: latest IMF forecast (IMF, April 2026): 2026 — 3.4%, 2028 — 3.8%, 2031 — 4%.
  • Inflation: IMF next-year forecasts (36 editions, 2007–2024). On average the outcome was 6.2 pp above the forecast; below it in 17% of cases; typical error ±6.9 pp. The biggest miss was for 2022: IMF, April 2021 expected 11.8%, the outcome was 72.3%.
  • Inflation: latest IMF forecast (IMF, April 2026): 2026 — 28.6%, 2028 — 17%, 2031 — 15%.
  • Net migration: past UN projections. The outcome was above the projection in 4 of 12 revisions (1998–2022) and below in 8; median difference −126k a year. The biggest miss: the 2008 revision expected 2k a year for 2020–2025; the outcome was −166k a year (for the years of the period so far).
  • Net migration: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2030 — −130k a year, 2050 — −74.1k a year, 2100 — −29.2k a year.
  • Life expectancy, men: past UN projections. The outcome was above the projection in 7 of 12 revisions (1998–2022) and below in 5; median difference +0.8 years. The biggest miss: the 2004 revision expected 71.1 years for 2020–2025; the outcome was 73.9 years (for the years of the period so far).
  • Life expectancy, men: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2030 — 76.4 years, 2050 — 80.4 years, 2100 — 87.1 years.

Wars and births

  • War of 1992–1999 on the country's territory (UCDP/PRIO; about 21 thousand battle deaths). Against peace-time countries whose fertility was close the year before the war (Jamaica, Argentina, Albania, Costa Rica, Kazakhstan and 5 more), net of each country's pre-war trend: births during the war +10%, 1–5 years after it +17%, 6–10 years after +17%; fertility (children per woman) during the war +0.34, 1–5 years after it +0.78, 6–10 years after +1.01.
  • War of 2016–2016 on the country's territory (UCDP/PRIO; about 1,445 battle deaths). Against peace-time countries whose fertility was close the year before the war (Bahrain, Georgia, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Nepal and 5 more), net of each country's pre-war trend: births during the war +8.3%, 1–5 years after it +0.8%, 6–10 years after −13%; fertility (children per woman) during the war +0.01, 1–5 years after it −0.21, 6–10 years after −0.48.
  • All wars together: of 101 wars on countries' territory since 1955, births 1–5 years after the end were above comparable peace-time countries in 42% of cases (median −1.6%). No significant post-war rise shows up.

UN projections vs actual

Solid line: actual data, UN WPP 2024 estimates; births and fertility from national statistics from the last year they matched the UN estimate (the UN's figures for the latest years are partly its own projection). Dashed: medium variants of past UN revisions. The table shows what each revision expected for the latest year (or five-year period) with actual data.

Population

persons, 1 July
Turkey: PopulationActual 2023: 87.3M50M60M70M80M90M100M19902000201020202030
  • Actual
  • UN 1998
  • UN 2000
  • UN 2002
  • UN 2004
  • UN 2006
  • UN 2008
  • UN 2010
  • UN 2012
  • UN 2015
  • UN 2017
  • UN 2019
  • UN 2022
  • UN 2024, medium
ReleaseTarget periodHorizonExpectedActualActual vs expected
UN 1998202325 years86.4M87.3M+1%
UN 2000202323 years85.2M87.3M+2.5%
UN 2002202321 years87.7M87.3M−0.5%
UN 2004202319 years89.1M87.3M−2.1%
UN 2006202317 years88.2M87.3M−1.1%
UN 2008202315 years86M87.3M+1.5%
UN 2010202313 years82.8M87.3M+5.5%
UN 2012202311 years82.4M87.3M+5.9%
UN 201520238 years83.8M87.3M+4.1%
UN 201720236 years85.4M87.3M+2.2%
UN 201920234 years86M87.3M+1.5%
UN 202220231 year85.8M87.3M+1.7%

Births

births per year
Turkey: BirthsActual 2025: 895k800k1M1.2M1.4M1.6M19902000201020202030
  • Actual
  • UN 1998
  • UN 2000
  • UN 2002
  • UN 2004
  • UN 2006
  • UN 2008
  • UN 2010
  • UN 2012
  • UN 2015
  • UN 2017
  • UN 2019
  • UN 2022
  • UN 2024, medium
ReleaseTarget periodHorizonExpectedActualActual vs expected
UN 19982020–202524 years1.32M1.03M−22.4%
UN 20002020–202522 years1.36M1.03M−24.8%
UN 20022020–202520 years1.27M1.03M−19%
UN 20042020–202518 years1.39M1.03M−25.9%
UN 20062020–202516 years1.28M1.03M−20%
UN 20082020–202514 years1.25M1.03M−18.1%
UN 20102020–202512 years1.15M1.03M−10.9%
UN 20122020–202510 years1.18M1.03M−12.7%
UN 20152020–20258 years1.22M1.03M−15.6%
UN 20172020–20256 years1.24M1.03M−17.3%
UN 20192020–20254 years1.27M1.03M−19.4%
UN 202220253 years1.18M895k−23.9%

Total fertility rate

children per woman
Turkey: Total fertility rateActual 2025: 1.4211.522.533.519902000201020202030
  • Actual
  • UN 1998
  • UN 2000
  • UN 2002
  • UN 2004
  • UN 2006
  • UN 2008
  • UN 2010
  • UN 2012
  • UN 2015
  • UN 2017
  • UN 2019
  • UN 2022
  • UN 2024, medium
ReleaseTarget periodHorizonExpectedActualActual vs expected
UN 19982020–202524 years2.101.59−24.4%
UN 20002020–202522 years2.101.59−24.4%
UN 20022020–202520 years1.851.59−14.1%
UN 20042020–202518 years2.031.59−21.7%
UN 20062020–202516 years1.911.59−17%
UN 20082020–202514 years1.901.59−16.5%
UN 20102020–202512 years1.831.59−13%
UN 20122020–202510 years1.891.59−16%
UN 20152020–20258 years1.921.59−17.4%
UN 20172020–20256 years1.941.59−18.2%
UN 20192020–20254 years1.991.59−20.3%
UN 202220253 years1.851.42−23%

Deaths

thousand deaths per year
Turkey: DeathsActual 2023: 55230040050060070080019902000201020202030
  • Actual
  • UN 1998
  • UN 2000
  • UN 2002
  • UN 2004
  • UN 2006
  • UN 2008
  • UN 2010
  • UN 2012
  • UN 2015
  • UN 2017
  • UN 2019
  • UN 2022
  • UN 2024, medium
ReleaseTarget periodHorizonExpectedActualActual vs expected
UN 19982015–202020 years540479−11.4%
UN 20002015–202018 years529479−9.5%
UN 20022015–202016 years518479−7.6%
UN 20042015–202014 years559479−14.4%
UN 20062015–202012 years530479−9.8%
UN 20082015–202010 years514479−7%
UN 20102015–20208 years459479+4.2%
UN 20122015–20206 years449479+6.7%
UN 20152015–20202 years465479+2.9%
UN 20172015–20200 years473479+1.2%
UN 202220231 year445552+23.9%

Infant mortality

deaths under age 1 per 1,000 live births
Turkey: Infant mortalityActual 2023: 9.2020406019902000201020202030
  • Actual
  • UN 1998
  • UN 2000
  • UN 2002
  • UN 2004
  • UN 2006
  • UN 2008
  • UN 2010
  • UN 2012
  • UN 2015
  • UN 2017
  • UN 2019
  • UN 2022
  • UN 2024, medium
ReleaseTarget periodHorizonExpectedActualActual vs expected
UN 19982015–202020 years23.710.1−57.5%
UN 20002015–202018 years24.110.1−58.1%
UN 20022015–202016 years24.610.1−59.1%
UN 20042015–202014 years25.310.1−60.1%
UN 20062015–202012 years20.910.1−51.8%
UN 20082015–202010 years20.910.1−51.8%
UN 20102015–20208 years17.710.1−42.9%
UN 20122015–20206 years910.1+12.2%
UN 20152015–20202 years9.910.1+1.7%
UN 20172015–20200 years9.910.1+2.4%
UN 202220231 year7.59.2+23%

Net migration

persons per year
Turkey: Net migrationActual 2023: −318k−500k0500k1M1.5M19902000201020202030
  • Actual
  • UN 1998
  • UN 2000
  • UN 2002
  • UN 2004
  • UN 2006
  • UN 2008
  • UN 2010
  • UN 2012
  • UN 2015
  • UN 2017
  • UN 2019
  • UN 2022
  • UN 2024, medium
ReleaseTarget periodHorizonExpectedActualActual vs expected
UN 19982020–2025*24 years0−166k−166k a year
UN 20002020–2025*22 years−50k−166k−116k a year
UN 20022020–2025*20 years−50k−166k−116k a year
UN 20042020–2025*18 years−30k−166k−136k a year
UN 20062020–2025*16 years−10k−166k−156k a year
UN 20082020–2025*14 years2k−166k−168k a year
UN 20102020–2025*12 years−1k−166k−165k a year
UN 20122020–2025*10 years−22k−166k−144k a year
UN 20152020–2025*8 years−200k−166k+34k a year
UN 20172020–2025*6 years−275k−166k+109k a year
UN 20192020–2025*4 years−319k−166k+153k a year
UN 202220231 year−318k−318k0k a year

Life expectancy at birth, women

years
Turkey: Life expectancy at birth, womenActual 2023: 79.9657075808519902000201020202030
  • Actual
  • UN 1998
  • UN 2000
  • UN 2002
  • UN 2004
  • UN 2006
  • UN 2008
  • UN 2010
  • UN 2012
  • UN 2015
  • UN 2017
  • UN 2019
  • UN 2022
  • UN 2024, medium
ReleaseTarget periodHorizonExpectedActualActual vs expected
UN 19982020–2025*24 years77.679.9+2.3 yrs
UN 20002020–2025*22 years77.679.9+2.3 yrs
UN 20022020–2025*20 years77.679.9+2.3 yrs
UN 20042020–2025*18 years75.979.9+3.9 yrs
UN 20062020–2025*16 years77.179.9+2.8 yrs
UN 20082020–2025*14 years77.179.9+2.8 yrs
UN 20102020–2025*12 years78.379.9+1.6 yrs
UN 20122020–2025*10 years81.179.9−1.2 yrs
UN 20152020–2025*8 years80.479.9−0.5 yrs
UN 20172020–2025*6 years80.479.9−0.6 yrs
UN 20192020–2025*4 years81.279.9−1.3 yrs
UN 202220231 year81.779.9−1.8 yrs

Life expectancy at birth, men

years
Turkey: Life expectancy at birth, menActual 2023: 74.5606570758019902000201020202030
  • Actual
  • UN 1998
  • UN 2000
  • UN 2002
  • UN 2004
  • UN 2006
  • UN 2008
  • UN 2010
  • UN 2012
  • UN 2015
  • UN 2017
  • UN 2019
  • UN 2022
  • UN 2024, medium
ReleaseTarget periodHorizonExpectedActualActual vs expected
UN 19982020–2025*24 years72.473.9+1.5 yrs
UN 20002020–2025*22 years72.473.9+1.5 yrs
UN 20022020–2025*20 years72.473.9+1.5 yrs
UN 20042020–2025*18 years71.173.9+2.8 yrs
UN 20062020–2025*16 years72.373.9+1.6 yrs
UN 20082020–2025*14 years72.373.9+1.6 yrs
UN 20102020–2025*12 years73.773.9+0.2 yrs
UN 20122020–2025*10 years74.873.9−0.9 yrs
UN 20152020–2025*8 years74.473.9−0.5 yrs
UN 20172020–2025*6 years74.273.9−0.3 yrs
UN 20192020–2025*4 years75.673.9−1.7 yrs
UN 202220231 year75.674.5−1.1 yrs

* The five-year period is not over: the projection is compared with the mean of its years so far (UN facts end in 2023).

IMF forecasts vs actual

Solid line: actual values from the latest IMF edition (data get revised, so we use the newest). Dashed: April editions, current year and five years ahead. The table covers next-year forecasts from all editions: mean error shows bias, mean absolute error shows accuracy.

Real GDP growth

% per year
Turkey: Real GDP growthActual 2025: 3.6−10−50510152000200520102015202020252030
  • Actual (IMF)
  • WEO, April editions
IndicatorForecastsMean errorMean absolute errorActual below forecast
Real GDP growth36+1.4 pp3.1 pp28%
Inflation36+6.2 pp6.9 pp17%
Unemployment rate29−0.6 pp1.2 pp69%
Government gross debt28−5.2 pp6.8 pp86%
Government budget balance29+0.9 pp1.5 pp38%

All indicators

Demography

Population

87.3M persons, 1 July latest value, 2023

Turkey: Population1950: 21M; 2023: 87.3M020M40M60M80M100M19501975200020252050

Population on 1 July. UN estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024; past UN revisions for forecast checks.

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Deaths

552 thousand deaths per year latest value, 2023

Turkey: Deaths1950: 422; 2023: 55202004006008001,00019501975200020252050

Deaths per calendar year (UN estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024); past UN revisions for forecast checks.

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Natural change

520.4 thousand persons per year latest value, 2023

Turkey: Natural change1950: 560; 2023: 520.405001,0001,50019501975200020252050

Births minus deaths in the year (UN). Negative: natural decrease, more deaths than births.

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Rate of natural change

6 per 1,000 population per year latest value, 2023

Turkey: Rate of natural change1950: 26.6; 2023: 6010203019501975200020252050

Births minus deaths in the year per 1,000 people (UN). With the net migration rate it makes up population growth.

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Life expectancy at 65

17.6 years latest value, 2023

Turkey: Life expectancy at 651950: 14; 2023: 17.6051015202519501975200020252050

Years a person aged 65 would still live at the mortality rates of the year; both sexes (UN).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Infant mortality

9.2 deaths under age 1 per 1,000 live births latest value, 2023

Turkey: Infant mortality1950: 193.4; 2023: 9.205010015020019501975200020252050

Children per 1,000 live births who die before their first birthday (UN); past UN revisions for forecast checks.

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Life expectancy at birth, women

79.9 years latest value, 2023

Turkey: Life expectancy at birth, women1950: 50.4; 2023: 79.902040608010019501975200020252050

Years a newborn girl would live at the mortality rates of the year (UN).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Life expectancy at birth, men

74.5 years latest value, 2023

Turkey: Life expectancy at birth, men1950: 44.2; 2023: 74.502040608010019501975200020252050

Years a newborn boy would live at the mortality rates of the year (UN).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Median age

32.5 years latest value, 2023

Turkey: Median age1950: 18.6; 2023: 32.50102030405019501975200020252050

Age that divides the population in two halves (UN).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Mean age of mothers at childbirth

29.2 years latest value, 2023

Turkey: Mean age of mothers at childbirth1950: 28.1; 2023: 29.201020304019501975200020252050

Mean age of mothers at the birth of their children of any order (UN).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Sex ratio at birth

105 boys per 100 girls latest value, 2023

Turkey: Sex ratio at birth1950: 104.6; 2023: 10505010015019501975200020252050

Boys born per 100 girls born (UN).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Crude marriage rate

6.3 marriages per 1,000 people latest value, 2025

Turkey: Crude marriage rate1980: 8.07; 2025: 6.3024681019801990200020102020

Marriages in the year per 1,000 people: marriages from national offices (Korea, Japan, Taiwan, China, the USA, the UK, Russia, Brazil and others, where they publish more than the international databases), Eurostat and the UN, divided by the UN WPP 2024 population. Where most births are within marriage, marriages come before births.

Source: TÜİK (Türkiye)

Marriages

552k marriages a year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Marriages1980: 366k; 2025: 552k0200k400k600k800k19801990200020102020

Marriages in the year (couples). National offices (Korea, Japan, Taiwan, China, the USA, the UK, Russia, Brazil and others), Eurostat for Europe, the UN for the rest; by year of registration or of occurrence, as each country counts.

Source: TÜİK (Türkiye)

Adolescent fertility rate

11.2 births per 1,000 women aged 15-19 latest value, 2024

Turkey: Adolescent fertility rate1960: 163.3; 2024: 11.20501001502001960197019801990200020102020

Births to women aged 15-19 per 1,000 women of that age (World Bank, from UN World Population Prospects).

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Old-age dependency

14.8 persons 65+ per 100 aged 20-64 latest value, 2020

Turkey: Old-age dependency1950: 8.3; 2020: 14.801020304019501975200020252050

Persons aged 65+ per 100 aged 20-64, every five years (UN).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Children under 15

19,060 thousand persons, 1 July latest value, 2023

Turkey: Children under 151950: 8,532; 2023: 19,06005,00010,00015,00020,00025,00019501975200020252050

Children aged 0-14 on 1 July: the sum of the five-year groups 0-4, 5-9 and 10-14 (UN; estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Children under 5

5,746 thousand persons, 1 July latest value, 2023

Turkey: Children under 51950: 3,436; 2023: 5,74602,0004,0006,0008,00019501975200020252050

Children aged 0-4 on 1 July (UN; estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

People aged 65 and over

8,728 thousand persons, 1 July latest value, 2023

Turkey: People aged 65 and over1950: 792; 2023: 8,72805,00010,00015,00020,00025,00019501975200020252050

People aged 65 and over on 1 July: the sum of the five-year groups from 65-69 to 100+ (UN; estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

People aged 80 and over

1,569 thousand persons, 1 July latest value, 2023

Turkey: People aged 80 and over1950: 138; 2023: 1,56902,0004,0006,00019501975200020252050

People aged 80 and over on 1 July: the sum of the five-year groups from 80-84 to 100+ (UN; estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Migration

Net migration

−318k persons per year latest value, 2023

Turkey: Net migration1950: 51.6k; 2023: −318k−500k0500k1M1.5M19501975200020252050

Immigrants minus emigrants per year (UN estimate and projection). Past UN revisions for forecast checks.

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Net migration rate

−3.64 per 1,000 population per year latest value, 2023

Turkey: Net migration rate1950: 2.46; 2023: −3.64−505101519501975200020252050

Immigrants minus emigrants per year per 1,000 people: UN net migration divided by the population on 1 July. Comparable across countries of any size.

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Personal remittances received

0.1 % of GDP latest value, 2024

Turkey: Personal remittances received1974: 4; 2024: 0.101234519801990200020102020

Money sent home by people working or living abroad, percent of the receiving country's GDP (World Bank, from IMF balance of payments data).

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

International migrants, share

8.1 % of population latest value, 2024

Turkey: International migrants, share1990: 2.1; 2024: 8.102468101990199520002005201020152020

People born in another country (foreign citizens where birthplace is not recorded) as a share of the population at mid-year (UN, every five years and 2024).

Source: UN DESA, International Migrant Stock 2024

International migrant stock

7.08M persons latest value, 2024

Turkey: International migrant stock1990: 1.16M; 2024: 7.08M02M4M6M8M1990199520002005201020152020

Number of people born in another country (or foreign citizens) living in the country at mid-year (UN).

Source: UN DESA, International Migrant Stock 2024

Emigrants, share

3.6 % of home population latest value, 2024

Turkey: Emigrants, share1990: 3.3; 2024: 3.60123451990199520002005201020152020

People from the country (born there or its citizens) living in other countries, as a percentage of the population living in the country (UN, International Migrant Stock 2024).

Source: UN DESA, International Migrant Stock 2024

Emigrant stock

3.13M persons latest value, 2024

Turkey: Emigrant stock1990: 1.86M; 2024: 3.13M01M2M3M4M1990199520002005201020152020

Number of people from the country (born there or its citizens) living in other countries at mid-year (UN).

Source: UN DESA, International Migrant Stock 2024

Refugees hosted

2.39M persons, end of year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Refugees hosted1951: 2.7k; 2025: 2.39M01M2M3M4M1960197019801990200020102020

Refugees under UNHCR's mandate (incl. people in refugee-like situations) and other people in need of international protection living in the country; asylum-seekers and internally displaced people are not included.

Source: UNHCR Refugee Data Finder

Refugees hosted per 1,000 people

27.3 per 1,000 population latest value, 2025

Turkey: Refugees hosted per 1,000 people1951: 0.1; 2025: 27.3010203040501960197019801990200020102020

Refugees under UNHCR's mandate and other people in need of international protection living in the country, per 1,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024).

Source: UNHCR Refugee Data Finder

Refugees from the country

149k persons, end of year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Refugees from the country1972: 0.25k; 2025: 149k050k100k150k200k250k19801990200020102020

Refugees and other people in need of international protection from the country living abroad (UNHCR). Palestine refugees under UNRWA's mandate are not included, so the figure for Palestine is far too low.

Source: UNHCR Refugee Data Finder

Refugees from the country per 1,000 people

1.7 per 1,000 population of the country latest value, 2025

Turkey: Refugees from the country per 1,000 people1972: 0; 2025: 1.70123419801990200020102020

Refugees and other people in need of international protection from the country per 1,000 people living in it (UNHCR; population: UN WPP 2024). UNRWA refugees not included.

Source: UNHCR Refugee Data Finder

Citizens under temporary protection in Europe

2.4 thousand persons, end of year latest value, 2026

Turkey: Citizens under temporary protection in Europe2022: 2; 2026: 2.400.511.522.520202025

Citizens of the country under temporary protection in the EU, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland (all 31 report from 2022), end of December. For the running year: the latest month all have published. Granted from March 2022 to people fleeing the war in Ukraine: almost all are Ukrainians; for other countries, their citizens who lived in Ukraine. Eurostat, migr_asytpsm.

Source: Eurostat, beneficiaries of temporary protection at the end of June 2026 (latest month published; the year is not over)

Asylum applications worldwide

0.07 new applications per 1,000 people latest value, 2025

Turkey: Asylum applications worldwide2000: 0.09; 2025: 0.0700.511.52200020052010201520202025

New asylum applications lodged in the country in the year per 1,000 people (UNHCR; cases where a country counts cases rather than people; population: UN WPP 2024). All countries; for Europe there is also Eurostat's series of first-time applicants.

Source: UNHCR Refugee Data Finder

Inflows of foreign nationals (OECD)

2.5 per 1,000 people a year latest value, 2023

Turkey: Inflows of foreign nationals (OECD)2010: 0.4; 2023: 2.502468201020152020

Foreign nationals arriving in the year for permanent or long stays per 1,000 people: OECD International Migration Database (B11, national definitions: new permanent residents in the USA, registrations in Japan and Korea). OECD countries outside Europe.

Source: OECD International Migration Database: inflows of foreign population

Immigration rate

3.6 per 1,000 people a year latest value, 2024

Turkey: Immigration rate2017: 5.6; 2024: 3.602468102020

Immigrants in the year per 1,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024): Europe by registration data (Eurostat, migr_imm8); Russia (from 2011), Türkiye, Australia, New Zealand, Korea and Kazakhstan from their national offices, each by its own rule (12 of 16 months in Australia and New Zealand, 90 days in Korea, registration for 9 months or more in Russia).

Source: TÜİK (Türkiye): arrivals and departures

Emigration rate

4.9 per 1,000 people a year latest value, 2024

Turkey: Emigration rate2017: 3.1; 2024: 4.902468102020

Emigrants in the year per 1,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024): Europe by registration data (Eurostat, migr_emi2); Russia (from 2011), Türkiye, Australia, New Zealand, Korea, Kazakhstan and Canada (from 2016) from their national offices, each by its own rule. Departures are recorded less completely than arrivals.

Source: TÜİK (Türkiye): arrivals and departures

Economy

GDP per capita, PPP

37,301 constant 2021 international $ latest value, 2025

Turkey: GDP per capita, PPP1990: 12,184; 2025: 37,301010,00020,00030,00040,00019901995200020052010201520202025

Gross domestic product per person at purchasing power parity, constant 2021 international dollars (World Bank, ICP).

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Real GDP growth

3.6 % per year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Real GDP growth1980: −0.8; 2025: 3.6−10−505101519801990200020102020

Annual change of GDP at constant prices. Actual values and forecasts from IMF WEO editions.

Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2026

Inflation

34.9 % per year, average latest value, 2025

Turkey: Inflation1980: 110.6; 2025: 34.905010015019801990200020102020

Change of the annual average consumer price index (IMF WEO).

Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2026

Government gross debt

23.5 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Turkey: Government gross debt2000: 51.2; 2025: 23.5020406080200020052010201520202025

General government gross debt, percent of GDP (IMF WEO).

Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2026

Unemployment rate

8.3 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Turkey: Unemployment rate1980: 7.2; 2025: 8.305101519801990200020102020

Unemployed as a share of the labour force (IMF WEO; national definitions).

Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2026

Unemployment, ILO estimate

8.5 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Turkey: Unemployment, ILO estimate1991: 8.2; 2025: 8.50510151995200020052010201520202025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force by the ILO's single definition: a modelled estimate for every country, including those without surveys (via the World Bank). Unlike the IMF series, one definition for all, but no projections.

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Youth unemployment, 15-24

16 % of labour force aged 15-24 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Youth unemployment, 15-241991: 15.2; 2025: 1601020301995200020052010201520202025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force aged 15-24 (ILO modelled estimate, via the World Bank).

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

GDP per capita, US dollars

18,611 current US dollars latest value, 2025

Turkey: GDP per capita, US dollars1980: 2,150; 2025: 18,61105,00010,00015,00020,00019801990200020102020

GDP per person in current US dollars at market exchange rates (IMF WEO).

Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2026

Government budget balance

−2.8 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Turkey: Government budget balance2000: −8.4; 2025: −2.8−15−10−50200020052010201520202025

General government net lending (+, surplus) or borrowing (−, deficit), percent of GDP (IMF WEO).

Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2026

Current account balance

−1.9 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Turkey: Current account balance1980: −3.2; 2025: −1.9−10−50519801990200020102020

Balance of trade in goods and services, income and transfers with the rest of the world, percent of GDP: plus means the country earns abroad more than it spends (IMF WEO).

Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2026

Real house prices

222.7 index, 2010 = 100 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Real house prices2010: 100; 2025: 222.701002003002010201520202025

House prices adjusted for consumer price inflation (BIS index from national sources, 2010 = 100, mean of four quarters). Compare the changes, not the levels of different countries.

Source: BIS, selected residential property prices

Society

Urban population

89.5 % of population latest value, 2025

Turkey: Urban population1960: 23.4; 2025: 89.50204060801001960197019801990200020102020

Share of people living in urban areas as defined by national statistical offices (World Bank, from UN World Urbanization Prospects).

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Tertiary enrolment, women

110 % gross latest value, 2023

Turkey: Tertiary enrolment, women1971: 1.9; 2023: 11005010015019801990200020102020

Women enrolled in tertiary education as a share of women in the five-year age group after secondary school; can exceed 100 (UNESCO).

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Women with upper secondary education

35.8 % of women 25+ latest value, 2023

Turkey: Women with upper secondary education2000: 9.1; 2023: 35.801020304020002005201020152020

Share of women aged 25+ who completed at least upper secondary education (UNESCO).

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Female labour force participation

37.1 % of women 15+ latest value, 2025

Turkey: Female labour force participation1990: 33.9; 2025: 37.101020304019901995200020052010201520202025

Share of women aged 15+ who work or look for work (ILO modelled estimate, via the World Bank).

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Life expectancy at birth

77.4 years latest value, 2024

Turkey: Life expectancy at birth1960: 50.8; 2024: 77.40204060801960197019801990200020102020

Life expectancy at birth, both sexes (World Bank, from UN and national statistics).

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Digitalisation

Internet users

89.8 % of population latest value, 2025

Turkey: Internet users1990: 0; 2025: 89.802040608010019901995200020052010201520202025

Share of individuals who used the Internet in the last three months from any device. ITU data.

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Mobile cellular subscriptions

107.8 per 100 people latest value, 2024

Turkey: Mobile cellular subscriptions1960: 0; 2024: 107.80501001501960197019801990200020102020

Active mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 people; can exceed 100 when people have several SIM cards. ITU data.

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Fixed broadband subscriptions

23.4 subscriptions per 100 people latest value, 2024

Turkey: Fixed broadband subscriptions2001: 0; 2024: 23.405101520252005201020152020

Fixed subscriptions to high-speed Internet (256 kbit/s or more) per 100 people. ITU data.

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Generative AI use, age 16–74

17.19 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Generative AI use, age 16–742025: 17.19; 2025: 17.190510152020202025

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Use of generative AI tools: in the last 3 months.

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Generative AI for private use, age 16–74

13.71 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Generative AI for private use, age 16–742025: 13.71; 2025: 13.7105101520202025

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Use of generative AI tools: for private purposes.

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Generative AI for work, age 16–74

5.81 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Generative AI for work, age 16–742025: 5.81; 2025: 5.81024620202025

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Use of generative AI tools: for professional (work) purposes.

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Generative AI for formal education, age 16–74

5.41 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Generative AI for formal education, age 16–742025: 5.41; 2025: 5.41024620202025

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Use of generative AI tools: for formal education.

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Social networking, age 16–74

80.38 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Social networking, age 16–742013: 31.58; 2025: 80.38020406080100201520202025

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Internet use: participating in social networks (creating user profile, posting messages or other contributions to facebook, twitter, etc.).

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Instant messaging, age 16–74

86.79 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Instant messaging, age 16–742019: 69.48; 2025: 86.7902040608010020202025

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Internet use: instant messaging, i.e. exchanging messages, for example, via Skype, Messenger, WhatsApp, Viber.

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Internet calls, age 16–74

82.91 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Internet calls, age 16–742008: 16.02; 2025: 82.910204060801002010201520202025

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Internet use: telephoning or video calls.

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Online news, age 16–74

53.22 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Online news, age 16–742013: 32.64; 2025: 53.220204060201520202025

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Internet use: reading online news sites/newspapers/news magazines.

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Podcasts, age 16–74

7.17 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2024

Turkey: Podcasts, age 16–742024: 7.17; 2024: 7.17024682020

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Internet use: listening to or downloading podcasts (last 3 months).

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Playing or downloading games, age 16–74

25.69 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2024

Turkey: Playing or downloading games, age 16–742016: 23.83; 2024: 25.6901020302020

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Internet use: playing or downloading games.

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Online music and downloads, age 16–74

59.85 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2024

Turkey: Online music and downloads, age 16–742020: 49.98; 2024: 59.8502040602020

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Internet use: listening to music (e.g. web radio, music streaming) or downloading music.

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Streamed TV and video, age 16–74

72.29 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2024

Turkey: Streamed TV and video, age 16–742016: 45.02; 2024: 72.290204060802020

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Internet use: watching internet streamed TV or videos.

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Internet TV, age 16–74

34.83 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2024

Turkey: Internet TV, age 16–742016: 19.69; 2024: 34.830102030402020

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Internet use: watching internet streamed TV (live or catch-up) from TV broadcasters.

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Video on demand, age 16–74

22.49 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2024

Turkey: Video on demand, age 16–742016: 1.75; 2024: 22.4905101520252020

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Internet use: watching video on demand from commercial services.

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Video-sharing services, age 16–74

69.83 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2024

Turkey: Video-sharing services, age 16–742016: 43.45; 2024: 69.830204060802020

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Internet use: watching video content from sharing services.

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Online courses, age 16–74

5.89 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Online courses, age 16–742007: 1.85; 2025: 5.8902468102010201520202025

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Internet use: doing an online course (of any subject).

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Email, age 16–74

44.31 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Email, age 16–742004: 9.12; 2025: 44.310102030405020052010201520202025

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Internet use: sending/receiving e-mails.

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Daily internet use, age 16–74

87.13 % of individuals aged 16–74 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Daily internet use, age 16–742004: 5.34; 2025: 87.1302040608010020052010201520202025

Eurostat survey, all individuals aged 16–74, both sexes, not only internet users. Use during the last three months; year denotes survey year. Categories overlap; gaps and definition changes are not filled, source flags are retained in the typed dataset. Frequency of internet access: daily.

Source: Eurostat: internet activities and generative AI use

Google: search referral share

56.42 % of search referrals latest value, 2025

Turkey: Google: search referral share2009: 98.88; 2025: 56.420204060801002010201520202025

Share of detected search-engine referrals to Statcounter network websites, all device types. Provider annual aggregate, not an average of monthly shares. Not a share of people, queries or time; zero-click searches are unobserved. Selected countries only; differently named provider columns remain separate.

Source: Statcounter GlobalStats: referral shares

bing: search referral share

1.2 % of search referrals latest value, 2025

Turkey: bing: search referral share2009: 0.63; 2025: 1.200.511.522.52010201520202025

Share of detected search-engine referrals to Statcounter network websites, all device types. Provider annual aggregate, not an average of monthly shares. Not a share of people, queries or time; zero-click searches are unobserved. Selected countries only; differently named provider columns remain separate.

Source: Statcounter GlobalStats: referral shares

Yahoo!: search referral share

1.38 % of search referrals latest value, 2025

Turkey: Yahoo!: search referral share2009: 0.17; 2025: 1.3800.511.522.52010201520202025

Share of detected search-engine referrals to Statcounter network websites, all device types. Provider annual aggregate, not an average of monthly shares. Not a share of people, queries or time; zero-click searches are unobserved. Selected countries only; differently named provider columns remain separate.

Source: Statcounter GlobalStats: referral shares

YANDEX: search referral share

40.28 % of search referrals latest value, 2025

Turkey: YANDEX: search referral share2009: 0; 2025: 40.28010203040502010201520202025

Share of detected search-engine referrals to Statcounter network websites, all device types. Provider annual aggregate, not an average of monthly shares. Not a share of people, queries or time; zero-click searches are unobserved. Selected countries only; differently named provider columns remain separate.

Source: Statcounter GlobalStats: referral shares

DuckDuckGo: search referral share

0.67 % of search referrals latest value, 2025

Turkey: DuckDuckGo: search referral share2009: 0; 2025: 0.6700.20.40.60.82010201520202025

Share of detected search-engine referrals to Statcounter network websites, all device types. Provider annual aggregate, not an average of monthly shares. Not a share of people, queries or time; zero-click searches are unobserved. Selected countries only; differently named provider columns remain separate.

Source: Statcounter GlobalStats: referral shares

YANDEX RU: search referral share

0 % of search referrals latest value, 2025

Turkey: YANDEX RU: search referral share2009: 0; 2025: 000.10.20.30.40.52010201520202025

Share of detected search-engine referrals to Statcounter network websites, all device types. Provider annual aggregate, not an average of monthly shares. Not a share of people, queries or time; zero-click searches are unobserved. Selected countries only; differently named provider columns remain separate.

Source: Statcounter GlobalStats: referral shares

At least basic digital skills: low education, ages 16–74

13.77 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Turkey: At least basic digital skills: low education, ages 16–742021: 13; 2025: 13.770510152020202025

Eurostat survey of individuals aged 16–74; percent of everyone in the stated group, not only internet users. Survey year. DSI 2.0 is a proxy based on reported activities in five areas, not an examination; at least basic overall skills require at least basic skills in all five areas. Education: ISCED 0–2, 3–4, 5–8. Other group characteristics are not controlled. AI use refers to the last three months; purposes can overlap. Source flags and missing values retained; groups and components must not be added.

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

At least basic digital skills: high education, ages 16–74

63.2 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Turkey: At least basic digital skills: high education, ages 16–742021: 63.79; 2025: 63.202040608020202025

Eurostat survey of individuals aged 16–74; percent of everyone in the stated group, not only internet users. Survey year. DSI 2.0 is a proxy based on reported activities in five areas, not an examination; at least basic overall skills require at least basic skills in all five areas. Education: ISCED 0–2, 3–4, 5–8. Other group characteristics are not controlled. AI use refers to the last three months; purposes can overlap. Source flags and missing values retained; groups and components must not be added.

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Above basic digital skills: ages 16–74

9.91 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Turkey: Above basic digital skills: ages 16–742021: 9.87; 2025: 9.9105101520202025

Eurostat survey of individuals aged 16–74; percent of everyone in the stated group, not only internet users. Survey year. DSI 2.0 is a proxy based on reported activities in five areas, not an examination; at least basic overall skills require at least basic skills in all five areas. Education: ISCED 0–2, 3–4, 5–8. Other group characteristics are not controlled. AI use refers to the last three months; purposes can overlap. Source flags and missing values retained; groups and components must not be added.

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

At least basic digital skills: ages 16–74

31.49 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Turkey: At least basic digital skills: ages 16–742021: 30.12; 2025: 31.4901020304020202025

Eurostat survey of individuals aged 16–74; percent of everyone in the stated group, not only internet users. Survey year. DSI 2.0 is a proxy based on reported activities in five areas, not an examination; at least basic overall skills require at least basic skills in all five areas. Education: ISCED 0–2, 3–4, 5–8. Other group characteristics are not controlled. AI use refers to the last three months; purposes can overlap. Source flags and missing values retained; groups and components must not be added.

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Communication: at least basic digital skills: ages 16–74

89.39 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Turkey: Communication: at least basic digital skills: ages 16–742021: 79.7; 2025: 89.3902040608010020202025

Eurostat survey of individuals aged 16–74; percent of everyone in the stated group, not only internet users. Survey year. DSI 2.0 is a proxy based on reported activities in five areas, not an examination; at least basic overall skills require at least basic skills in all five areas. Education: ISCED 0–2, 3–4, 5–8. Other group characteristics are not controlled. AI use refers to the last three months; purposes can overlap. Source flags and missing values retained; groups and components must not be added.

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Content creation: at least basic skills: ages 16–74

39.06 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Turkey: Content creation: at least basic skills: ages 16–742021: 39.81; 2025: 39.060102030405020202025

Eurostat survey of individuals aged 16–74; percent of everyone in the stated group, not only internet users. Survey year. DSI 2.0 is a proxy based on reported activities in five areas, not an examination; at least basic overall skills require at least basic skills in all five areas. Education: ISCED 0–2, 3–4, 5–8. Other group characteristics are not controlled. AI use refers to the last three months; purposes can overlap. Source flags and missing values retained; groups and components must not be added.

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Information literacy: at least basic skills: ages 16–74

76.48 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Turkey: Information literacy: at least basic skills: ages 16–742021: 68.53; 2025: 76.4802040608020202025

Eurostat survey of individuals aged 16–74; percent of everyone in the stated group, not only internet users. Survey year. DSI 2.0 is a proxy based on reported activities in five areas, not an examination; at least basic overall skills require at least basic skills in all five areas. Education: ISCED 0–2, 3–4, 5–8. Other group characteristics are not controlled. AI use refers to the last three months; purposes can overlap. Source flags and missing values retained; groups and components must not be added.

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Problem solving: at least basic digital skills: ages 16–74

74.84 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Turkey: Problem solving: at least basic digital skills: ages 16–742021: 61.99; 2025: 74.8402040608020202025

Eurostat survey of individuals aged 16–74; percent of everyone in the stated group, not only internet users. Survey year. DSI 2.0 is a proxy based on reported activities in five areas, not an examination; at least basic overall skills require at least basic skills in all five areas. Education: ISCED 0–2, 3–4, 5–8. Other group characteristics are not controlled. AI use refers to the last three months; purposes can overlap. Source flags and missing values retained; groups and components must not be added.

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Safety: at least basic digital skills: ages 16–74

54.68 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Turkey: Safety: at least basic digital skills: ages 16–742021: 48.89; 2025: 54.68020406020202025

Eurostat survey of individuals aged 16–74; percent of everyone in the stated group, not only internet users. Survey year. DSI 2.0 is a proxy based on reported activities in five areas, not an examination; at least basic overall skills require at least basic skills in all five areas. Education: ISCED 0–2, 3–4, 5–8. Other group characteristics are not controlled. AI use refers to the last three months; purposes can overlap. Source flags and missing values retained; groups and components must not be added.

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

At least basic digital skills: ages 16–24

46.33 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Turkey: At least basic digital skills: ages 16–242021: 51.69; 2025: 46.33020406020202025

Eurostat survey of individuals aged 16–74; percent of everyone in the stated group, not only internet users. Survey year. DSI 2.0 is a proxy based on reported activities in five areas, not an examination; at least basic overall skills require at least basic skills in all five areas. Education: ISCED 0–2, 3–4, 5–8. Other group characteristics are not controlled. AI use refers to the last three months; purposes can overlap. Source flags and missing values retained; groups and components must not be added.

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

At least basic digital skills: ages 65–74

4.02 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Turkey: At least basic digital skills: ages 65–742021: 2.26; 2025: 4.0201234520202025

Eurostat survey of individuals aged 16–74; percent of everyone in the stated group, not only internet users. Survey year. DSI 2.0 is a proxy based on reported activities in five areas, not an examination; at least basic overall skills require at least basic skills in all five areas. Education: ISCED 0–2, 3–4, 5–8. Other group characteristics are not controlled. AI use refers to the last three months; purposes can overlap. Source flags and missing values retained; groups and components must not be added.

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Generative AI use: low education, ages 16–74

6.42 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Turkey: Generative AI use: low education, ages 16–742025: 6.42; 2025: 6.420246820202025

Eurostat survey of individuals aged 16–74; percent of everyone in the stated group, not only internet users. Survey year. DSI 2.0 is a proxy based on reported activities in five areas, not an examination; at least basic overall skills require at least basic skills in all five areas. Education: ISCED 0–2, 3–4, 5–8. Other group characteristics are not controlled. AI use refers to the last three months; purposes can overlap. Source flags and missing values retained; groups and components must not be added.

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Generative AI use: high education, ages 16–74

35.84 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Turkey: Generative AI use: high education, ages 16–742025: 35.84; 2025: 35.8401020304020202025

Eurostat survey of individuals aged 16–74; percent of everyone in the stated group, not only internet users. Survey year. DSI 2.0 is a proxy based on reported activities in five areas, not an examination; at least basic overall skills require at least basic skills in all five areas. Education: ISCED 0–2, 3–4, 5–8. Other group characteristics are not controlled. AI use refers to the last three months; purposes can overlap. Source flags and missing values retained; groups and components must not be added.

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Generative AI use: ages 16–24

38.52 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Turkey: Generative AI use: ages 16–242025: 38.52; 2025: 38.5201020304020202025

Eurostat survey of individuals aged 16–74; percent of everyone in the stated group, not only internet users. Survey year. DSI 2.0 is a proxy based on reported activities in five areas, not an examination; at least basic overall skills require at least basic skills in all five areas. Education: ISCED 0–2, 3–4, 5–8. Other group characteristics are not controlled. AI use refers to the last three months; purposes can overlap. Source flags and missing values retained; groups and components must not be added.

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Generative AI use: ages 65–74

0.89 % of individuals in the stated group latest value, 2025

Turkey: Generative AI use: ages 65–742025: 0.89; 2025: 0.8900.20.40.60.8120202025

Eurostat survey of individuals aged 16–74; percent of everyone in the stated group, not only internet users. Survey year. DSI 2.0 is a proxy based on reported activities in five areas, not an examination; at least basic overall skills require at least basic skills in all five areas. Education: ISCED 0–2, 3–4, 5–8. Other group characteristics are not controlled. AI use refers to the last three months; purposes can overlap. Source flags and missing values retained; groups and components must not be added.

Source: Eurostat: digital skills and AI by population group

Energy

Electricity demand per person

4,012 kWh per person a year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Electricity demand per person1990: 1,014; 2025: 4,01201,0002,0003,0004,0005,00019901995200020052010201520202025

Electricity demand (generation plus net imports, Ember) divided by the UN WPP 2024 population. A physical measure that is hard to dress up.

Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data

Electricity demand growth

3.4 % per year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Electricity demand growth1991: 6.5; 2025: 3.4−50510151995200020052010201520202025

Change in electricity demand from the previous year (Ember). Useful to set against official GDP growth.

Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data

Wind and solar share of electricity

21.7 % of generation latest value, 2025

Turkey: Wind and solar share of electricity1990: 0; 2025: 21.7051015202519901995200020052010201520202025

Share of wind and solar power in electricity generation (Ember).

Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data

Low-carbon share of electricity

43.3 % of generation latest value, 2025

Turkey: Low-carbon share of electricity1990: 40.4; 2025: 43.30102030405019901995200020052010201520202025

Share of renewables and nuclear power in electricity generation (Ember).

Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data

Coal share of electricity

34.3 % of generation latest value, 2025

Turkey: Coal share of electricity1990: 35.1; 2025: 34.301020304019901995200020052010201520202025

Share of coal power in electricity generation (Ember).

Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data

Carbon intensity of electricity

476 g CO2e per kWh latest value, 2025

Turkey: Carbon intensity of electricity1990: 526; 2025: 476020040060080019901995200020052010201520202025

Greenhouse gas emissions of electricity generation per kilowatt-hour (Ember).

Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data

Electricity generation

353.9 TWh per year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Electricity generation1990: 57.5; 2025: 353.9010020030040019901995200020052010201520202025

Total electricity generation in the country (Ember). Imports are excluded. A volume, not the share of a fuel.

Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data

Electricity generation emissions

168.4 Mt CO2e per year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Electricity generation emissions1990: 30.3; 2025: 168.405010015020019901995200020052010201520202025

Greenhouse gas emissions of electricity generation (Ember), not of the whole economy.

Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data

Security

Military expenditure

1.9 % of GDP latest value, 2024

Turkey: Military expenditure1960: 3.5; 2024: 1.902461960197019801990200020102020

Government military expenditure, percent of GDP (World Bank, from SIPRI).

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Deaths in organised violence

11 persons a year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Deaths in organised violence1989: 538; 2025: 1101,0002,0003,0004,0005,0001990200020102020

Deaths in state-based conflict, non-state conflict and one-sided violence against civilians, by where the events took place (UCDP GED, best estimate). 0 means no organised violence above UCDP thresholds (25 deaths a year in one conflict). Events in Gaza and the West Bank are counted for Palestine.

Source: Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), GED 26.1

Deaths in organised violence per 100,000

0 per 100,000 people a year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Deaths in organised violence per 100,0001989: 1; 2025: 0024681990200020102020

Deaths in organised violence (UCDP GED) per 100,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024).

Source: Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), GED 26.1

Armed conflict in the country

1 0 none, 1 minor, 2 war latest value, 2025

Turkey: Armed conflict in the country1946: 0; 2025: 101122319501960197019801990200020102020

Strongest armed conflict of the year in which the government or territory of the country is disputed (UCDP/PRIO ACD): 1 = 25-999 battle-related deaths, 2 = war, 1,000 or more. In interstate conflicts every primary party is marked even if the fighting was elsewhere (the USA in Iraq, 2003). Historical states are mapped to present-day countries by territory (USSR, Yugoslavia, South Vietnam and others).

Source: UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset 26.1

Battle deaths

10 persons a year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Battle deaths1946: 0; 2025: 1001,0002,0003,0004,00019501960197019801990200020102020

Soldiers and civilians killed in combat in state-based armed conflicts on the territory of the country. 1946-1988: PRIO Battle Deaths (best estimate, else the low one; a conflict of several countries split equally); from 1989: UCDP GED by place of the events. For the same conflicts in 1989-2008 PRIO is 1.6 times UCDP, so the drop in 1989 is partly a change of source. One-sided violence against civilians is not included.

Source: Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), GED 26.1

Battle deaths per 100,000

0 per 100,000 people a year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Battle deaths per 100,0001950: 0; 2025: 00246819501960197019801990200020102020

Battle deaths on the territory of the country (PRIO to 1988, UCDP GED from 1989) per 100,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024), from 1950.

Source: Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), GED 26.1

Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people)

3.2 per 100,000 people latest value, 2023

Turkey: Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people)2003: 4.2; 2023: 3.202462005201020152020

An intentional homicide is defined as an unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury.

Source: Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people)

Purchases and money

Average dietary energy requirement

2,435 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2025

Turkey: Average dietary energy requirement2000: 2,332; 2025: 2,43505001,0001,5002,0002,500200020052010201520202025

FAOSTAT FS, Average dietary energy requirement (kcal/cap/day). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Commercial bank branches (per 100,000 adults)

13.7 per 100,000 adults latest value, 2024

Turkey: Commercial bank branches (per 100,000 adults)2005: 12.6; 2024: 13.7051015202005201020152020

Commercial bank branches are retail locations of resident commercial banks and other resident banks that function as commercial banks that provide financial services to customers and are physically separated from the main office but not organized as legally separated subsidiaries.

Source: Commercial bank branches (per 100,000 adults)

Variation in habitual caloric consumption distribution

0.24 No latest value, 2024

Turkey: Variation in habitual caloric consumption distribution2001: 0.27; 2024: 0.2400.10.20.32005201020152020

FAOSTAT FS, Coefficient of variation of habitual caloric consumption distribution (real number). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider (% of population ages 15+)

81.6 % of people aged 15+ latest value, 2024

Turkey: Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider (% of population ages 15+)2011: 57.6; 2024: 81.602040608010020152020

Account denotes the percentage of respondents who report having an account (by themselves or together with someone else) at a bank or another type of financial institution or report personally using a mobile money service in the past 12 months (% age 15+).

Source: Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider (% of population ages 15+)

Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, male (% of population ages 15+)

91.6 % of men aged 15+ latest value, 2024

Turkey: Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, male (% of population ages 15+)2011: 82.1; 2024: 91.602040608010020152020

Account denotes the percentage of respondents who report having an account (by themselves or together with someone else) at a bank or another type of financial institution or report personally using a mobile money service in the past 12 months (male, % age 15+).

Source: Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, male (% of population ages 15+)

Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, female (% of population ages 15+)

71.7 % of women aged 15+ latest value, 2024

Turkey: Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, female (% of population ages 15+)2011: 32.7; 2024: 71.702040608020152020

Account denotes the percentage of respondents who report having an account (by themselves or together with someone else) at a bank or another type of financial institution or report personally using a mobile money service in the past 12 months (female, % age 15+).

Source: Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, female (% of population ages 15+)

Alcoholic beverages: energy supply

32.12 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: Alcoholic beverages: energy supply2010: 26.04; 2023: 32.12010203040201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Alcoholic Beverages. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Alcoholic beverages: quantity supply

15.51 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Turkey: Alcoholic beverages: quantity supply2010: 14.13; 2023: 15.5105101520201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Alcoholic Beverages. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Animal products: energy supply

723.82 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: Animal products: energy supply2010: 491.2; 2023: 723.820200400600800201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Animal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Animal products: fat supply

48.24 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: Animal products: fat supply2010: 31.82; 2023: 48.2401020304050201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Animal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Animal products: protein supply

48.54 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: Animal products: protein supply2010: 32.07; 2023: 48.5401020304050201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Animal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Bovine meat: energy supply

108.53 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: Bovine meat: energy supply2010: 53.52; 2023: 108.53050100150201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Bovine Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Bovine meat: quantity supply

19.71 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Turkey: Bovine meat: quantity supply2010: 9.67; 2023: 19.7105101520201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Bovine Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Cereals excluding beer: energy supply

1,424.47 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: Cereals excluding beer: energy supply2010: 1,587.95; 2023: 1,424.4705001,0001,5002,000201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Cereals - Excluding Beer. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Cereals excluding beer: quantity supply

197.45 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Turkey: Cereals excluding beer: quantity supply2010: 217.23; 2023: 197.45050100150200250201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Cereals - Excluding Beer. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Coffee and products: energy supply

1.51 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: Coffee and products: energy supply2010: 1.13; 2023: 1.5100.511.52201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Coffee and products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Coffee and products: quantity supply

1.82 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Turkey: Coffee and products: quantity supply2010: 1.18; 2023: 1.8200.511.522.5201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Coffee and products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Eggs: energy supply

36.6 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: Eggs: energy supply2010: 24.22; 2023: 36.6010203040201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Eggs. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Eggs: quantity supply

10.52 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Turkey: Eggs: quantity supply2010: 6.97; 2023: 10.52051015201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Eggs. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Fish and seafood: energy supply

9.24 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: Fish and seafood: energy supply2010: 12.07; 2023: 9.24051015201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Fish, Seafood. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Fish and seafood: fat supply

0.39 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: Fish and seafood: fat supply2010: 0.49; 2023: 0.3900.10.20.30.40.5201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Fish, Seafood. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Fish and seafood: protein supply

1.41 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: Fish and seafood: protein supply2010: 1.89; 2023: 1.4100.511.52201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Fish, Seafood. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Fish and seafood: quantity supply

5.32 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Turkey: Fish and seafood: quantity supply2010: 6.76; 2023: 5.3202468201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Fish, Seafood. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Fruits excluding wine: energy supply

222.31 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: Fruits excluding wine: energy supply2010: 173.8; 2023: 222.31050100150200250201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Fruits - Excluding Wine. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Fruits excluding wine: quantity supply

167.77 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Turkey: Fruits excluding wine: quantity supply2010: 121.28; 2023: 167.77050100150200201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Fruits - Excluding Wine. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Meat: energy supply

235.94 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: Meat: energy supply2010: 143.89; 2023: 235.94050100150200250201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Meat: fat supply

16.62 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: Meat: fat supply2010: 9.78; 2023: 16.6205101520201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Meat: protein supply

21.55 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: Meat: protein supply2010: 13.94; 2023: 21.550510152025201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Meat: quantity supply

49.37 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Turkey: Meat: quantity supply2010: 31.66; 2023: 49.3701020304050201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Milk excluding butter: energy supply

395.04 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: Milk excluding butter: energy supply2010: 259.38; 2023: 395.040100200300400500201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Milk - Excluding Butter. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Milk excluding butter: fat supply

24 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: Milk excluding butter: fat supply2010: 14.38; 2023: 240102030201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Milk - Excluding Butter. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Milk excluding butter: protein supply

21.18 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: Milk excluding butter: protein supply2010: 13.53; 2023: 21.180510152025201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Milk - Excluding Butter. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Milk excluding butter: quantity supply

186.75 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Turkey: Milk excluding butter: quantity supply2010: 124.14; 2023: 186.75050100150200250201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Milk - Excluding Butter. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Treenuts: energy supply

107.98 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: Treenuts: energy supply2010: 68.14; 2023: 107.98050100150201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Treenuts. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Treenuts: quantity supply

14.58 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Turkey: Treenuts: quantity supply2010: 8.08; 2023: 14.58051015201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Treenuts. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetal products: energy supply

3,168.42 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: Vegetal products: energy supply2010: 3,151.85; 2023: 3,168.4201,0002,0003,0004,000201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetal products: fat supply

93.09 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: Vegetal products: fat supply2010: 82.55; 2023: 93.09020406080100201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetal products: protein supply

71.13 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: Vegetal products: protein supply2010: 70.15; 2023: 71.13020406080201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Pigmeat: energy supply

0.02 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: Pigmeat: energy supply2010: 0.02; 2023: 0.0200.010.020.030.04201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Pigmeat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Pigmeat: quantity supply

0 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Turkey: Pigmeat: quantity supply2010: 0; 2023: 00000.010.010.010.01201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Pigmeat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Poultry meat: energy supply

82.68 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: Poultry meat: energy supply2010: 69.3; 2023: 82.68020406080100201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Poultry Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Poultry meat: quantity supply

21.64 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Turkey: Poultry meat: quantity supply2010: 18.25; 2023: 21.640510152025201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Poultry Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Pulses: energy supply

123.39 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: Pulses: energy supply2010: 116.71; 2023: 123.39050100150201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Pulses. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Pulses: quantity supply

13.6 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Turkey: Pulses: quantity supply2010: 12.86; 2023: 13.6051015201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Pulses. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Starchy roots: energy supply

90.12 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: Starchy roots: energy supply2010: 85.24; 2023: 90.12020406080100201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Starchy Roots. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Starchy roots: quantity supply

51.17 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Turkey: Starchy roots: quantity supply2010: 48.24; 2023: 51.170204060201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Starchy Roots. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Sugar and sweeteners: energy supply

288.78 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: Sugar and sweeteners: energy supply2010: 334.48; 2023: 288.780100200300400201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Sugar & Sweeteners. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Sugar and sweeteners: quantity supply

28.93 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Turkey: Sugar and sweeteners: quantity supply2010: 33.8; 2023: 28.93010203040201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Sugar & Sweeteners. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Tea including mate: energy supply

3.66 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: Tea including mate: energy supply2010: 1.08; 2023: 3.6601234201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Tea (including mate). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Tea including mate: quantity supply

19.98 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Turkey: Tea including mate: quantity supply2010: 2.82; 2023: 19.9805101520201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Tea (including mate). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

All foods: energy supply

3,892.23 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: All foods: energy supply2010: 3,643.06; 2023: 3,892.2301,0002,0003,0004,000201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Grand Total. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

All foods: fat supply

141.32 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: All foods: fat supply2010: 114.36; 2023: 141.32050100150201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Grand Total. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

All foods: protein supply

119.68 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: All foods: protein supply2010: 102.22; 2023: 119.68050100150201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Grand Total. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetable oils: energy supply

576.75 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: Vegetable oils: energy supply2010: 546.61; 2023: 576.750200400600201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetable Oils. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetable oils: quantity supply

16.84 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Turkey: Vegetable oils: quantity supply2010: 15.12; 2023: 16.8405101520201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetable Oils. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetables: energy supply

163.58 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

Turkey: Vegetables: energy supply2010: 148.14; 2023: 163.58050100150200201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetables. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetables: quantity supply

250.58 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Turkey: Vegetables: quantity supply2010: 224.77; 2023: 250.580100200300201020152020

FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetables. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Six or more online purchases in three months

14.3 % of people aged 16-74 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Six or more online purchases in three months2021: 9.9; 2025: 14.305101520202025

ICT survey, all individuals aged 16-74, not only internet users or buyers. Reference window is defined by the selected Eurostat category; since 2020.

Source: Internet purchases by individuals (2020 onwards)

Healthy-diet animal-source food cost

1.13 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021

Turkey: Healthy-diet animal-source food cost2021: 1.13; 2021: 1.1300.511.520152020

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of animal source foods. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Cost of a healthy diet

4.58 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2025

Turkey: Cost of a healthy diet2017: 3.45; 2025: 4.5801234520202025

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of a healthy diet (CoHD). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Healthy-diet fruit cost

0.96 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021

Turkey: Healthy-diet fruit cost2021: 0.96; 2021: 0.9600.20.40.60.8120152020

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of fruits. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Healthy-diet legumes and nuts cost

0.42 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021

Turkey: Healthy-diet legumes and nuts cost2021: 0.42; 2021: 0.4200.10.20.30.40.520152020

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of legumes, nuts and seeds. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Healthy-diet oils and fats cost

0.19 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021

Turkey: Healthy-diet oils and fats cost2021: 0.19; 2021: 0.1900.050.10.150.220152020

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of oils and fats. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Healthy-diet starchy-staple cost

0.51 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021

Turkey: Healthy-diet starchy-staple cost2021: 0.51; 2021: 0.5100.20.40.620152020

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of starchy staples. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Unable to afford a healthy diet

4 % latest value, 2025

Turkey: Unable to afford a healthy diet2017: 15.1; 2025: 40510152020202025

FAOSTAT CAHD, Prevalence of unaffordability (PUA). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

People unable to afford a healthy diet

3.5 million No latest value, 2025

Turkey: People unable to afford a healthy diet2017: 12.6; 2025: 3.505101520202025

FAOSTAT CAHD, Number of people unable to afford a healthy diet (NUA). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Healthy-diet vegetable cost

0.6 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021

Turkey: Healthy-diet vegetable cost2021: 0.6; 2021: 0.600.20.40.620152020

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of vegetables. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Households and NPISHs final consumption expenditure (% of GDP)

54.7 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Turkey: Households and NPISHs final consumption expenditure (% of GDP)1960: 56.4; 2025: 54.70204060801960197019801990200020102020

This field includes expenditure on goods and services by the Household and NPISH sector for the direct satisfaction of human needs or wants, whether individual or collective. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.

Source: Households and NPISHs final consumption expenditure (% of GDP)

Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure per capita (constant 2015 US$)

10,915.4 constant 2015 US dollars latest value, 2025

Turkey: Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure per capita (constant 2015 US$)1987: 3,125.4; 2025: 10,915.405,00010,00015,0001990200020102020

This field includes expenditure on goods and services by the Household and NPISH sector for the direct satisfaction of human needs or wants, whether individual or collective. The core indicator has been divided by the general population to achieve a per capita estimate.This indicator is expressed in constant prices, meaning the series has been adjusted to account for price changes over time. The reference year for this adjustment is 2015. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.

Source: Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure per capita (constant 2015 US$)

Income share held by lowest 20%

5.5 % of income or consumption latest value, 2023

Turkey: Income share held by lowest 20%1987: 6.1; 2023: 5.5024681990200020102020

Percentage share of income or consumption is the share that accrues to subgroups of population indicated by deciles or quintiles. Percentage shares by quintile may not sum to 100 because of rounding.

Source: Income share held by lowest 20%

Gini index

43.7 index, 0-100 latest value, 2023

Turkey: Gini index1987: 41; 2023: 43.7010203040501990200020102020

Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of total income received against the cumulative number of recipients, starting with the poorest individual or household. The Gini index measures the area between the Lorenz curve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality, expressed as a percentage of the maximum area under the line. Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.

Source: Gini index

Income share held by highest 20%

49.7 % of income or consumption latest value, 2023

Turkey: Income share held by highest 20%1987: 47.7; 2023: 49.702040601990200020102020

Percentage share of income or consumption is the share that accrues to subgroups of population indicated by deciles or quintiles. Percentage shares by quintile may not sum to 100 because of rounding.

Source: Income share held by highest 20%

Minimum dietary energy requirement

1,880 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2025

Turkey: Minimum dietary energy requirement2000: 1,803; 2025: 1,88005001,0001,5002,000200020052010201520202025

FAOSTAT FS, Minimum dietary energy requirement (kcal/cap/day). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Adjusted savings: net national savings (% of GNI)

15.4 % of gross national income latest value, 2021

Turkey: Adjusted savings: net national savings (% of GNI)1974: 17.1; 2021: 15.4051015202519801990200020102020

Net national savings are equal to gross national savings less the value of consumption of fixed capital. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross National Income (GNI) which is the total income earned by all residents within an economic territory during an accounting period. It is equal to gross domestic product plus earned income receivable from abroad minus earned income payable abroad.

Source: Adjusted savings: net national savings (% of GNI)

Never bought online

34.7 % of people aged 16-74 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Never bought online2020: 41.8; 2025: 34.70102030405020202025

ICT survey, all individuals aged 16-74, not only internet users or buyers. Reference window is defined by the selected Eurostat category; since 2020.

Source: Internet purchases by individuals (2020 onwards)

Online purchase in the last year

50.7 % of people aged 16-74 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Online purchase in the last year2020: 32.6; 2025: 50.7020406020202025

ICT survey, all individuals aged 16-74, not only internet users or buyers. Reference window is defined by the selected Eurostat category; since 2020.

Source: Internet purchases by individuals (2020 onwards)

Online purchase in the last three months

42.3 % of people aged 16-74 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Online purchase in the last three months2020: 23.9; 2025: 42.30102030405020202025

ICT survey, all individuals aged 16-74, not only internet users or buyers. Reference window is defined by the selected Eurostat category; since 2020.

Source: Internet purchases by individuals (2020 onwards)

Poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day (2021 PPP) (% of population)

0.2 % of population, 2021 PPP latest value, 2023

Turkey: Poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day (2021 PPP) (% of population)1987: 9; 2023: 0.20510151990200020102020

Poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day is the percentage of the population living on less than $3.00 a day at 2021 purchasing power adjusted prices. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions.

Source: Poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day (2021 PPP) (% of population)

At risk of poverty or social exclusion

29.8 % of population latest value, 2025

Turkey: At risk of poverty or social exclusion2015: 26.7; 2025: 29.8010203040201520202025

Europe 2030 AROPE: at-risk-of-poverty, severe material/social deprivation or very low work intensity, EU-SILC. Not the sum of three rates.

Source: Persons at risk of poverty or social exclusion by age and sex

Caloric losses at retail distribution

3.61 % latest value, 2025

Turkey: Caloric losses at retail distribution2000: 3.11; 2025: 3.6101234200020052010201520202025

FAOSTAT FS, Incidence of caloric losses at retail distribution level (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Health

Total alcohol consumption per capita (liters of pure alcohol, projected estimates, 15+ years of age)

1.7 litres per person aged 15+ latest value, 2020

Turkey: Total alcohol consumption per capita (liters of pure alcohol, projected estimates, 15+ years of age)2000: 2.5; 2020: 1.700.511.522.520002005201020152020

Total alcohol per capita consumption is defined as the total (sum of recorded and unrecorded alcohol) amount of alcohol consumed per person (15 years of age or older) over a calendar year, in litres of pure alcohol, adjusted for tourist consumption.

Source: Total alcohol consumption per capita (liters of pure alcohol, projected estimates, 15+ years of age)

Anaemia among women aged 15–49

29.3 % latest value, 2023

Turkey: Anaemia among women aged 15–492000: 32.7; 2023: 29.301020304020002005201020152020

FAOSTAT FS, Prevalence of anemia among women of reproductive age (15-49 years) (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Overweight among children under 5

7.7 % latest value, 2024

Turkey: Overweight among children under 52000: 5.8; 2024: 7.702468101220002005201020152020

FAOSTAT FS, Percentage of children under 5 years of age who are overweight (modelled estimates) (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Prevalence of stunting, height for age (% of children under 5)

6 % of children under 5 latest value, 2018

Turkey: Prevalence of stunting, height for age (% of children under 5)1993: 23.6; 2018: 6051015202519952000200520102015

Prevalence of stunting is the percentage of children under age 5 whose height for age is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months. For children up to two years old height is measured by recumbent length. For older children height is measured by stature while standing. The data are based on the WHO's 2006 Child Growth Standards.

Source: Prevalence of stunting, height for age (% of children under 5)

Wasting among children under 5

1.7 % latest value, 2018

Turkey: Wasting among children under 52004: 1.1; 2018: 1.700.511.52200520102015

FAOSTAT FS, Percentage of children under 5 years affected by wasting (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

COVID economic support index

0 mean index 0–100 latest value, 2022

Turkey: COVID economic support index2020: 60.2; 2022: 00204060802020

Mean daily national OxCGRT index with all days present, archived 2020–2022. Codes policies, not compliance, effectiveness or causal impact. Average follows source treatment of vaccination groups.

Source: Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker

COVID containment and health index

27.1 mean index 0–100 latest value, 2022

Turkey: COVID containment and health index2020: 53.2; 2022: 27.102040602020

Mean daily national OxCGRT index with all days present, archived 2020–2022. Codes policies, not compliance, effectiveness or causal impact. Average follows source treatment of vaccination groups.

Source: Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker

COVID government response

23.7 mean index 0–100 latest value, 2022

Turkey: COVID government response2020: 54.1; 2022: 23.702040602020

Mean daily national OxCGRT index with all days present, archived 2020–2022. Codes policies, not compliance, effectiveness or causal impact. Average follows source treatment of vaccination groups.

Source: Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker

COVID policy stringency

16.2 mean index 0–100 latest value, 2022

Turkey: COVID policy stringency2020: 54.6; 2022: 16.202040602020

Mean daily national OxCGRT index with all days present, archived 2020–2022. Codes policies, not compliance, effectiveness or causal impact. Average follows source treatment of vaccination groups.

Source: Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker

Reported COVID-19 cases

13 by report dates in year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Reported COVID-19 cases2021: 7,153,613; 2025: 1302,000,0004,000,0006,000,0008,000,00020202025

Sum of WHO weekly reports by report date in a completed year, requiring at least 50 nonmissing values. Reported events, not total infections/deaths. Negative revisions retained; testing and reporting coverage changed.

Source: WHO: reported COVID-19 data

Reported COVID-19 deaths

61,679 by report dates in year latest value, 2021

Turkey: Reported COVID-19 deaths2021: 61,679; 2021: 61,679020,00040,00060,00080,00020152020

Sum of WHO weekly reports by report date in a completed year, requiring at least 50 nonmissing values. Reported events, not total infections/deaths. Negative revisions retained; testing and reporting coverage changed.

Source: WHO: reported COVID-19 data

Diabetes prevalence (% of population ages 20 to 79)

16.5 % of people aged 20-79 latest value, 2024

Turkey: Diabetes prevalence (% of population ages 20 to 79)2011: 7.9; 2024: 16.50510152020152020

Diabetes prevalence refers to the percentage of people ages 20-79 who have type 1 or type 2 diabetes. It is calculated by adjusting to a standard population age-structure.

Source: Diabetes prevalence (% of population ages 20 to 79)

Exclusive breastfeeding under 6 months

40.7 % latest value, 2018

Turkey: Exclusive breastfeeding under 6 months2004: 20.8; 2018: 40.701020304050200520102015

FAOSTAT FS, Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding among infants 0-5 months of age (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Out-of-pocket expenditure (% of current health expenditure)

19 % of current health expenditure latest value, 2023

Turkey: Out-of-pocket expenditure (% of current health expenditure)2000: 28.6; 2023: 19010203020002005201020152020

Share of out-of-pocket payments of total current health expenditures. Out-of-pocket payments are spending on health directly out-of-pocket by households.

Source: Out-of-pocket expenditure (% of current health expenditure)

Current health expenditure (% of GDP)

4.3 % of GDP latest value, 2023

Turkey: Current health expenditure (% of GDP)2000: 4.6; 2023: 4.3024620002005201020152020

Level of current health expenditure expressed as a percentage of GDP. Estimates of current health expenditures include healthcare goods and services consumed during each year. This indicator does not include capital health expenditures such as buildings, machinery, IT and stocks of vaccines for emergency or outbreaks.

Source: Current health expenditure (% of GDP)

Current health expenditure per capita (current US$)

547.8 current US dollars latest value, 2023

Turkey: Current health expenditure per capita (current US$)2000: 192.8; 2023: 547.8020040060020002005201020152020

Current expenditures on health per capita in current US dollars. Estimates of current health expenditures include healthcare goods and services consumed during each year.

Source: Current health expenditure per capita (current US$)

Hospital beds (per 1,000 people)

3.1 per 1,000 people latest value, 2023

Turkey: Hospital beds (per 1,000 people)1960: 1.7; 2023: 3.1012341960197019801990200020102020

Hospital beds include inpatient beds available in public, private, general, and specialized hospitals and rehabilitation centers. In most cases beds for both acute and chronic care are included.

Source: Hospital beds (per 1,000 people)

Low birthweight

12.9 % latest value, 2020

Turkey: Low birthweight2000: 15.7; 2020: 12.90510152020002005201020152020

FAOSTAT FS, Prevalence of low birthweight (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people)

3.5 per 1,000 people latest value, 2022

Turkey: Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people)1993: 1.5; 2022: 3.501234199520002005201020152020

Nurses and midwives include professional nurses, professional midwives, auxiliary nurses, auxiliary midwives, enrolled nurses, enrolled midwives and other associated personnel, such as dental nurses and primary care nurses.

Source: Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people)

Obesity among adults aged 18+

28.8 % latest value, 2024

Turkey: Obesity among adults aged 18+2000: 24.2; 2024: 28.8010203020002005201020152020

FAOSTAT FS, Prevalence of obesity in the adult population (18 years and older) (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Physicians (per 1,000 people)

2.2 per 1,000 people latest value, 2022

Turkey: Physicians (per 1,000 people)1960: 0.3; 2022: 2.200.511.522.51960197019801990200020102020

Physicians include generalist and specialist medical practitioners.

Source: Physicians (per 1,000 people)

Mortality caused by road traffic injury (per 100,000 population)

6.7 per 100,000 people latest value, 2019

Turkey: Mortality caused by road traffic injury (per 100,000 population)2000: 9; 2019: 6.70510152000200520102015

Mortality caused by road traffic injury is estimated road traffic fatal injury deaths per 100,000 population.

Source: Mortality caused by road traffic injury (per 100,000 population)

Bad or very bad self-rated health

7.4 % of people aged 16+ in group latest value, 2025

Turkey: Bad or very bad self-rated health2006: 15; 2025: 7.4051015202010201520202025

Self-rated bad or very bad health, EU-SILC, both sexes aged 16+. Not a medical diagnosis.

Source: Self-perceived health by sex, age and income quintile

Bad or very bad self-rated health in the highest income quintile

3.2 % of people aged 16+ in group latest value, 2025

Turkey: Bad or very bad self-rated health in the highest income quintile2006: 8.5; 2025: 3.202468102010201520202025

Self-rated bad or very bad health, EU-SILC, both sexes aged 16+. Not a medical diagnosis.

Source: Self-perceived health by sex, age and income quintile

Bad or very bad self-rated health in the lowest income quintile

13 % of people aged 16+ in group latest value, 2025

Turkey: Bad or very bad self-rated health in the lowest income quintile2006: 22.8; 2025: 1305101520252010201520202025

Self-rated bad or very bad health, EU-SILC, both sexes aged 16+. Not a medical diagnosis.

Source: Self-perceived health by sex, age and income quintile

Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 population)

2.7 per 100,000 people latest value, 2021

Turkey: Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 population)2000: 2.9; 2021: 2.70123420002005201020152020

Suicide mortality rate is the number of suicide deaths in a year per 100,000 population. Crude suicide rate (not age-adjusted).

Source: Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 population)

Prevalence of current tobacco use (% of adults)

31.1 % of adults latest value, 2024

Turkey: Prevalence of current tobacco use (% of adults)2000: 32.8; 2024: 31.101020304020002005201020152020

The percentage of the population ages 15 years and over who currently use any tobacco product (smoked and/or smokeless tobacco) on a daily or non-daily basis. Tobacco products include cigarettes, pipes, cigars, cigarillos, waterpipes (hookah, shisha), bidis, kretek, heated tobacco products, and all forms of smokeless (oral and nasal) tobacco. Tobacco products exclude e-cigarettes (which do not contain tobacco), “e-cigars”, “e-hookahs”, JUUL and “e-pipes”. The rates are age-standardized to the WHO Standard Population.

Source: Prevalence of current tobacco use (% of adults)

Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people)

13 per 100,000 people latest value, 2024

Turkey: Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people)2000: 54; 2024: 13020406020002005201020152020

Incidence of tuberculosis is the estimated number of new and relapse tuberculosis cases arising in a given year, expressed as the rate per 100,000 population. All forms of TB are included, including cases in people living with HIV. Estimates for all years are recalculated as new information becomes available and techniques are refined, so they may differ from those published previously.

Source: Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people)

Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population)

2.5 % of population latest value, 2023

Turkey: Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population)2001: 12.9; 2023: 2.50510152005201020152020

Prevalence of undernourishment is the percentage of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normal active and healthy life. Data showing as 2.5 may signify a prevalence of undernourishment below 2.5%.

Source: Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population)

Unmet medical examination needs in the highest income quintile

0.2 % of people aged 16+ in group latest value, 2025

Turkey: Unmet medical examination needs in the highest income quintile2008: 4.4; 2025: 0.202462010201520202025

Self-reported unmet medical examination needs due to cost, distance or waiting lists, EU-SILC, age 16+. Source flags and questionnaire changes are preserved; do not add reasons.

Source: Self-reported unmet needs for medical examination by sex, age, main reason declared and income quintile

Unmet medical examination needs in the lowest income quintile

2.1 % of people aged 16+ in group latest value, 2025

Turkey: Unmet medical examination needs in the lowest income quintile2008: 27.2; 2025: 2.10102030402010201520202025

Self-reported unmet medical examination needs due to cost, distance or waiting lists, EU-SILC, age 16+. Source flags and questionnaire changes are preserved; do not add reasons.

Source: Self-reported unmet needs for medical examination by sex, age, main reason declared and income quintile

Immunization, DPT (% of children ages 12-23 months)

99 % of children aged 12-23 months latest value, 2024

Turkey: Immunization, DPT (% of children ages 12-23 months)1980: 42; 2024: 9902040608010019801990200020102020

Child immunization, DPT, measures the percentage of children ages 12-23 months who received DPT vaccinations before 12 months or at any time before the survey. A child is considered adequately immunized against diphtheria, pertussis (or whooping cough), and tetanus (DPT) after receiving three doses of vaccine.

Source: Immunization, DPT (% of children ages 12-23 months)

Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)

95 % of children aged 12-23 months latest value, 2024

Turkey: Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)1980: 27; 2024: 9502040608010019801990200020102020

Child immunization, measles, measures the percentage of children ages 12-23 months who received the measles vaccination before 12 months or at any time before the survey. A child is considered adequately immunized against measles after receiving one dose of vaccine.

Source: Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)

Culture and time

International tourism, receipts (current US$)

13,771,000,000 current US dollars latest value, 2020

Turkey: International tourism, receipts (current US$)2005: 20,760,000,000; 2020: 13,771,000,000010,000,000,00020,000,000,00030,000,000,00040,000,000,00050,000,000,0002005201020152020

International tourism receipts are expenditures by international inbound visitors, including payments to national carriers for international transport. These receipts include any other prepayment made for goods or services received in the destination country. They also may include receipts from same-day visitors, except when these are important enough to justify separate classification. For some countries they do not include receipts for passenger transport items. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

Source: International tourism, receipts (current US$)

International tourism, number of arrivals

15,971,000 arrivals per year latest value, 2020

Turkey: International tourism, number of arrivals1995: 7,727,000; 2020: 15,971,000020,000,00040,000,00060,000,000199520002005201020152020

International inbound tourists (overnight visitors) are the number of tourists who travel to a country other than that in which they have their usual residence, but outside their usual environment, for a period not exceeding 12 months and whose main purpose in visiting is other than an activity remunerated from within the country visited. When data on number of tourists are not available, the number of visitors, which includes tourists, same-day visitors, cruise passengers, and crew members, is shown instead. Sources and collection methods for arrivals differ across countries. In some cases data are from border statistics (police, immigration, and the like) and supplemented by border surveys. In other cases data are from tourism accommodation establishments. For some countries number of arrivals is limited to arrivals by air and for others to arrivals staying in hotels. Some countries include arrivals of nationals residing abroad while others do not. Caution should thus be used in comparing arrivals across countries. The data on inbound tourists refer to the number of arrivals, not to the number of people traveling. Thus a person who makes several trips to a country during a given period is counted each time as a new arrival.

Source: International tourism, number of arrivals

Land and housing

Agricultural land (% of land area)

50.1 % of land area latest value, 2023

Turkey: Agricultural land (% of land area)1961: 47.4; 2023: 50.10204060197019801990200020102020

Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable, under permanent crops, and under permanent pastures. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded. Land under permanent crops is land cultivated with crops that occupy the land for long periods and need not be replanted after each harvest, such as cocoa, coffee, and rubber. This category includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees, and vines, but excludes land under trees grown for wood or timber. Permanent pasture is land used for five or more years for forage, including natural and cultivated crops.

Source: Agricultural land (% of land area)

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added per worker (constant 2015 US$)

13,844.9 constant 2015 US dollars latest value, 2025

Turkey: Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added per worker (constant 2015 US$)1991: 3,972.8; 2025: 13,844.905,00010,00015,00020,0001995200020052010201520202025

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing corresponds to ISIC (Rev. 4) divisions 01-03 and includes the exploitation of vegetal and animal natural resources, comprising the activities of growing of crops, raising and breeding of animals, harvesting of timber and other plants, animals or animal products from a farm or their natural habitats.Value added is the contribution to the economy by a producer or an industry or an institutional sector, which is estimated by the total value of output produced and deducting the total value of intermediate consumption of goods and services used to produce that output. This indicator is expressed in constant prices, meaning the series has been adjusted to account for price changes over time. The reference year for this adjustment is 2015. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.

Source: Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added per worker (constant 2015 US$)

Arable land (% of land area)

26.3 % of land area latest value, 2023

Turkey: Arable land (% of land area)1961: 29.9; 2023: 26.3010203040197019801990200020102020

Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded.

Source: Arable land (% of land area)

Cereal yield (kg per hectare)

3,428.7 kg per hectare latest value, 2024

Turkey: Cereal yield (kg per hectare)1961: 989.4; 2024: 3,428.701,0002,0003,0004,000197019801990200020102020

Cereal yield, measured as kilograms per hectare of harvested land, includes wheat, rice, maize, barley, oats, rye, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, and mixed grains. Production data on cereals relate to crops harvested for dry grain only. Cereal crops harvested for hay or harvested green for food, feed, or silage and those used for grazing are excluded. The FAO allocates production data to the calendar year in which the bulk of the harvest took place. Most of a crop harvested near the end of a year will be used in the following year.

Source: Cereal yield (kg per hectare)

Certified organic agricultural land

173.26 1000 ha latest value, 2024

Turkey: Certified organic agricultural land2006: 162; 2024: 173.260200400600800201020152020

FAOSTAT RL, Agriculture area certified organic. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Housing cost overburden

10 % of population latest value, 2025

Turkey: Housing cost overburden2006: 13.7; 2025: 100510152010201520202025

People in households with housing costs exceeding 40% of disposable income, EU-SILC; all ages and sexes.

Source: Housing cost overburden rate by age, sex and poverty status

Actually irrigated agricultural land

4,914 1000 ha latest value, 2024

Turkey: Actually irrigated agricultural land1990: 3,800; 2024: 4,91401,0002,0003,0004,0005,0001990199520002005201020152020

FAOSTAT RL, Agriculture area actually irrigated. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Land equipped for irrigation

7,204 1000 ha latest value, 2024

Turkey: Land equipped for irrigation1961: 1,310; 2024: 7,20402,0004,0006,0008,000197019801990200020102020

FAOSTAT RL, Land area equipped for irrigation. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Age of leaving the parental household

28.2 years, estimate latest value, 2024

Turkey: Age of leaving the parental household2006: 26.5; 2024: 28.20102030201020152020

Estimated mean age of leaving the parental household under the Eurostat method, both sexes. Not the mean age of observed moves during the year.

Source: Estimated average age of young persons leaving the parental household

Planted forest

755.01 1000 ha latest value, 2025

Turkey: Planted forest1990: 545.98; 2025: 755.01020040060080019901995200020052010201520202025

FAOSTAT RL, Planted Forest. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Primary forest

0 1000 ha latest value, 2025

Turkey: Primary forest1990: 0; 2025: 00119901995200020052010201520202025

FAOSTAT RL, Primary Forest. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Everyday environment

Air transport, passengers carried

125,940,241 passengers per year latest value, 2023

Turkey: Air transport, passengers carried1970: 1,035,700; 2023: 125,940,241050,000,000100,000,000150,000,000197019801990200020102020

Air carrier data per country refers to passengers carried by airlines registered in that country regardless of the origin or destination of the passengers.

Source: Air transport, passengers carried

Unable to keep home adequately warm

19.5 % of population in group latest value, 2025

Turkey: Unable to keep home adequately warm2006: 39.3; 2025: 19.5010203040502010201520202025

Self-reported inability to keep home adequately warm, EU-SILC. The at-risk group has income below 60% of the national median.

Source: Inability to keep home adequately warm

Unable to keep home adequately warm (at risk of poverty)

48.3 % of population in group latest value, 2025

Turkey: Unable to keep home adequately warm (at risk of poverty)2006: 61.2; 2025: 48.30204060802010201520202025

Self-reported inability to keep home adequately warm, EU-SILC. The at-risk group has income below 60% of the national median.

Source: Inability to keep home adequately warm

Access to electricity (% of population)

100 % of population latest value, 2024

Turkey: Access to electricity (% of population)2000: 99.9; 2024: 10002040608010012020002005201020152020

Access to electricity is the percentage of population with access to electricity. Electrification data are collected from industry, national surveys and international sources.

Source: Access to electricity (% of population)

Fertilizer consumption (kilograms per hectare of arable land)

139.6 kg of nutrients per hectare latest value, 2023

Turkey: Fertilizer consumption (kilograms per hectare of arable land)1961: 3.2; 2023: 139.6050100150197019801990200020102020

Fertilizer consumption measures the quantity of plant nutrients used per unit of arable land. Fertilizer products cover nitrogenous, potash, and phosphate fertilizers (including ground rock phosphate). Traditional nutrients--animal and plant manures--are not included. For the purpose of data dissemination, FAO has adopted the concept of a calendar year (January to December). Some countries compile fertilizer data on a calendar year basis, while others are on a split-year basis. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded.

Source: Fertilizer consumption (kilograms per hectare of arable land)

Forest area (% of land area)

29.5 % of land area latest value, 2023

Turkey: Forest area (% of land area)1990: 25.7; 2023: 29.501020301990199520002005201020152020

Forest area (% of land area) is the share of total land area that is under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters in situ, whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems (for example, in fruit plantations and agroforestry systems) and trees in urban parks and gardens.

Source: Forest area (% of land area)

Household electricity price

0.06 euro per kWh, mean of both half-years latest value, 2025

Turkey: Household electricity price2008: 0.11; 2025: 0.0600.050.10.152010201520202025

Arithmetic mean of both half-year prices including taxes in the selected Eurostat consumption band. Partial years excluded; not a sales-weighted annual price.

Source: Electricity prices for household consumers - bi-annual data (from 2007 onwards)

Household gas price

0.02 euro per kWh, mean of both half-years latest value, 2025

Turkey: Household gas price2008: 0.04; 2025: 0.0200.010.020.030.042010201520202025

Arithmetic mean of both half-year prices including taxes in the selected Eurostat consumption band. Partial years excluded; not a sales-weighted annual price.

Source: Gas prices for household consumers - bi-annual data

Land temperature anomaly

1.93 °C latest value, 2025

Turkey: Land temperature anomaly1961: 0.18; 2025: 1.930123197019801990200020102020

FAOSTAT ET, Meteorological year. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Municipal waste generated

402 kg per inhabitant latest value, 2024

Turkey: Municipal waste generated1995: 441; 2024: 4020200400600199520002005201020152020

Municipal waste by treatment operation, Eurostat, kg per inhabitant. National scope of municipal waste differs.

Source: Municipal waste by waste management operations

Municipal waste landfilled

338 kg per inhabitant latest value, 2021

Turkey: Municipal waste landfilled1995: 323; 2021: 3380100200300400199520002005201020152020

Municipal waste by treatment operation, Eurostat, kg per inhabitant. National scope of municipal waste differs.

Source: Municipal waste by waste management operations

Municipal waste recycled

51 kg per inhabitant latest value, 2021

Turkey: Municipal waste recycled2016: 39; 2021: 51020406020152020

Municipal waste by treatment operation, Eurostat, kg per inhabitant. National scope of municipal waste differs.

Source: Municipal waste by waste management operations

PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (micrograms per cubic meter)

26.4 micrograms/m³, annual mean exposure latest value, 2023

Turkey: PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (micrograms per cubic meter)1990: 25.1; 2023: 26.401020301990199520002005201020152020

Population-weighted exposure to ambient PM2.5 pollution is defined as the average level of exposure of a nation's population to concentrations of suspended particles measuring less than 2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter, which are capable of penetrating deep into the respiratory tract and causing severe health damage. Exposure is calculated by weighting mean annual concentrations of PM2.5 by population in both urban and rural areas.

Source: PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (micrograms per cubic meter)

Railways, passengers carried (million passenger-km)

10,683 million passenger-km latest value, 2021

Turkey: Railways, passengers carried (million passenger-km)1995: 5,797; 2021: 10,68305,00010,00015,000199520002005201020152020

Passengers carried by railway are the number of passengers transported by rail multiplied by kilometers traveled.

Source: Railways, passengers carried (million passenger-km)

People using safely managed sanitation services (% of population)

78.9 % of population latest value, 2024

Turkey: People using safely managed sanitation services (% of population)2000: 44.2; 2024: 78.902040608020002005201020152020

The percentage of people using improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households and where excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and treated offsite. Improved sanitation facilities include flush/pour flush to piped sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines: ventilated improved pit latrines, composting toilets or pit latrines with slabs.

Source: People using safely managed sanitation services (% of population)

Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources

47.9 % of available freshwater resources latest value, 2022

Turkey: Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources1992: 23.5; 2022: 47.901020304050199520002005201020152020

The level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources is the ratio between total freshwater withdrawn by all major sectors and total renewable freshwater resources, after taking into account environmental water requirements. Main sectors, as defined by ISIC standards, include agriculture; forestry and fishing; manufacturing; electricity industry; and services. This indicator is also known as water withdrawal intensity.

Source: Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources

Work and skills

Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)

97.3 % of people aged 15+ latest value, 2021

Turkey: Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)1975: 61.6; 2021: 97.302040608010019801990200020102020

Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.

Source: Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)

Children in employment, total (% of children ages 7-14)

2.6 % of children aged 7-14 latest value, 2006

Turkey: Children in employment, total (% of children ages 7-14)1999: 4.5; 2006: 2.601234520002005

Children in employment refer to children involved in economic activity for at least one hour in the reference week of the survey.

Source: Children in employment, total (% of children ages 7-14)

Children out of school (% of primary school age)

0.6 % of primary-school-age children latest value, 2023

Turkey: Children out of school (% of primary school age)1974: 23; 2023: 0.6051015202519801990200020102020

Children out of school are the percentage of primary-school-age children who are not enrolled in primary or secondary school. Children in the official primary age group that are in preprimary education should be considered out of school.

Source: Children out of school (% of primary school age)

Early leavers from education and training

17.9 % of people aged 18-24 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Early leavers from education and training2006: 48.8; 2025: 17.9010203040502010201520202025

People aged 18-24 with at most lower secondary education and no recent education/training, Eurostat LFS.

Source: Early leavers from education and training by labour status

Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP)

3.1 % of GDP latest value, 2022

Turkey: Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP)1978: 4.3; 2022: 3.101234519801990200020102020

General government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers) is expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. General government usually refers to local, regional and central governments.

Source: Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP)

Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate)

49.7 % of population aged 15+ latest value, 2025

Turkey: Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate)1991: 52.3; 2025: 49.702040601995200020052010201520202025

Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed.

Source: Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate)

Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate)

54.4 % of population aged 15+ latest value, 2025

Turkey: Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate)1990: 56.6; 2025: 54.4020406019901995200020052010201520202025

Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.

Source: Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate)

Learning poverty: Share of Children at the End-of-Primary age below minimum reading proficiency adjusted by Out-of-School Children (%)

18.5 % of children of end-of-primary age latest value, 2021

Turkey: Learning poverty: Share of Children at the End-of-Primary age below minimum reading proficiency adjusted by Out-of-School Children (%)2001: 31.4; 2021: 18.50102030402005201020152020

The share of 10-year-olds who cannot read and understand a short passage of age-appropriate material—in other words, those who are below the “minimum proficiency” threshold for reading. This measure is defined as the union of two deprivations: 1) schooling deprivation and 2) learning deprivation. A child is considered schooling-deprived (SD) if he or she is of primary school age and out-of-school. The dimension of learning deprivation (LD) applies only for children in school, and identifies those pupils who are below the minimum proficiency level (MPL) for reading, as defined by the Global Alliance to Monitor Learning (GAML), measured in standard learning assessments, and reported in the context of the SDG 4.1.1b monitoring. This “union approach” to measurement reflects the choice that, as presented in the SDGs, all age 10 children must be both in school and learning. The final learning poverty measure combines the two dimensions in a single indicator using the following formula: LP = SD + [(1-SD) x LD]

Source: Learning poverty: Share of Children at the End-of-Primary age below minimum reading proficiency adjusted by Out-of-School Children (%)

New business density (new registrations per 1,000 people ages 15-64)

2 per 1,000 people aged 15-64 latest value, 2024

Turkey: New business density (new registrations per 1,000 people ages 15-64)2006: 1.2; 2024: 200.511.522.5201020152020

The number of newly registered firms with limited liability per 1,000 working-age people (ages 15-64) per calendar year.

Source: New business density (new registrations per 1,000 people ages 15-64)

Part-time employment

13 % of employed people aged 15-64 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Part-time employment2009: 10.6; 2025: 130510152010201520202025

Employed people aged 15-64 working part-time as a share of employment, Eurostat LFS, both sexes.

Source: Part-time employment and temporary contracts - annual data

Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)

90.6 % of relevant age group latest value, 2023

Turkey: Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)1984: 84.1; 2023: 90.60501001501990200020102020

Primary completion rate, or gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, is the number of new entrants (enrollments minus repeaters) in the last grade of primary education, regardless of age, divided by the population at the entrance age for the last grade of primary education. Data limitations preclude adjusting for students who drop out during the final year of primary education.

Source: Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)

Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

23.9 % of employment latest value, 2025

Turkey: Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)1991: 47.3; 2025: 23.9010203040501995200020052010201520202025

Vulnerable employment is contributing family workers and own-account workers as a percentage of total employment.

Source: Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Actual weekly hours worked

42 hours latest value, 2025

Turkey: Actual weekly hours worked2008: 49.7; 2025: 42010203040502010201520202025

Mean actual hours in the main job among those who worked in the reference week, age 15+, both sexes and all employment types/industries, Eurostat LFS. Full-week absentees excluded.

Source: Average actual weekly hours worked in the main job of persons who worked in this job during the reference week by professional status, full-time/part-time employment and economic activity (NACE Rev. 2) (2008-2026)

Literacy rate, youth total (% of people ages 15-24)

92.2 % of people aged 15-24 latest value, 2022

Turkey: Literacy rate, youth total (% of people ages 15-24)1975: 80.1; 2022: 92.202040608010019801990200020102020

Youth literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15-24 who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.

Source: Literacy rate, youth total (% of people ages 15-24)

Share of youth not in education, employment or training, total (% of youth population)

22.9 % of youth aged 15-24 latest value, 2024

Turkey: Share of youth not in education, employment or training, total (% of youth population)2000: 39.6; 2024: 22.90102030405020002005201020152020

The share of youth not in education, employment or training (also known as “the NEET rate”) conveys the number of young persons not in education, employment or training as a percentage of the total youth population. Youth not in education are those who were neither enrolled in school nor in a formal training program (e.g. vocational training). For the purposes of this indicator, youth is defined as all persons between the ages of 15 and 24 (inclusive).

Source: Share of youth not in education, employment or training, total (% of youth population)

Science, space and technology

GitHub developer accounts at year end

2,362,908 accounts latest value, 2025

Turkey: GitHub developer accounts at year end2020: 670,969; 2025: 2,362,9080500,0001,000,0001,500,0002,000,0002,500,00020202025

Fourth-quarter end snapshot; includes inactive accounts/organizations/repositories. GitHub Innovation Graph: public GitHub activity only. Geography reflects mode location, not nationality. Suppressed small groups are not zeros; not a professional-programmer count.

Source: GitHub Innovation Graph

GitHub git pushes

7,898,408 git pushes latest value, 2025

Turkey: GitHub git pushes2020: 2,206,941; 2025: 7,898,40802,000,0004,000,0006,000,0008,000,00020202025

Sum of all four published quarters of git pushes. One push may include multiple commits. GitHub Innovation Graph: public GitHub activity only. Geography reflects mode location, not nationality. Suppressed small groups are not zeros; not a professional-programmer count.

Source: GitHub Innovation Graph

GitHub organizations at year end

108,356 organizations latest value, 2025

Turkey: GitHub organizations at year end2020: 53,822; 2025: 108,356050,000100,000150,00020202025

Fourth-quarter end snapshot; includes inactive accounts/organizations/repositories. GitHub Innovation Graph: public GitHub activity only. Geography reflects mode location, not nationality. Suppressed small groups are not zeros; not a professional-programmer count.

Source: GitHub Innovation Graph

GitHub repositories at year end

4,104,718 repositories latest value, 2025

Turkey: GitHub repositories at year end2020: 1,061,452; 2025: 4,104,71801,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,00020202025

Fourth-quarter end snapshot; includes inactive accounts/organizations/repositories. GitHub Innovation Graph: public GitHub activity only. Geography reflects mode location, not nationality. Suppressed small groups are not zeros; not a professional-programmer count.

Source: GitHub Innovation Graph

High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)

5.1 % of manufactured exports latest value, 2024

Turkey: High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)2007: 2.2; 2024: 5.10246201020152020

High-technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery.

Source: High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)

Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)

1.4 % of GDP latest value, 2023

Turkey: Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)1996: 0.5; 2023: 1.400.511.520002005201020152020

Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.

Source: Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)

R&D expenditure per inhabitant

214.6 euro per inhabitant latest value, 2024

Turkey: R&D expenditure per inhabitant1990: 7; 2024: 214.60501001502002501990199520002005201020152020

Gross domestic R&D expenditure, all sectors, current euro per inhabitant, Eurostat. Exchange-rate and inflation changes remain.

Source: GERD by sector of performance

Researchers in R&D (per million people)

2,644.7 full-time equivalents per million people latest value, 2023

Turkey: Researchers in R&D (per million people)1996: 294.1; 2023: 2,644.701,0002,0003,00020002005201020152020

The number of researchers engaged in Research &Development (R&D), expressed as per million. Researchers are professionals who conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models techniques instrumentation, software of operational methods. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.

Source: Researchers in R&D (per million people)

Patent applications, residents

8,234 applications per year latest value, 2021

Turkey: Patent applications, residents1980: 134; 2021: 8,23402,0004,0006,0008,00010,00019801990200020102020

Patent applications are worldwide patent applications filed through the Patent Cooperation Treaty procedure or with a national patent office for exclusive rights for an invention--a product or process that provides a new way of doing something or offers a new technical solution to a problem. A patent provides protection for the invention to the owner of the patent for a limited period, generally 20 years.

Source: Patent applications, residents

Business R&D, % of GDP

0.95 % of GDP latest value, 2024

Turkey: Business R&D, % of GDP1990: 0.05; 2024: 0.9500.20.40.60.811990199520002005201020152020

BERD — R&D performed by businesses, as a share of GDP. It is part of GERD; the rest is performed by government institutes, universities and non-profits. Counted by who performs the work, not by who pays for it. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

Government-sector R&D, % of GDP

0.06 % of GDP latest value, 2024

Turkey: Government-sector R&D, % of GDP1990: 0.02; 2024: 0.0600.050.10.151990199520002005201020152020

GOVERD — R&D performed by government research bodies (excluding universities), as a share of GDP. Part of GERD; counted by performer, not by source of funds. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

University R&D, % of GDP

0.45 % of GDP latest value, 2024

Turkey: University R&D, % of GDP1990: 0.16; 2024: 0.4500.20.40.61990199520002005201020152020

HERD — R&D performed by universities and other higher-education institutions, as a share of GDP. Part of GERD; counted by performer, not by source of funds. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

R&D funded by business

53.8 % of GERD latest value, 2024

Turkey: R&D funded by business1990: 27.4; 2024: 53.802040601990199520002005201020152020

Share of all domestic R&D spending (GERD) paid for by businesses, whoever performed the work. GERD is all R&D performed in the country, whoever performs it: businesses, government institutes, universities and non-profits (Frascati Manual). OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

R&D funded by government

30.4 % of GERD latest value, 2024

Turkey: R&D funded by government1990: 71.4; 2024: 30.40204060801990199520002005201020152020

Share of all domestic R&D spending (GERD) paid for by government, including public money for universities. GERD is all R&D performed in the country, whoever performs it: businesses, government institutes, universities and non-profits (Frascati Manual). OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

R&D funded from abroad

2.9 % of GERD latest value, 2024

Turkey: R&D funded from abroad1990: 0.2; 2024: 2.90123451990199520002005201020152020

Share of domestic R&D spending (GERD) paid for from abroad: foreign companies, international organisations, EU programmes. GERD is all R&D performed in the country, whoever performs it: businesses, government institutes, universities and non-profits (Frascati Manual). OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

R&D spending, billion dollars

45.6 billion USD PPP, 2020 prices latest value, 2024

Turkey: R&D spending, billion dollars1990: 1.6; 2024: 45.6010203040501990199520002005201020152020

All domestic R&D spending (GERD) in billions of US dollars at purchasing power parity, constant 2020 prices, so years compare without inflation. GERD is all R&D performed in the country, whoever performs it: businesses, government institutes, universities and non-profits (Frascati Manual). OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

Researchers per 1,000 employed

7.8 per 1,000 employed, FTE latest value, 2024

Turkey: Researchers per 1,000 employed1990: 0.7; 2024: 7.8024681990199520002005201020152020

Researchers in full-time equivalents (FTE: two half-timers count as one) per 1,000 people employed. Researchers only, excluding technicians and support staff; not a headcount. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

Researchers, thousands

250.5 thousand full-time equivalents latest value, 2024

Turkey: Researchers, thousands1990: 11.2; 2024: 250.501002003001990199520002005201020152020

Researchers in all sectors in full-time equivalents (two half-timers count as one), thousands. Excludes technicians and support staff; the headcount is usually larger. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

Government R&D budget, billion dollars

12.1 billion USD PPP, 2020 prices latest value, 2025

Turkey: Government R&D budget, billion dollars2008: 3.8; 2025: 12.10510152010201520202025

GBARD — R&D appropriations in the central government budget, billions of US dollars at PPP, 2020 prices. A budget, not GERD spending: it includes money spent abroad and given to international organisations, and excludes business money. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

Defence share of government R&D budget

3.6 % of GBARD latest value, 2025

Turkey: Defence share of government R&D budget2008: 17.2; 2025: 3.601020302010201520202025

Share of government R&D appropriations (GBARD) earmarked for defence. GBARD is a budget, not actual spending. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

Space share of civil government R&D budget

2.1 % of civil GBARD latest value, 2025

Turkey: Space share of civil government R&D budget2008: 0.8; 2025: 2.101232010201520202025

Share of civil government R&D appropriations (GBARD excluding defence) for space exploration and exploitation. Military space is not included. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

Triadic patent families

57 families per year latest value, 2023

Turkey: Triadic patent families1985: 1; 2023: 570204060801990200020102020

Inventions filed at all three of the European, Japanese and US patent offices, by inventors' country and priority year, fractionally counted across co-inventing countries. Applications, not grants; counts inventions, not individual filings. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

Government R&D budget, % of GDP

0.37 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Turkey: Government R&D budget, % of GDP2008: 0.26; 2025: 0.3700.10.20.30.40.52010201520202025

GBARD — central government R&D appropriations as a share of GDP, both in national currency at current prices from the same OECD table. A budget, not GERD spending; business money is not included. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

Business R&D per inhabitant

139.1 euro per inhabitant latest value, 2024

Turkey: Business R&D per inhabitant1990: 1.4; 2024: 139.10501001501990199520002005201020152020

R&D performed by businesses (BERD), euros at current prices per inhabitant. Counted by who performs the work, not by who pays. Eurostat, rd_e_gerdtot (sector BES).

Source: Eurostat research and development statistics

Researchers, thousand people

344.7 thousand people latest value, 2024

Turkey: Researchers, thousand people1996: 51.2; 2024: 344.7010020030040020002005201020152020

Number of people working as researchers in all sectors — each person counts once, however many hours they spend on research (headcount). Hence larger than full-time equivalents (researchers_fte). Eurostat, rd_p_persocc.

Source: Eurostat research and development statistics

Women among researchers

37.4 % of researchers latest value, 2023

Turkey: Women among researchers1997: 33.4; 2023: 37.401020304020002005201020152020

Share of women among researchers in all sectors (business, government, higher education, non-profit), by headcount: each person counts once, however many hours they spend on research. Not the share among paper authors or inventors. UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), indicator FRESP.THC.

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS): science, technology and innovation

Patent applications by origin, worldwide

11,588 applications per year latest value, 2024

Turkey: Patent applications by origin, worldwide1980: 135; 2024: 11,58805,00010,00015,00019801990200020102020

All applications for patents for inventions filed in a year by applicants from the country at any patent office worldwide — at home and abroad (direct filings and PCT national phase entries). Country = first applicant's address (origin), not the filing office. Applications, not grants; one invention filed in five countries counts five times. Residents' filings at their own office are a separate series, resident_patent_applications. WIPO IP Statistics Data Center (the last update is stated in the export file).

Source: WIPO IP Statistics Data Center

Patent applications abroad by origin

1,040 applications per year latest value, 2024

Turkey: Patent applications abroad by origin1980: 1; 2024: 1,04005001,0001,50019801990200020102020

Applications for patents for inventions filed in a year by applicants from the country at foreign and regional offices (such as the European Patent Office): how much the country's inventions seek protection in other markets. Country = first applicant's address; applications, not grants. WIPO IP Statistics Data Center (the last update is stated in the export file).

Source: WIPO IP Statistics Data Center

PCT international patent applications

2,113 applications per year latest value, 2025

Turkey: PCT international patent applications1996: 9; 2025: 2,11305001,0001,5002,0002,500200020052010201520202025

International applications under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) by filing date and first applicant's country. One PCT application defers the choice of countries where the invention will be protected; it is neither a patent nor a filing at a particular office. The incomplete current year is excluded. WIPO IP Statistics Data Center (the last update is stated in the export file).

Source: WIPO IP Statistics Data Center

Electric cars: share of new car sales

22 % of new car sales latest value, 2025

Turkey: Electric cars: share of new car sales2012: 0; 2025: 220510152025201520202025

Share of electric cars among all new cars sold in the year. Sales are new cars in the year, not all cars on the road (that is the stock). Electric cars are battery-electric (BEV) and plug-in hybrids (PHEV, a battery charged from the grid plus a petrol engine); ordinary hybrids without a plug and fuel-cell cars are not included. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Electric cars: new car sales

240,000 cars a year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Electric cars: new car sales2012: 92; 2025: 240,000050,000100,000150,000200,000250,000201520202025

New electric cars sold in the year. Electric cars are battery-electric (BEV) and plug-in hybrids (PHEV, a battery charged from the grid plus a petrol engine); ordinary hybrids without a plug and fuel-cell cars are not included. IEA rounds values to two significant figures. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Battery-electric cars (BEV): sales

190,000 cars a year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Battery-electric cars (BEV): sales2012: 92; 2025: 190,000050,000100,000150,000200,000201520202025

New battery-electric cars (BEV: battery only, no combustion engine) sold in the year. Plug-in hybrids are not included. IEA rounds values to two significant figures. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Plug-in hybrid cars (PHEV): sales

47,000 cars a year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Plug-in hybrid cars (PHEV): sales2013: 1; 2025: 47,000010,00020,00030,00040,00050,000201520202025

New plug-in hybrid cars (PHEV: battery charged from the grid plus a combustion engine) sold in the year. Ordinary hybrids without a plug are not included. IEA rounds values to two significant figures. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Electric cars on the road (stock)

420,000 cars latest value, 2025

Turkey: Electric cars on the road (stock)2013: 230; 2025: 420,0000100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000201520202025

Electric cars on the road at the end of the year: the whole stock, not the sales of the year. Electric cars are battery-electric (BEV) and plug-in hybrids (PHEV, a battery charged from the grid plus a petrol engine); ordinary hybrids without a plug and fuel-cell cars are not included. IEA rounds values to two significant figures. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Electric cars: share of all cars on the road

3 % of the car stock latest value, 2025

Turkey: Electric cars: share of all cars on the road2013: 0; 2025: 301234201520202025

Share of electric cars among all cars on the road (the stock), not among the sales of the year. Electric cars are battery-electric (BEV) and plug-in hybrids (PHEV, a battery charged from the grid plus a petrol engine); ordinary hybrids without a plug and fuel-cell cars are not included. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Public EV charging points

36,100 charging points latest value, 2025

Turkey: Public EV charging points2020: 1,361; 2025: 36,100010,00020,00030,00040,00020202025

Publicly available charging points (outlets that can each serve one car at a time) at the end of the year, slow and fast together. A point is not a station: one station can have many points. Home and private workplace chargers are not included. IEA rounds values to two significant figures. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Fast public charging points (over 22 kW)

15,100 charging points latest value, 2025

Turkey: Fast public charging points (over 22 kW)2020: 61; 2025: 15,10005,00010,00015,00020,00020202025

Publicly available charging points over 22 kW at the end of the year, including ultra-fast ones (150 kW and more). A point is not a station. IEA rounds values to two significant figures. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Slow public charging points (up to 22 kW)

21,000 charging points latest value, 2025

Turkey: Slow public charging points (up to 22 kW)2020: 1,300; 2025: 21,00005,00010,00015,00020,00025,00020202025

Publicly available charging points of up to 22 kW at the end of the year. A point is not a station. IEA rounds values to two significant figures. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Electric cars per public charging point

12 vehicles per point latest value, 2025

Turkey: Electric cars per public charging point2016: 57; 2025: 12020406020202025

Light-duty electric vehicles on the road (cars and vans, BEV and PHEV) per publicly available charging point. Higher means fewer public chargers per car; it is high where people charge at home, without a shortage of chargers. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

New cars: battery-electric (BEV), share

16.7 % of new car registrations latest value, 2025

Turkey: New cars: battery-electric (BEV), share2013: 0; 2025: 16.705101520201520202025

Share of first registrations of new passenger cars in the year (close to sales; not the whole stock). Battery-electric: battery and electric motor only, no petrol or diesel engine (Eurostat code ELC). Eurostat, road_eqr_carpda.

Source: Eurostat: new passenger car registrations and the car stock by motor energy (road_eqr_carpda, road_eqs_carpda)

New cars: plug-in hybrids (PHEV), share

0 % of new car registrations latest value, 2024

Turkey: New cars: plug-in hybrids (PHEV), share2017: 0; 2024: 0012020

Share of first registrations of new passenger cars in the year (close to sales; not the whole stock). Plug-in hybrids: a battery charged from the grid plus a petrol or diesel engine (ELC_PET_PI + ELC_DIE_PI). Eurostat, road_eqr_carpda.

Source: Eurostat: new passenger car registrations and the car stock by motor energy (road_eqr_carpda, road_eqs_carpda)

New cars: hybrids without a plug, share

16.7 % of new car registrations latest value, 2024

Turkey: New cars: hybrids without a plug, share2014: 0; 2024: 16.70510152020152020

Share of first registrations of new passenger cars in the year (close to sales; not the whole stock). Ordinary hybrids without a plug (full and mild): the engine charges the battery; these are not electric cars (ELC_PET_HYB + ELC_DIE_HYB). Eurostat, road_eqr_carpda.

Source: Eurostat: new passenger car registrations and the car stock by motor energy (road_eqr_carpda, road_eqs_carpda)

New battery-electric cars (BEV): registrations

186,979 cars a year latest value, 2025

Turkey: New battery-electric cars (BEV): registrations2013: 180; 2025: 186,979050,000100,000150,000200,000201520202025

First registrations of new battery-electric passenger cars in the year (close to sales). Battery-electric: battery and electric motor only, no petrol or diesel engine (Eurostat code ELC). Eurostat, road_eqr_carpda.

Source: Eurostat: new passenger car registrations and the car stock by motor energy (road_eqr_carpda, road_eqs_carpda)

All cars on the road: battery-electric (BEV), share

2.1 % of all passenger cars latest value, 2025

Turkey: All cars on the road: battery-electric (BEV), share2013: 0; 2025: 2.100.511.522.5201520202025

Share of all registered passenger cars at the end of the year (the stock, not the sales of the year). Battery-electric: battery and electric motor only, no petrol or diesel engine (Eurostat code ELC). Eurostat, road_eqs_carpda.

Source: Eurostat: new passenger car registrations and the car stock by motor energy (road_eqr_carpda, road_eqs_carpda)

All cars on the road: plug-in hybrids (PHEV), share

0 % of all passenger cars latest value, 2024

Turkey: All cars on the road: plug-in hybrids (PHEV), share2017: 0; 2024: 0012020

Share of all registered passenger cars at the end of the year (the stock, not the sales of the year). Plug-in hybrids: a battery charged from the grid plus a petrol or diesel engine (ELC_PET_PI + ELC_DIE_PI). Eurostat, road_eqs_carpda.

Source: Eurostat: new passenger car registrations and the car stock by motor energy (road_eqr_carpda, road_eqs_carpda)

All cars on the road: hybrids without a plug, share

2.4 % of all passenger cars latest value, 2024

Turkey: All cars on the road: hybrids without a plug, share2014: 0; 2024: 2.400.511.522.520152020

Share of all registered passenger cars at the end of the year (the stock, not the sales of the year). Ordinary hybrids without a plug (full and mild): the engine charges the battery; these are not electric cars (ELC_PET_HYB + ELC_DIE_HYB). Eurostat, road_eqs_carpda.

Source: Eurostat: new passenger car registrations and the car stock by motor energy (road_eqr_carpda, road_eqs_carpda)

Satellites and spacecraft put into orbit

22 payloads a year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Satellites and spacecraft put into orbit1994: 1; 2025: 2205101520251995200020052010201520202025

Payloads (satellites, crewed and cargo ships, probes; no rocket stages, debris or dummies) put into orbit by successful launches in the year. The country is the payload owner in GCAT, not the rocket's country: a Turkish satellite on a Falcon 9 is Turkey. Thousands of Starlink satellites since 2019 are the US. Data from GCAT (J. McDowell, planet4589.org/space/gcat), CC BY 4.0.

Source: GCAT — General Catalog of Artificial Space Objects (J. McDowell)

Communities and participation

Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%)

19.9 % of seats latest value, 2025

Turkey: Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%)1997: 2.4; 2025: 19.905101520200020052010201520202025

Women in parliaments are the percentage of parliamentary seats in a single or lower chamber held by women.

Source: Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%)

Religion and beliefs

Christians — population share

0.1 % of population latest value, 2020

Turkey: Christians — population share2010: 0.7; 2020: 0.100.20.40.60.8201020152020

Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Christians — population

120 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Turkey: Christians — population2010: 480; 2020: 1200100200300400500201020152020

Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Muslims — population share

97.1 % of population latest value, 2020

Turkey: Muslims — population share2010: 98.6; 2020: 97.1020406080100201020152020

Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Muslims — population

83,600 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Turkey: Muslims — population2010: 72,340; 2020: 83,600020,00040,00060,00080,000100,000201020152020

Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religiously unaffiliated — population share

2.5 % of population latest value, 2020

Turkey: Religiously unaffiliated — population share2010: 0.2; 2020: 2.500.511.522.53201020152020

Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religiously unaffiliated — population

2,180 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Turkey: Religiously unaffiliated — population2010: 130; 2020: 2,18005001,0001,5002,0002,500201020152020

Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Buddhists — population

50 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Turkey: Buddhists — population2010: 30; 2020: 500102030405060201020152020

Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Hindus — population

40 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Turkey: Hindus — population2010: 20; 2020: 4001020304050201020152020

Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Jews — population

30 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Turkey: Jews — population2010: 20; 2020: 30010203040201020152020

Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Other religions — population share

0.1 % of population latest value, 2020

Turkey: Other religions — population share2010: 0.4; 2020: 0.100.10.20.30.40.5201020152020

Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Other religions — population

90 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Turkey: Other religions — population2010: 320; 2020: 900100200300400201020152020

Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religious diversity — country rank

170 rank among 201 latest value, 2020

Turkey: Religious diversity — country rank2010: 183; 2020: 170050100150200201020152020

Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religious diversity index

0.7 index points (0–10) latest value, 2020

Turkey: Religious diversity index2010: 0.3; 2020: 0.700.20.40.60.8201020152020

Pew index, 0–10, based on seven broad groups. 10 means seven equal groups; 0 means everyone belongs to one group. Does not measure religious freedom, intensity of belief or conflict. Values below 0.1 are retained as bounds in the table. Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religious composition: balance between two groups

1.1 index points (0–10) latest value, 2020

Turkey: Religious composition: balance between two groups2010: 0.5; 2020: 1.100.511.5201020152020

Pew index, 0–10, based on seven broad groups. 10 means two equal groups, which may be any two religions. It is not an affiliated/unaffiliated index. Does not measure religious freedom, intensity of belief or conflict. Values below 0.1 are retained as bounds in the table. Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religiously affiliated — population share

97.5 % of population latest value, 2020

Turkey: Religiously affiliated — population share2010: 99.8; 2020: 97.5020406080100201020152020

Macroscope calculation: total population minus Unaffiliated. A subtotal of six religious groups, not an eighth group or a count of believers in God. Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religiously affiliated — population

83,910 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Turkey: Religiously affiliated — population2010: 73,210; 2020: 83,910020,00040,00060,00080,000100,000201020152020

Macroscope calculation: total population minus Unaffiliated. A subtotal of six religious groups, not an eighth group or a count of believers in God. Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religiously affiliated adults

95 % of adults latest value, 2024

Turkey: Religiously affiliated adults2024: 95; 2024: 950204060801002020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Religion is very important in life

65 % of adults latest value, 2024

Turkey: Religion is very important in life2024: 65; 2024: 650204060802020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Belief in God

96 % of adults latest value, 2024

Turkey: Belief in God2024: 96; 2024: 960204060801002020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Animals can have spirits or spiritual energies

81 % of adults latest value, 2024

Turkey: Animals can have spirits or spiritual energies2024: 81; 2024: 810204060801002020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Nature can have spirits or spiritual energies

65 % of adults latest value, 2024

Turkey: Nature can have spirits or spiritual energies2024: 65; 2024: 650204060802020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Objects can have spirits or spiritual energies

29 % of adults latest value, 2024

Turkey: Objects can have spirits or spiritual energies2024: 29; 2024: 2901020302020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Something spiritual beyond the natural world

82 % of adults latest value, 2024

Turkey: Something spiritual beyond the natural world2024: 82; 2024: 820204060801002020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Definitely or probably life after death

84 % of adults latest value, 2024

Turkey: Definitely or probably life after death2024: 84; 2024: 840204060801002020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Ancestors’ spirits can help or hurt

21 % of adults latest value, 2024

Turkey: Ancestors’ spirits can help or hurt2024: 21; 2024: 2105101520252020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Belief in reincarnation

9 % of adults latest value, 2024

Turkey: Belief in reincarnation2024: 9; 2024: 902468102020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Belief that magic and curses affect lives

52 % of adults latest value, 2024

Turkey: Belief that magic and curses affect lives2024: 52; 2024: 5202040602020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Prayer at least daily

63 % of adults latest value, 2024

Turkey: Prayer at least daily2024: 63; 2024: 630204060802020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Religious services at least monthly

48 % of adults latest value, 2024

Turkey: Religious services at least monthly2024: 48; 2024: 48010203040502020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Fasting during holy times

82 % of adults latest value, 2024

Turkey: Fasting during holy times2024: 82; 2024: 820204060801002020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Consulting fortune tellers or horoscopes

7 % of adults latest value, 2024

Turkey: Consulting fortune tellers or horoscopes2024: 7; 2024: 7024682020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Lighting candles or incense for spiritual reasons

8 % of adults latest value, 2024

Turkey: Lighting candles or incense for spiritual reasons2024: 8; 2024: 802468102020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Wearing or carrying religious items or symbols

20 % of adults latest value, 2024

Turkey: Wearing or carrying religious items or symbols2024: 20; 2024: 2005101520252020

Pew weighted adult survey responses, rounded to integer percentages; surveyed countries are not a representative sample of the world. Most observations are from 2024; US animal/nature/object spirits and afterlife are from 2023, while affiliation, importance, prayer, attendance and spirituality beyond nature use the 2023–2024 RLS. The table retains the full survey period and English response wording. Affiliation, beliefs and practice are different concepts. Do not multiply adult percentages by all-age population; 100 minus affiliation does not identify atheists. Thirteen missing cells remain missing: 12 questions not asked in Tunisia and one Bangladesh response excluded after a translation error. Rounded zero is not evidence of no people; small differences are not declared significant without uncertainty estimates. Russian labels are Macroscope’s and have not been reviewed or endorsed by Pew.

Source: Pew Research Center: beliefs and practices, 2023–2024 surveys

Government restrictions on religion

6.3 index points (0–10) latest value, 2023

Turkey: Government restrictions on religion2023: 6.3; 2023: 6.3024682020

Pew coding of published materials for 2023, 198 countries and territories. Scores from 0 to 10, not population percentages. GRI covers government restrictions; SHI covers hostile acts by private individuals and groups. They measure different things and must not be summed. North Korea is not scored due to insufficient reliable observations; missing is not no restrictions. Released June 15, 2026.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious restrictions and social hostilities

Social hostilities involving religion

4.3 index points (0–10) latest value, 2023

Turkey: Social hostilities involving religion2023: 4.3; 2023: 4.30123452020

Pew coding of published materials for 2023, 198 countries and territories. Scores from 0 to 10, not population percentages. GRI covers government restrictions; SHI covers hostile acts by private individuals and groups. They measure different things and must not be summed. North Korea is not scored due to insufficient reliable observations; missing is not no restrictions. Released June 15, 2026.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious restrictions and social hostilities

Christians among immigrants — share

0.7 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Turkey: Christians among immigrants — share1990: 1.9; 2020: 0.700.511.521990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Christians among immigrants — population

40 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Turkey: Christians among immigrants — population1990: 20; 2020: 40010203040501990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Muslims among immigrants — share

96.8 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Turkey: Muslims among immigrants — share1990: 90.2; 2020: 96.80204060801001990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Muslims among immigrants — population

5,860 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Turkey: Muslims among immigrants — population1990: 1,050; 2020: 5,86002,0004,0006,0001990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Religiously unaffiliated among immigrants — share

1.9 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Turkey: Religiously unaffiliated among immigrants — share1990: 6.3; 2020: 1.9024681990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Religiously unaffiliated among immigrants — population

120 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Turkey: Religiously unaffiliated among immigrants — population1990: 70; 2020: 1200501001501990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Buddhists among immigrants — share

0.2 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Turkey: Buddhists among immigrants — share1990: 0.5; 2020: 0.200.20.40.61990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Buddhists among immigrants — population

10 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Turkey: Buddhists among immigrants — population2020: 10; 2020: 1002468101220152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Hindus among immigrants — share

0.3 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Turkey: Hindus among immigrants — share1990: 1; 2020: 0.300.20.40.60.811.21990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Hindus among immigrants — population

20 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Turkey: Hindus among immigrants — population1990: 10; 2020: 2005101520251990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Jews among immigrants — share

0.1 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Turkey: Jews among immigrants — share1990: 0.1; 2020: 0.100.10.10.20.20.31990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Other religions among immigrants — share

0 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Turkey: Other religions among immigrants — share1990: 0.1; 2020: 00000.10.10.10.11990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Christians among emigrants — share

2.6 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Turkey: Christians among emigrants — share1990: 2.7; 2020: 2.601231990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Christians among emigrants — population

90 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Turkey: Christians among emigrants — population1990: 70; 2020: 900204060801001990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Muslims among emigrants — share

88.1 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Turkey: Muslims among emigrants — share1990: 87.4; 2020: 88.10204060801001990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Muslims among emigrants — population

3,070 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Turkey: Muslims among emigrants — population1990: 2,230; 2020: 3,07001,0002,0003,0004,0001990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Religiously unaffiliated among emigrants — share

6.9 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Turkey: Religiously unaffiliated among emigrants — share1990: 7.1; 2020: 6.9024681990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Religiously unaffiliated among emigrants — population

240 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Turkey: Religiously unaffiliated among emigrants — population1990: 180; 2020: 2400501001502002501990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Buddhists among emigrants — share

0.2 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Turkey: Buddhists among emigrants — share1990: 0.2; 2020: 0.200.10.10.20.20.31990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Hindus among emigrants — share

0.2 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Turkey: Hindus among emigrants — share1990: 0.1; 2020: 0.200.10.20.31990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Jews among emigrants — share

1 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Turkey: Jews among emigrants — share1990: 1.4; 2020: 100.511.51990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Jews among emigrants — population

40 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Turkey: Jews among emigrants — population1990: 40; 2020: 40010203040501990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Other religions among emigrants — share

1 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Turkey: Other religions among emigrants — share1990: 1; 2020: 100.20.40.60.811.21990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Other religions among emigrants — population

40 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Turkey: Other religions among emigrants — population1990: 30; 2020: 40010203040501990199520002005201020152020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Religion very important: WVS

60 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2018

Turkey: Religion very important: WVS2018: 60; 2018: 600204060802015

WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.

Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables

Religion not at all important: WVS

1 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2018

Turkey: Religion not at all important: WVS2018: 1; 2018: 100.20.40.60.811.22015

WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.

Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables

Never attend services: WVS

12.6 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2018

Turkey: Never attend services: WVS2018: 12.6; 2018: 12.60510152015

WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.

Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables

Never pray: WVS

4.3 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2018

Turkey: Never pray: WVS2018: 4.3; 2018: 4.30123452015

WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.

Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables

Identify as religious: WVS

66 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2018

Turkey: Identify as religious: WVS2018: 66; 2018: 660204060802015

WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.

Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables

Identify as non-religious: WVS

24.5 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2018

Turkey: Identify as non-religious: WVS2018: 24.5; 2018: 24.505101520252015

WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.

Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables

Identify as atheists: WVS

1 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2018

Turkey: Identify as atheists: WVS2018: 1; 2018: 100.20.40.60.811.22015

WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.

Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables

Do not believe in God: WVS

4.6 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2018

Turkey: Do not believe in God: WVS2018: 4.6; 2018: 4.60123452015

WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.

Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables

Believe in God: WVS

94.5 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2018

Turkey: Believe in God: WVS2018: 94.5; 2018: 94.50204060801002015

WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.

Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables

Believe in life after death: WVS

91.8 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2018

Turkey: Believe in life after death: WVS2018: 91.8; 2018: 91.80204060801002015

WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.

Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables

Believe in hell: WVS

90.6 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2018

Turkey: Believe in hell: WVS2018: 90.6; 2018: 90.60204060801002015

WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.

Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables

Believe in heaven: WVS

91.2 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2018

Turkey: Believe in heaven: WVS2018: 91.2; 2018: 91.20204060801002015

WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.

Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables

Catholics — population, 2010 estimate

50 thousand persons latest value, 2010

Turkey: Catholics — population, 2010 estimate2010: 50; 2010: 50010203040506020052010

Historical all-age estimates for 2010 from Pew’s 2011 release, 232 countries/territories. Pew’s 2025 revision does not update this detailed split: do not splice into the revised Christian total series. Affiliation, not practice. Protestant includes Anglicans and independent churches; Orthodox includes Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches. Other Christians include, among others, Latter-day Saints and Jehovah’s Witnesses under the source classification. Counts of at least 10,000 are rounded to 10,000; <1,000 and <10,000 remain bounds in the typed table only. The source states that <10,000 means 1,000–9,999, not zero. World is the sum of the five regions in the same release. Netherlands Antilles and Channel Islands are not assigned to a single present-day country. Geography follows the 2011 release; South Sudan is separate. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.

Source: Pew: Christian traditions, 2010 estimates (2011 release)

Protestants — population, 2010 estimate

80 thousand persons latest value, 2010

Turkey: Protestants — population, 2010 estimate2010: 80; 2010: 8002040608010020052010

Historical all-age estimates for 2010 from Pew’s 2011 release, 232 countries/territories. Pew’s 2025 revision does not update this detailed split: do not splice into the revised Christian total series. Affiliation, not practice. Protestant includes Anglicans and independent churches; Orthodox includes Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches. Other Christians include, among others, Latter-day Saints and Jehovah’s Witnesses under the source classification. Counts of at least 10,000 are rounded to 10,000; <1,000 and <10,000 remain bounds in the typed table only. The source states that <10,000 means 1,000–9,999, not zero. World is the sum of the five regions in the same release. Netherlands Antilles and Channel Islands are not assigned to a single present-day country. Geography follows the 2011 release; South Sudan is separate. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.

Source: Pew: Christian traditions, 2010 estimates (2011 release)

Eastern and Oriental Orthodox — population, 2010 estimate

180 thousand persons latest value, 2010

Turkey: Eastern and Oriental Orthodox — population, 2010 estimate2010: 180; 2010: 18005010015020020052010

Historical all-age estimates for 2010 from Pew’s 2011 release, 232 countries/territories. Pew’s 2025 revision does not update this detailed split: do not splice into the revised Christian total series. Affiliation, not practice. Protestant includes Anglicans and independent churches; Orthodox includes Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches. Other Christians include, among others, Latter-day Saints and Jehovah’s Witnesses under the source classification. Counts of at least 10,000 are rounded to 10,000; <1,000 and <10,000 remain bounds in the typed table only. The source states that <10,000 means 1,000–9,999, not zero. World is the sum of the five regions in the same release. Netherlands Antilles and Channel Islands are not assigned to a single present-day country. Geography follows the 2011 release; South Sudan is separate. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.

Source: Pew: Christian traditions, 2010 estimates (2011 release)

Shia among Muslims — lower estimate endpoint, 2009

10 % of Muslims latest value, 2009

Turkey: Shia among Muslims — lower estimate endpoint, 20092009: 10; 2009: 100246810122005

Historical 2009 expert/ethnographic estimates, not a current census or survey responses. Denominator: all Muslims in the respective country, not its total population. Ranges are the source’s likely estimate ranges, not statistical confidence intervals; Pew does not quantify a margin of error. Lower and upper range endpoints have separate indicators; no midpoint is calculated. Approximate (~) estimates are separate; <1%, <5% and similar are bounds in the typed table only. Missing -- is not zero. The remainder is not automatically called Sunni, which would conceal other traditions. Share of the world’s Shia and Shia share of a country’s Muslims have distinct denominators. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.

Source: Pew: Shia share ranges, 2009

Shia among Muslims — upper estimate endpoint, 2009

15 % of Muslims latest value, 2009

Turkey: Shia among Muslims — upper estimate endpoint, 20092009: 15; 2009: 15051015202005

Historical 2009 expert/ethnographic estimates, not a current census or survey responses. Denominator: all Muslims in the respective country, not its total population. Ranges are the source’s likely estimate ranges, not statistical confidence intervals; Pew does not quantify a margin of error. Lower and upper range endpoints have separate indicators; no midpoint is calculated. Approximate (~) estimates are separate; <1%, <5% and similar are bounds in the typed table only. Missing -- is not zero. The remainder is not automatically called Sunni, which would conceal other traditions. Share of the world’s Shia and Shia share of a country’s Muslims have distinct denominators. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.

Source: Pew: Shia share ranges, 2009

Sunni — adult Muslim self-identification

89 % of Muslim adults latest value, 2011

Turkey: Sunni — adult Muslim self-identification2011: 89; 2011: 8902040608010020052010

Published weighted responses among Muslim adults aged 18+, Q31 and the published Q32 subtotal; not shares of all residents or all-age population counts. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; exact dates are in the table. Fourteen African samples date to 2008–2009 and the remaining samples to 2011–2012. Sunni/Shia self-identification differs from Pew’s 2009 ethnographic classification: “just a Muslim” is not reassigned to either. Zero is a rounded survey answer, not proof of an absent community. Ahmadiyya, Alevi, Bektashi and Aliran Kepercayaan are volunteered (VOL.) responses. Sufi affiliation is a separate question and overlaps Sunni/Shia identities; do not add it to Q31. Thailand covers only five southern provinces and is a region, never a country chart point. Chad and DR Congo samples are disproportionately urban; some countries exclude inaccessible areas. Several major Muslim populations, including India, Iran and Saudi Arabia, were not surveyed. No world total can be inferred. See the source methodology for country-specific sampling exclusions and margins of error. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.

Source: Pew: adult Muslim self-identification, surveys in 2008–2012

Shia — adult Muslim self-identification

1 % of Muslim adults latest value, 2011

Turkey: Shia — adult Muslim self-identification2011: 1; 2011: 1000111120052010

Published weighted responses among Muslim adults aged 18+, Q31 and the published Q32 subtotal; not shares of all residents or all-age population counts. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; exact dates are in the table. Fourteen African samples date to 2008–2009 and the remaining samples to 2011–2012. Sunni/Shia self-identification differs from Pew’s 2009 ethnographic classification: “just a Muslim” is not reassigned to either. Zero is a rounded survey answer, not proof of an absent community. Ahmadiyya, Alevi, Bektashi and Aliran Kepercayaan are volunteered (VOL.) responses. Sufi affiliation is a separate question and overlaps Sunni/Shia identities; do not add it to Q31. Thailand covers only five southern provinces and is a region, never a country chart point. Chad and DR Congo samples are disproportionately urban; some countries exclude inaccessible areas. Several major Muslim populations, including India, Iran and Saudi Arabia, were not surveyed. No world total can be inferred. See the source methodology for country-specific sampling exclusions and margins of error. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.

Source: Pew: adult Muslim self-identification, surveys in 2008–2012

Ahmadiyya — adult Muslim self-identification

0 % of Muslim adults latest value, 2011

Turkey: Ahmadiyya — adult Muslim self-identification2011: 0; 2011: 00120052010

Published weighted responses among Muslim adults aged 18+, Q31 and the published Q32 subtotal; not shares of all residents or all-age population counts. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; exact dates are in the table. Fourteen African samples date to 2008–2009 and the remaining samples to 2011–2012. Sunni/Shia self-identification differs from Pew’s 2009 ethnographic classification: “just a Muslim” is not reassigned to either. Zero is a rounded survey answer, not proof of an absent community. Ahmadiyya, Alevi, Bektashi and Aliran Kepercayaan are volunteered (VOL.) responses. Sufi affiliation is a separate question and overlaps Sunni/Shia identities; do not add it to Q31. Thailand covers only five southern provinces and is a region, never a country chart point. Chad and DR Congo samples are disproportionately urban; some countries exclude inaccessible areas. Several major Muslim populations, including India, Iran and Saudi Arabia, were not surveyed. No world total can be inferred. See the source methodology for country-specific sampling exclusions and margins of error. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.

Source: Pew: adult Muslim self-identification, surveys in 2008–2012

Alevi — adult Muslim self-identification

5 % of Muslim adults latest value, 2011

Turkey: Alevi — adult Muslim self-identification2011: 5; 2011: 5012345620052010

Published weighted responses among Muslim adults aged 18+, Q31 and the published Q32 subtotal; not shares of all residents or all-age population counts. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; exact dates are in the table. Fourteen African samples date to 2008–2009 and the remaining samples to 2011–2012. Sunni/Shia self-identification differs from Pew’s 2009 ethnographic classification: “just a Muslim” is not reassigned to either. Zero is a rounded survey answer, not proof of an absent community. Ahmadiyya, Alevi, Bektashi and Aliran Kepercayaan are volunteered (VOL.) responses. Sufi affiliation is a separate question and overlaps Sunni/Shia identities; do not add it to Q31. Thailand covers only five southern provinces and is a region, never a country chart point. Chad and DR Congo samples are disproportionately urban; some countries exclude inaccessible areas. Several major Muslim populations, including India, Iran and Saudi Arabia, were not surveyed. No world total can be inferred. See the source methodology for country-specific sampling exclusions and margins of error. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.

Source: Pew: adult Muslim self-identification, surveys in 2008–2012

Bektashi — adult Muslim self-identification

0 % of Muslim adults latest value, 2011

Turkey: Bektashi — adult Muslim self-identification2011: 0; 2011: 00120052010

Published weighted responses among Muslim adults aged 18+, Q31 and the published Q32 subtotal; not shares of all residents or all-age population counts. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; exact dates are in the table. Fourteen African samples date to 2008–2009 and the remaining samples to 2011–2012. Sunni/Shia self-identification differs from Pew’s 2009 ethnographic classification: “just a Muslim” is not reassigned to either. Zero is a rounded survey answer, not proof of an absent community. Ahmadiyya, Alevi, Bektashi and Aliran Kepercayaan are volunteered (VOL.) responses. Sufi affiliation is a separate question and overlaps Sunni/Shia identities; do not add it to Q31. Thailand covers only five southern provinces and is a region, never a country chart point. Chad and DR Congo samples are disproportionately urban; some countries exclude inaccessible areas. Several major Muslim populations, including India, Iran and Saudi Arabia, were not surveyed. No world total can be inferred. See the source methodology for country-specific sampling exclusions and margins of error. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.

Source: Pew: adult Muslim self-identification, surveys in 2008–2012

Aliran Kepercayaan — adult Muslim self-identification

0 % of Muslim adults latest value, 2011

Turkey: Aliran Kepercayaan — adult Muslim self-identification2011: 0; 2011: 00120052010

Published weighted responses among Muslim adults aged 18+, Q31 and the published Q32 subtotal; not shares of all residents or all-age population counts. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; exact dates are in the table. Fourteen African samples date to 2008–2009 and the remaining samples to 2011–2012. Sunni/Shia self-identification differs from Pew’s 2009 ethnographic classification: “just a Muslim” is not reassigned to either. Zero is a rounded survey answer, not proof of an absent community. Ahmadiyya, Alevi, Bektashi and Aliran Kepercayaan are volunteered (VOL.) responses. Sufi affiliation is a separate question and overlaps Sunni/Shia identities; do not add it to Q31. Thailand covers only five southern provinces and is a region, never a country chart point. Chad and DR Congo samples are disproportionately urban; some countries exclude inaccessible areas. Several major Muslim populations, including India, Iran and Saudi Arabia, were not surveyed. No world total can be inferred. See the source methodology for country-specific sampling exclusions and margins of error. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.

Source: Pew: adult Muslim self-identification, surveys in 2008–2012

Something else — adult Muslim self-identification

0 % of Muslim adults latest value, 2011

Turkey: Something else — adult Muslim self-identification2011: 0; 2011: 00120052010

Published weighted responses among Muslim adults aged 18+, Q31 and the published Q32 subtotal; not shares of all residents or all-age population counts. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; exact dates are in the table. Fourteen African samples date to 2008–2009 and the remaining samples to 2011–2012. Sunni/Shia self-identification differs from Pew’s 2009 ethnographic classification: “just a Muslim” is not reassigned to either. Zero is a rounded survey answer, not proof of an absent community. Ahmadiyya, Alevi, Bektashi and Aliran Kepercayaan are volunteered (VOL.) responses. Sufi affiliation is a separate question and overlaps Sunni/Shia identities; do not add it to Q31. Thailand covers only five southern provinces and is a region, never a country chart point. Chad and DR Congo samples are disproportionately urban; some countries exclude inaccessible areas. Several major Muslim populations, including India, Iran and Saudi Arabia, were not surveyed. No world total can be inferred. See the source methodology for country-specific sampling exclusions and margins of error. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.

Source: Pew: adult Muslim self-identification, surveys in 2008–2012

Nothing in particular — adult Muslim self-identification

1 % of Muslim adults latest value, 2011

Turkey: Nothing in particular — adult Muslim self-identification2011: 1; 2011: 1000111120052010

Published weighted responses among Muslim adults aged 18+, Q31 and the published Q32 subtotal; not shares of all residents or all-age population counts. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; exact dates are in the table. Fourteen African samples date to 2008–2009 and the remaining samples to 2011–2012. Sunni/Shia self-identification differs from Pew’s 2009 ethnographic classification: “just a Muslim” is not reassigned to either. Zero is a rounded survey answer, not proof of an absent community. Ahmadiyya, Alevi, Bektashi and Aliran Kepercayaan are volunteered (VOL.) responses. Sufi affiliation is a separate question and overlaps Sunni/Shia identities; do not add it to Q31. Thailand covers only five southern provinces and is a region, never a country chart point. Chad and DR Congo samples are disproportionately urban; some countries exclude inaccessible areas. Several major Muslim populations, including India, Iran and Saudi Arabia, were not surveyed. No world total can be inferred. See the source methodology for country-specific sampling exclusions and margins of error. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.

Source: Pew: adult Muslim self-identification, surveys in 2008–2012

Just a Muslim — adult Muslim self-identification

2 % of Muslim adults latest value, 2011

Turkey: Just a Muslim — adult Muslim self-identification2011: 2; 2011: 201122320052010

Published weighted responses among Muslim adults aged 18+, Q31 and the published Q32 subtotal; not shares of all residents or all-age population counts. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; exact dates are in the table. Fourteen African samples date to 2008–2009 and the remaining samples to 2011–2012. Sunni/Shia self-identification differs from Pew’s 2009 ethnographic classification: “just a Muslim” is not reassigned to either. Zero is a rounded survey answer, not proof of an absent community. Ahmadiyya, Alevi, Bektashi and Aliran Kepercayaan are volunteered (VOL.) responses. Sufi affiliation is a separate question and overlaps Sunni/Shia identities; do not add it to Q31. Thailand covers only five southern provinces and is a region, never a country chart point. Chad and DR Congo samples are disproportionately urban; some countries exclude inaccessible areas. Several major Muslim populations, including India, Iran and Saudi Arabia, were not surveyed. No world total can be inferred. See the source methodology for country-specific sampling exclusions and margins of error. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.

Source: Pew: adult Muslim self-identification, surveys in 2008–2012

Don’t know or refused — adult Muslim self-identification

3 % of Muslim adults latest value, 2011

Turkey: Don’t know or refused — adult Muslim self-identification2011: 3; 2011: 30123420052010

Published weighted responses among Muslim adults aged 18+, Q31 and the published Q32 subtotal; not shares of all residents or all-age population counts. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; exact dates are in the table. Fourteen African samples date to 2008–2009 and the remaining samples to 2011–2012. Sunni/Shia self-identification differs from Pew’s 2009 ethnographic classification: “just a Muslim” is not reassigned to either. Zero is a rounded survey answer, not proof of an absent community. Ahmadiyya, Alevi, Bektashi and Aliran Kepercayaan are volunteered (VOL.) responses. Sufi affiliation is a separate question and overlaps Sunni/Shia identities; do not add it to Q31. Thailand covers only five southern provinces and is a region, never a country chart point. Chad and DR Congo samples are disproportionately urban; some countries exclude inaccessible areas. Several major Muslim populations, including India, Iran and Saudi Arabia, were not surveyed. No world total can be inferred. See the source methodology for country-specific sampling exclusions and margins of error. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.

Source: Pew: adult Muslim self-identification, surveys in 2008–2012

Affiliated with a Sufi order — adult Muslim self-identification

6 % of Muslim adults latest value, 2011

Turkey: Affiliated with a Sufi order — adult Muslim self-identification2011: 6; 2011: 60246820052010

Published weighted responses among Muslim adults aged 18+, Q31 and the published Q32 subtotal; not shares of all residents or all-age population counts. Chart year is the fieldwork end year; exact dates are in the table. Fourteen African samples date to 2008–2009 and the remaining samples to 2011–2012. Sunni/Shia self-identification differs from Pew’s 2009 ethnographic classification: “just a Muslim” is not reassigned to either. Zero is a rounded survey answer, not proof of an absent community. Ahmadiyya, Alevi, Bektashi and Aliran Kepercayaan are volunteered (VOL.) responses. Sufi affiliation is a separate question and overlaps Sunni/Shia identities; do not add it to Q31. Thailand covers only five southern provinces and is a region, never a country chart point. Chad and DR Congo samples are disproportionately urban; some countries exclude inaccessible areas. Several major Muslim populations, including India, Iran and Saudi Arabia, were not surveyed. No world total can be inferred. See the source methodology for country-specific sampling exclusions and margins of error. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.

Source: Pew: adult Muslim self-identification, surveys in 2008–2012

Internet and communication freedom

Communication restrictions: documented cases

5 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Communication restrictions: documented cases2016: 6; 2025: 50246820202025

Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

Full-network restrictions

0 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Full-network restrictions2016: 1; 2025: 0000111120202025

Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

Service-based restrictions

5 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Service-based restrictions2016: 5; 2025: 5012345620202025

Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

Intentional throttling

2 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Intentional throttling2016: 2; 2025: 201122320202025

Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

Mobile internet restrictions

5 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Mobile internet restrictions2016: 6; 2025: 50246820202025

Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

Broadband internet restrictions

5 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Broadband internet restrictions2016: 6; 2025: 50246820202025

Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

SMS restrictions

0 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Turkey: SMS restrictions2016: 0; 2025: 00120202025

Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

Phone-call restrictions

0 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Phone-call restrictions2016: 0; 2025: 00120202025

Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

Facebook restrictions

2 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Facebook restrictions2016: 2; 2025: 201122320202025

Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

X / Twitter restrictions

2 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Turkey: X / Twitter restrictions2016: 2; 2025: 201122320202025

Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

WhatsApp restrictions

2 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Turkey: WhatsApp restrictions2016: 0; 2025: 201122320202025

Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

Instagram restrictions

2 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Instagram restrictions2016: 0; 2025: 201122320202025

Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

Telegram restrictions

2 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Telegram restrictions2016: 0; 2025: 201122320202025

Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

Restrictions linked to protests

3 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Restrictions linked to protests2016: 1; 2025: 30123420202025

Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

Restrictions linked to elections

0 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Restrictions linked to elections2016: 0; 2025: 00120202025

Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

Restrictions linked to conflict

0 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Restrictions linked to conflict2016: 1; 2025: 0000111120202025

Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

Restrictions linked to exams

0 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Restrictions linked to exams2016: 0; 2025: 00120202025

Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

Internet freedom: overall score

31 points out of 100 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Internet freedom: overall score2019: 37; 2025: 3101020304020202025

Freedom House expert assessment; higher scores mean more freedom, not a percentage of people or sites. Year denotes the edition, assessing June 1 of the previous year through May 31 of that year. Total is access (0–25) plus content (0–35) plus user rights (0–40). Country coverage is neither a random sample nor the entire world. History starts in 2019, when the source reversed its scale; the 2025 production process was reduced due to budget constraints. Detailed questions cover 2025 only; gaps remain missing.

Source: Freedom House: Freedom on the Net

Internet freedom: access score

13 points out of 25 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Internet freedom: access score2019: 15; 2025: 130510152020202025

Freedom House expert assessment; higher scores mean more freedom, not a percentage of people or sites. Year denotes the edition, assessing June 1 of the previous year through May 31 of that year. Total is access (0–25) plus content (0–35) plus user rights (0–40). Country coverage is neither a random sample nor the entire world. History starts in 2019, when the source reversed its scale; the 2025 production process was reduced due to budget constraints. Detailed questions cover 2025 only; gaps remain missing.

Source: Freedom House: Freedom on the Net

Internet freedom: content score

10 points out of 35 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Internet freedom: content score2019: 11; 2025: 1005101520202025

Freedom House expert assessment; higher scores mean more freedom, not a percentage of people or sites. Year denotes the edition, assessing June 1 of the previous year through May 31 of that year. Total is access (0–25) plus content (0–35) plus user rights (0–40). Country coverage is neither a random sample nor the entire world. History starts in 2019, when the source reversed its scale; the 2025 production process was reduced due to budget constraints. Detailed questions cover 2025 only; gaps remain missing.

Source: Freedom House: Freedom on the Net

Internet freedom: user-rights score

8 points out of 40 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Internet freedom: user-rights score2019: 11; 2025: 805101520202025

Freedom House expert assessment; higher scores mean more freedom, not a percentage of people or sites. Year denotes the edition, assessing June 1 of the previous year through May 31 of that year. Total is access (0–25) plus content (0–35) plus user rights (0–40). Country coverage is neither a random sample nor the entire world. History starts in 2019, when the source reversed its scale; the 2025 production process was reduced due to budget constraints. Detailed questions cover 2025 only; gaps remain missing.

Source: Freedom House: Freedom on the Net

Connectivity freedom: infrastructure control

3 points out of 6 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Connectivity freedom: infrastructure control2025: 3; 2025: 30123420202025

Freedom House expert assessment; higher scores mean more freedom, not a percentage of people or sites. Year denotes the edition, assessing June 1 of the previous year through May 31 of that year. Total is access (0–25) plus content (0–35) plus user rights (0–40). Country coverage is neither a random sample nor the entire world. History starts in 2019, when the source reversed its scale; the 2025 production process was reduced due to budget constraints. Detailed questions cover 2025 only; gaps remain missing.

Source: Freedom House: Freedom on the Net

Content freedom: website and VPN blocking

1 points out of 6 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Content freedom: website and VPN blocking2025: 1; 2025: 1000111120202025

Freedom House expert assessment; higher scores mean more freedom, not a percentage of people or sites. Year denotes the edition, assessing June 1 of the previous year through May 31 of that year. Total is access (0–25) plus content (0–35) plus user rights (0–40). Country coverage is neither a random sample nor the entire world. History starts in 2019, when the source reversed its scale; the 2025 production process was reduced due to budget constraints. Detailed questions cover 2025 only; gaps remain missing.

Source: Freedom House: Freedom on the Net

Content freedom: forced removal

0 points out of 4 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Content freedom: forced removal2025: 0; 2025: 00120202025

Freedom House expert assessment; higher scores mean more freedom, not a percentage of people or sites. Year denotes the edition, assessing June 1 of the previous year through May 31 of that year. Total is access (0–25) plus content (0–35) plus user rights (0–40). Country coverage is neither a random sample nor the entire world. History starts in 2019, when the source reversed its scale; the 2025 production process was reduced due to budget constraints. Detailed questions cover 2025 only; gaps remain missing.

Source: Freedom House: Freedom on the Net

Online rights: punishment for online activity

1 points out of 6 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Online rights: punishment for online activity2025: 1; 2025: 1000111120202025

Freedom House expert assessment; higher scores mean more freedom, not a percentage of people or sites. Year denotes the edition, assessing June 1 of the previous year through May 31 of that year. Total is access (0–25) plus content (0–35) plus user rights (0–40). Country coverage is neither a random sample nor the entire world. History starts in 2019, when the source reversed its scale; the 2025 production process was reduced due to budget constraints. Detailed questions cover 2025 only; gaps remain missing.

Source: Freedom House: Freedom on the Net

Online rights: anonymity and encryption

1 points out of 4 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Online rights: anonymity and encryption2025: 1; 2025: 1000111120202025

Freedom House expert assessment; higher scores mean more freedom, not a percentage of people or sites. Year denotes the edition, assessing June 1 of the previous year through May 31 of that year. Total is access (0–25) plus content (0–35) plus user rights (0–40). Country coverage is neither a random sample nor the entire world. History starts in 2019, when the source reversed its scale; the 2025 production process was reduced due to budget constraints. Detailed questions cover 2025 only; gaps remain missing.

Source: Freedom House: Freedom on the Net

Online rights: state surveillance

1 points out of 6 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Online rights: state surveillance2025: 1; 2025: 1000111120202025

Freedom House expert assessment; higher scores mean more freedom, not a percentage of people or sites. Year denotes the edition, assessing June 1 of the previous year through May 31 of that year. Total is access (0–25) plus content (0–35) plus user rights (0–40). Country coverage is neither a random sample nor the entire world. History starts in 2019, when the source reversed its scale; the 2025 production process was reduced due to budget constraints. Detailed questions cover 2025 only; gaps remain missing.

Source: Freedom House: Freedom on the Net

Markets and valuations

Equity price change (WDI)

105.78 % per year latest value, 2022

Turkey: Equity price change (WDI)1996: 42.3; 2022: 105.78010020030020002005201020152020

Annual equity index price change, without adding dividends. WDI describes USD S&P BMI indices but separately specifies local prices and CAC40, DAX, Nikkei, FTSE and S&P500 for France, Germany, Japan, the UK and US. Do not treat all countries as one USD portfolio. Coverage and currency bases differ; a historical sample, not live quotes. Source definition: S&P Global Equity Indices measure the U.S. dollar price change in the stock markets covered by the S&P BMI country indices.

Source: World Bank WDI: financial markets (WFE, IMF)

Stock market capitalisation / GDP

25.31 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Turkey: Stock market capitalisation / GDP1993: 20.29; 2025: 25.31010203040501995200020052010201520202025

Year-end market value of listed domestic equities divided by annual GDP: a stock/flow ratio, not P/E or a bubble diagnosis. Foreign revenues and the share of business outside exchanges vary across countries. India, 2025: WDI reports USD 10.56 trillion of capitalisation, while NSE Market Pulse January 2026 reports about USD 5.3 trillion for India. The reason is unresolved. That year’s capitalisation and capitalisation/GDP are retained in the typed dataset with quality=source_discrepancy but excluded from annual charts and automatic analysis pending review. Source definition: Market capitalization (also known as market value) is the share price times the number of shares outstanding (including their several classes) for listed domestic companies. Investment funds, unit trusts, and companies whose only business goal is to hold shares of other listed companies are excluded. Data are end of year values.

Source: World Bank WDI: financial markets (WFE, IMF)

Listed domestic equity capitalisation

404.35 US$ bn latest value, 2025

Turkey: Listed domestic equity capitalisation1993: 36.61; 2025: 404.3501002003004005001995200020052010201520202025

Price times outstanding shares at year end, in current US dollars. Funds and companies that only hold other companies’ shares are excluded. Changes include repricing, listings, delistings and exchange rates; this is not portfolio return. India, 2025: WDI reports USD 10.56 trillion of capitalisation, while NSE Market Pulse January 2026 reports about USD 5.3 trillion for India. The reason is unresolved. That year’s capitalisation and capitalisation/GDP are retained in the typed dataset with quality=source_discrepancy but excluded from annual charts and automatic analysis pending review. Source definition: Market capitalization (also known as market value) is the share price times the number of shares outstanding (including their several classes) for listed domestic companies. Investment funds, unit trusts, and companies whose only business goal is to hold shares of other listed companies are excluded. Data are end of year values converted to U.S. dollars using corresponding year-end foreign exchange rates.

Source: World Bank WDI: financial markets (WFE, IMF)

Equity trading value / GDP

61.17 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Turkey: Equity trading value / GDP1991: 5.48; 2025: 61.170501001501995200020052010201520202025

Annual value of domestic and foreign shares traded divided by GDP, counting one side of each transaction. Trading volume is neither market capitalisation nor invested savings. Source definition: The value of shares traded is the total number of shares traded, both domestic and foreign, multiplied by their respective matching prices. Figures are single counted (only one side of the transaction is considered). Companies admitted to listing and admitted to trading are included in the data. Data are end of year values.

Source: World Bank WDI: financial markets (WFE, IMF)

Domestic equity turnover ratio

253.11 % per year latest value, 2024

Turkey: Domestic equity turnover ratio1993: 43.7; 2024: 253.110100200300400199520002005201020152020

Domestic shares traded relative to their capitalisation; WDI annualises the monthly average by multiplying by 12. High turnover measures trading activity, not investment return. Source definition: Turnover ratio is the value of domestic shares traded divided by their market capitalization. The value is annualized by multiplying the monthly average by 12.

Source: World Bank WDI: financial markets (WFE, IMF)

Listed domestic companies

569 companies latest value, 2025

Turkey: Listed domestic companies1986: 80; 2025: 56902004006001990200020102020

Companies with listed shares at year end, including foreign companies exclusively listed locally. Multiple share classes count as one company; investment funds are excluded. Source definition: Listed domestic companies, including foreign companies which are exclusively listed, are those which have shares listed on an exchange at the end of the year. Investment funds, unit trusts, and companies whose only business goal is to hold shares of other listed companies, such as holding companies and investment companies, regardless of their legal status, are excluded. A company with several classes of shares is counted once. Only companies admitted to listing on the exchange are included.

Source: World Bank WDI: financial markets (WFE, IMF)

Private-sector credit / GDP

45.78 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Turkey: Private-sector credit / GDP2008: 33.16; 2025: 45.780204060802010201520202025

Financial resources supplied to the private sector by financial corporations relative to GDP. Includes loans and other debt claims; country coverage differs. Neither government debt nor mortgages alone. Source definition: Domestic credit to private sector refers to financial resources provided to the private sector by financial corporations, such as through loans, purchases of nonequity securities, and trade credits and other accounts receivable, that establish a claim for repayment. For some countries these claims include credit to public enterprises. The financial corporations include monetary authorities and deposit money banks, as well as other financial corporations where data are available (including corporations that do not accept transferable deposits but do incur such liabilities as time and savings deposits). Examples of other financial corporations are finance and leasing companies, money lenders, insurance corporations, pension funds, and foreign exchange companies. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.

Source: World Bank WDI: financial markets (WFE, IMF)

Bank nonperforming loans

1.65 % of gross loans latest value, 2024

Turkey: Bank nonperforming loans2005: 4.32; 2024: 1.6502462005201020152020

Loans 90+ days overdue or unlikely to be repaid in full divided by gross loans, before provisions and collateral deductions. National rules and coverage can differ. Source definition: The indicator measures the proportion of a deposit taker’s loan portfolio that is impaired or at risk of default. It is calculated as the ratio of non-performing loans (NPLs) to total gross loans, where NPLs are defined as loans that are past due by 90 days or more or are otherwise considered unlikely to be repaid in full without the realization of collateral. Both non-performing loans and total gross loans should be reported at their gross book value, without deducting for loan-loss provisions or collateral. This indicator provides a key measure of asset quality and potential credit risk in the banking system.

Source: World Bank WDI: financial markets (WFE, IMF)

Equities: latest month (OECD)

1,682.34 2015 = 100 latest value, 2026

Turkey: Equities: latest month (OECD)1988: 0; 2026: 1,682.3405001,0001,5002,0001990200020102020

The annual axis selects the last published month of each year, labelled with its actual date. The current year is incomplete; this is neither a full-year mean nor a live quote. OECD national indices, normally monthly means of daily closes, 2015 = 100. Index composition differs across countries; dividends are not added. Index changes are not total-market capitalisation growth. Monthly averages smooth intramonth falls.

Source: OECD: monthly financial markets, national sources

Nominal residential property prices

3,971.89 index, 2010 = 100 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Nominal residential property prices2010: 100; 2025: 3,971.8901,0002,0003,0004,0002010201520202025

BIS residential property prices in local currency, without inflation adjustment. Mean of four quarters; incomplete years omitted. Housing coverage and methods differ across countries. Compare with BIS real prices; excludes rental income and does not establish a bubble.

Source: BIS: nominal and real residential property prices

Industry and waste

Municipal waste per person

393 kg per person a year latest value, 2024

Turkey: Municipal waste per person1975: 244; 2024: 393020040060019801990200020102020

Municipal waste generated in the year per inhabitant. Municipal waste is collected by or on behalf of municipalities: household waste and similar waste of shops, offices and institutions. Industrial, construction and mining waste are outside it; national scopes differ. OECD, MUNW.

Source: OECD, Municipal waste: generation and treatment (MUNW)

Municipal waste landfilled

86.8 % of treated latest value, 2021

Turkey: Municipal waste landfilled1994: 93.3; 2021: 86.8020406080100199520002005201020152020

Landfill as a share of municipal waste treated in the year. Municipal waste is collected by or on behalf of municipalities: household waste and similar waste of shops, offices and institutions. Industrial, construction and mining waste are outside it; national scopes differ. OECD, MUNW.

Source: OECD, Municipal waste: generation and treatment (MUNW)

Municipal waste recycled

12.8 % of treated latest value, 2021

Turkey: Municipal waste recycled1994: 0; 2021: 12.8051015199520002005201020152020

Material recycling (composting excluded) as a share of municipal waste treated in the year, as reported by the country; not the secondary material finally produced. Municipal waste is collected by or on behalf of municipalities: household waste and similar waste of shops, offices and institutions. Industrial, construction and mining waste are outside it; national scopes differ. OECD, MUNW.

Source: OECD, Municipal waste: generation and treatment (MUNW)

Municipal waste composted

0.4 % of treated latest value, 2021

Turkey: Municipal waste composted1994: 1.1; 2021: 0.400.511.52199520002005201020152020

Composting and digestion as a share of municipal waste treated in the year. Municipal waste is collected by or on behalf of municipalities: household waste and similar waste of shops, offices and institutions. Industrial, construction and mining waste are outside it; national scopes differ. OECD, MUNW.

Source: OECD, Municipal waste: generation and treatment (MUNW)

Municipal waste incinerated

0 % of treated latest value, 2021

Turkey: Municipal waste incinerated1994: 0; 2021: 001199520002005201020152020

Incineration, with and without energy recovery, as a share of municipal waste treated in the year. Municipal waste is collected by or on behalf of municipalities: household waste and similar waste of shops, offices and institutions. Industrial, construction and mining waste are outside it; national scopes differ. OECD, MUNW.

Source: OECD, Municipal waste: generation and treatment (MUNW)

All waste per person (all activities and households)

1,284 kg per person a year latest value, 2022

Turkey: All waste per person (all activities and households)2004: 870; 2022: 1,28405001,0001,5002005201020152020

All waste generated in the year by all economic activities and households per inhabitant, including mineral waste from construction and mining (soil, rock), usually the largest part. Reported every two years (2004-2022). Not municipal waste, which covers only household and similar waste collected by municipalities. Eurostat, env_wasgen.

Source: Eurostat, waste statistics (env_waspac, env_wasgen)

Waste excluding major mineral waste per person

946 kg per person a year latest value, 2022

Turkey: Waste excluding major mineral waste per person2004: 785; 2022: 94602004006008001,0002005201020152020

Waste from all activities and households excluding major mineral wastes (soil, rock, construction and demolition waste) per inhabitant; Eurostat uses it to compare countries with different construction and mining. Reported every two years (2004-2022). Not municipal waste, which covers only household and similar waste collected by municipalities. Eurostat, env_wasgen.

Source: Eurostat, waste statistics (env_waspac, env_wasgen)

Household waste per person

315 kg per person a year latest value, 2022

Turkey: Household waste per person2004: 432; 2022: 31501002003004005002005201020152020

Waste generated by households themselves per inhabitant. Not equal to municipal waste, which also includes similar waste from shops and offices. Reported every two years (2004-2022). Not municipal waste, which covers only household and similar waste collected by municipalities. Eurostat, env_wasgen.

Source: Eurostat, waste statistics (env_waspac, env_wasgen)

Manufacturing waste per person

261 kg per person a year latest value, 2022

Turkey: Manufacturing waste per person2004: 241; 2022: 26101002003002005201020152020

Waste generated by manufacturing (NACE section C) per inhabitant of the country. Reported every two years (2004-2022). Not municipal waste, which covers only household and similar waste collected by municipalities. Eurostat, env_wasgen.

Source: Eurostat, waste statistics (env_waspac, env_wasgen)

Industrial production index

109.5 index, 2021 = 100 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Industrial production index1986: 18; 2025: 109.50501001501990200020102020

Volume of industrial output: mining, manufacturing, electricity and gas (NACE sections B-D). Volume index of output, 2021 = 100, calendar adjusted. Compares a country only with itself, not countries with each other. Eurostat, sts_inpr_a.

Source: Eurostat, short-term business statistics (sts_inpr_a)

Manufacturing production index

110.2 index, 2021 = 100 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Manufacturing production index1986: 18.4; 2025: 110.20501001501990200020102020

Volume of manufacturing output (NACE section C): factories, excluding mining and energy. Volume index of output, 2021 = 100, calendar adjusted. Compares a country only with itself, not countries with each other. Eurostat, sts_inpr_a.

Source: Eurostat, short-term business statistics (sts_inpr_a)

Industrial production (OECD index)

148.2 index, 2015 = 100 latest value, 2025

Turkey: Industrial production (OECD index)1985: 23; 2025: 148.20501001501990200020102020

Industrial output volume — mining, manufacturing, electricity, gas and water (ISIC B-E), annual average, 2015 = 100. It tracks physical volume, not revenue; compare countries by their change, not by their level. OECD short-term statistics (production volume, not seasonally adjusted).

Source: OECD short-term statistics: industrial production index

Manufacturing, share of GDP

16.8 % of GDP latest value, 2024

Turkey: Manufacturing, share of GDP1960: 12.8; 2024: 16.801020301960197019801990200020102020

Manufacturing value added (ISIC section C: factories, excluding mining, utilities and construction) as a percentage of GDP. The share can fall while output grows if the rest of the economy grows faster. World Bank, WDI. Source note: Manufacturing includes industries classified in ISIC (Rev. 3) major division C and is defined as the physical or chemical transformation of materials or components into new products. Value added is the contribution to the economy by a producer or an industry or an institutional sector, which is estimated by the total value of output produced and deducting the total value of intermediate consumption of goods and services used to produce that output. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.

Source: World Bank WDI: national accounts (industry)

Industry incl. construction, share of GDP

24 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Turkey: Industry incl. construction, share of GDP1960: 17.3; 2025: 240102030401960197019801990200020102020

Value added of industry in the broad sense (mining, manufacturing, utilities and construction; ISIC B-F) as a percentage of GDP. World Bank, WDI. Source note: Industry (including construction) corresponds to ISIC (Rev.4) divisions 05-43. It is comprised of mining, manufacturing, construction, electricity, water, and gas industries. Value added is the contribution to the economy by a producer or an industry or an institutional sector, which is estimated by the total value of output produced and deducting the total value of intermediate consumption of goods and services used to produce that output. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.

Source: World Bank WDI: national accounts (industry)

Manufacturing value added per person

2,459 constant 2015 US$ per person latest value, 2024

Turkey: Manufacturing value added per person1968: 308; 2024: 2,45905001,0001,5002,0002,500197019801990200020102020

Manufacturing value added at constant 2015 US dollars divided by population (UN WPP 2024): factory output net of inputs, not revenue. World Bank, WDI. Source note: Manufacturing includes industries classified in ISIC (Rev. 3) major division C and is defined as the physical or chemical transformation of materials or components into new products. Value added is the contribution to the economy by a producer or an industry or an institutional sector, which is estimated by the total value of output produced and deducting the total value of intermediate consumption of goods and services used to produce that output. This indicator is expressed in constant prices, meaning the series has been adjusted to account for price changes over time. The reference year for this adjustment is 2015. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.

Source: World Bank WDI: national accounts (industry)

Manufacturing value added per person (UNIDO)

2,060 constant 2020 US$ per person latest value, 2025

Turkey: Manufacturing value added per person (UNIDO)2000: 792; 2025: 2,06005001,0001,5002,0002,500200020052010201520202025

Manufacturing value added (ISIC section C) per person at constant 2020 US dollars. UNIDO National Accounts Database via the UN SDG database (indicator 9.2.1). Differs from the World Bank series by its base year (2020 rather than 2015) and UNIDO estimates for countries without recent accounts. Series: Manufacturing value added per capita (constant 2020 United States dollars).

Source: UNIDO via the UN SDG database: manufacturing value added

Manufacturing, share of GDP (UNIDO)

19 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Turkey: Manufacturing, share of GDP (UNIDO)2000: 17.7; 2025: 190510152025200020052010201520202025

Manufacturing value added as a percentage of GDP, constant prices. UNIDO via the UN SDG database (indicator 9.2.1). Series: Manufacturing value added (constant 2020 United States dollars) as a proportion of GDP (%).

Source: UNIDO via the UN SDG database: manufacturing value added

Coal production

75.4 million tonnes a year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Coal production1981: 21; 2025: 75.40204060801001990200020102020

Hard coal and lignite in physical tonnes (not adjusted for energy content), million tonnes a year. Source: Energy Institute, Statistical Review of World Energy 2026 (via the Our World in Data copy).

Source: Energy Institute: Statistical Review of World Energy 2026

Crude steel production

38.1 million tonnes a year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Crude steel production2017: 37.5; 2025: 38.10102030405020202025

Crude steel output by all processes (basic oxygen and electric arc furnaces), million tonnes a year. The 20 largest producers of the latest year and the world; each year from the newest World Steel in Figures edition. Source: World Steel Association.

Source: World Steel Association: World Steel in Figures and Short Range Outlook

Cement production

89,000 thousand tonnes a year latest value, 2025

Turkey: Cement production2018: 72,500; 2025: 89,000020,00040,00060,00080,000100,00020202025

Portland and other hydraulic cement, thousand tonnes a year. USGS rounds large values (China to 100 million tonnes); the latest year of each edition is an estimate. US Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries.

Source: US Geological Survey: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2020–2026

Municipal waste per person (World Bank)

348 kg per person a year latest value, 2022

Turkey: Municipal waste per person (World Bank)2022: 348; 2022: 34801002003004002020

Municipal solid waste generation, kg per person a year (kg a day × 365). Municipal solid waste: households plus similar waste from shops, institutions and streets — excluding industrial, construction and mining waste. One reported year a country, the years differ. World Bank, What a Waste 3.0 (2026).

Source: World Bank: What a Waste 3.0 (2026)

Municipal waste sent to recycling

12 % of municipal waste latest value, 2022

Turkey: Municipal waste sent to recycling2022: 12; 2022: 120510152020

Share of municipal waste sent to recycling, as reported by the country. Sent is not the same as recycled: sorting rejects and exports are included; composting and incineration are not. Municipal solid waste: households plus similar waste from shops, institutions and streets — excluding industrial, construction and mining waste. One reported year a country, the years differ. World Bank, What a Waste 3.0 (2026).

Source: World Bank: What a Waste 3.0 (2026)

Education and skills

PISA: reading, mean score of 15-year-olds

456 PISA points latest value, 2022

Turkey: PISA: reading, mean score of 15-year-olds2003: 441; 2022: 45601002003004005002005201020152020

Mean score in the OECD PISA test of reading literacy. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. PISA scale: in the cycle when the domain was first the major one (2000) the OECD mean = 500, standard deviation = 100; the series is comparable from 2000. A 10-15 point change between cycles is often within the error (standard errors and significance are in the education_pisa dataset). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.

Source: OECD, PISA — Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA 2009-2022 results, StatLink tables)

PISA: mathematics, mean score of 15-year-olds

453 PISA points latest value, 2022

Turkey: PISA: mathematics, mean score of 15-year-olds2003: 423; 2022: 45301002003004005002005201020152020

Mean score in the OECD PISA test of mathematical literacy. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. PISA scale: in the cycle when the domain was first the major one (2003) the OECD mean = 500, standard deviation = 100; the series is comparable from 2003. A 10-15 point change between cycles is often within the error (standard errors and significance are in the education_pisa dataset). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.

Source: OECD, PISA — Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA 2009-2022 results, StatLink tables)

PISA: science, mean score of 15-year-olds

476 PISA points latest value, 2022

Turkey: PISA: science, mean score of 15-year-olds2006: 424; 2022: 4760100200300400500201020152020

Mean score in the OECD PISA test of scientific literacy. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. PISA scale: in the cycle when the domain was first the major one (2006) the OECD mean = 500, standard deviation = 100; the series is comparable from 2006. A 10-15 point change between cycles is often within the error (standard errors and significance are in the education_pisa dataset). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.

Source: OECD, PISA — Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA 2009-2022 results, StatLink tables)

PISA: reading, share of 15-year-olds below baseline

29.3 % of students latest value, 2022

Turkey: PISA: reading, share of 15-year-olds below baseline2009: 24.5; 2022: 29.3010203040201020152020

Share of 15-year-olds who did not reach Level 2 in the PISA reading literacy test (below 407 points) — the level the OECD treats as the baseline for full participation in life and learning. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. Shares are comparable from 2009 (for reading, the latest OECD reports give shares only from 2009). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.

Source: OECD, PISA — Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA 2009-2022 results, StatLink tables)

PISA: mathematics, share of 15-year-olds below baseline

38.7 % of students latest value, 2022

Turkey: PISA: mathematics, share of 15-year-olds below baseline2003: 52.2; 2022: 38.702040602005201020152020

Share of 15-year-olds who did not reach Level 2 in the PISA mathematical literacy test (below 420 points) — the level the OECD treats as the baseline for full participation in life and learning. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. Shares are comparable from 2003 (for reading, the latest OECD reports give shares only from 2009). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.

Source: OECD, PISA — Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA 2009-2022 results, StatLink tables)

PISA: science, share of 15-year-olds below baseline

24.7 % of students latest value, 2022

Turkey: PISA: science, share of 15-year-olds below baseline2006: 46.6; 2022: 24.701020304050201020152020

Share of 15-year-olds who did not reach Level 2 in the PISA scientific literacy test (below 410 points) — the level the OECD treats as the baseline for full participation in life and learning. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. Shares are comparable from 2006 (for reading, the latest OECD reports give shares only from 2009). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.

Source: OECD, PISA — Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA 2009-2022 results, StatLink tables)

PISA: mathematics, share of top performers (Levels 5-6)

5.4 % of students latest value, 2022

Turkey: PISA: mathematics, share of top performers (Levels 5-6)2003: 5.5; 2022: 5.402462005201020152020

Share of 15-year-olds reaching Level 5 or 6 in the PISA mathematics test (607 points or more): they solve complex modelling and reasoning tasks. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. Shares are comparable from 2003. In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.

Source: OECD, PISA — Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA 2009-2022 results, StatLink tables)

TIMSS: mathematics, grade 4

553 TIMSS score latest value, 2023

Turkey: TIMSS: mathematics, grade 42023: 553; 2023: 55302004006002020

Average score of students in their fourth year of school (usually grade 4, about 10 years old) in the international TIMSS mathematics test. The TIMSS scale was set in 1995: 500 is the mean of that cycle's countries and 100 points is one standard deviation; the test is repeated every 4 years, and a country's scores from different cycles are comparable when IEA includes them in its trend table. Year is the test year. In 2019 about half the countries tested on computer (eTIMSS), linked to paper through a bridge sample; in 2023 almost all did. Some countries test the next grade up (Norway, South Africa, Turkey) to keep the average age above the IEA minimum. Values IEA flags as not reliably measured (more than 25% of students too low to estimate) are left out. Russia took part until 2019 and is not in TIMSS 2023. Figures come from the TIMSS 2023 trend tables; for countries absent in 2023, from the TIMSS 2019 report. Source: IEA, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.

Source: IEA Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)

TIMSS: mathematics, grade 8

496 TIMSS score latest value, 2019

Turkey: TIMSS: mathematics, grade 82011: 452; 2019: 49601002003004005002015

Average score of students in their eighth year of school (usually grade 8, about 14 years old) in the international TIMSS mathematics test. The TIMSS scale was set in 1995: 500 is the mean of that cycle's countries and 100 points is one standard deviation; the test is repeated every 4 years, and a country's scores from different cycles are comparable when IEA includes them in its trend table. Year is the test year. In 2019 about half the countries tested on computer (eTIMSS), linked to paper through a bridge sample; in 2023 almost all did. Some countries test the next grade up (Norway, South Africa, Turkey) to keep the average age above the IEA minimum. Values IEA flags as not reliably measured (more than 25% of students too low to estimate) are left out. Russia took part until 2019 and is not in TIMSS 2023. Figures come from the TIMSS 2023 trend tables; for countries absent in 2023, from the TIMSS 2019 report. Source: IEA, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.

Source: IEA Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)

TIMSS: grade 8 students below the Low benchmark in mathematics

20 % of students latest value, 2019

Turkey: TIMSS: grade 8 students below the Low benchmark in mathematics2011: 33; 2019: 200102030402015

Share of students in their eighth year of school (about 14) who score below 400 TIMSS points in mathematics, the Low International Benchmark: basic whole-number operations and reading simple graphs. Computed as 100 minus the IEA-published percentage reaching 400 (whole percentages). The TIMSS scale was set in 1995: 500 is the mean of that cycle's countries and 100 points is one standard deviation; the test is repeated every 4 years, and a country's scores from different cycles are comparable when IEA includes them in its trend table. Year is the test year. In 2019 about half the countries tested on computer (eTIMSS), linked to paper through a bridge sample; in 2023 almost all did. Some countries test the next grade up (Norway, South Africa, Turkey) to keep the average age above the IEA minimum. Values IEA flags as not reliably measured (more than 25% of students too low to estimate) are left out. Russia took part until 2019 and is not in TIMSS 2023. Figures come from the TIMSS 2023 trend tables; for countries absent in 2023, from the TIMSS 2019 report. Source: IEA, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.

Source: IEA Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)

TIMSS: science, grade 4

570 TIMSS score latest value, 2023

Turkey: TIMSS: science, grade 42023: 570; 2023: 57002004006002020

Average score of students in their fourth year of school (usually grade 4, about 10 years old) in the international TIMSS science test. The TIMSS scale was set in 1995: 500 is the mean of that cycle's countries and 100 points is one standard deviation; the test is repeated every 4 years, and a country's scores from different cycles are comparable when IEA includes them in its trend table. Year is the test year. In 2019 about half the countries tested on computer (eTIMSS), linked to paper through a bridge sample; in 2023 almost all did. Some countries test the next grade up (Norway, South Africa, Turkey) to keep the average age above the IEA minimum. Values IEA flags as not reliably measured (more than 25% of students too low to estimate) are left out. Russia took part until 2019 and is not in TIMSS 2023. Figures come from the TIMSS 2023 trend tables; for countries absent in 2023, from the TIMSS 2019 report. Source: IEA, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.

Source: IEA Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)

TIMSS: science, grade 8

515 TIMSS score latest value, 2019

Turkey: TIMSS: science, grade 82011: 483; 2019: 51502004006002015

Average score of students in their eighth year of school (usually grade 8, about 14 years old) in the international TIMSS science test. The TIMSS scale was set in 1995: 500 is the mean of that cycle's countries and 100 points is one standard deviation; the test is repeated every 4 years, and a country's scores from different cycles are comparable when IEA includes them in its trend table. Year is the test year. In 2019 about half the countries tested on computer (eTIMSS), linked to paper through a bridge sample; in 2023 almost all did. Some countries test the next grade up (Norway, South Africa, Turkey) to keep the average age above the IEA minimum. Values IEA flags as not reliably measured (more than 25% of students too low to estimate) are left out. Russia took part until 2019 and is not in TIMSS 2023. Figures come from the TIMSS 2023 trend tables; for countries absent in 2023, from the TIMSS 2019 report. Source: IEA, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.

Source: IEA Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)

PIRLS: reading, grade 4

496 PIRLS score latest value, 2021

Turkey: PIRLS: reading, grade 42001: 449; 2021: 49601002003004005002005201020152020

Average score of students in their fourth year of school (usually grade 4, about 10 years old) in the international PIRLS reading comprehension test. The PIRLS scale was set in 2001: 500 is the mean of that cycle's countries and 100 points is one standard deviation; the test is repeated every 5 years, and a country's scores from different cycles are comparable when IEA includes them in its trend table. Year is the cycle year. In 2021, because of COVID-19, some countries tested the same children at the beginning of grade 5 (at least 4 months older: the United States, Ireland, Hungary, Croatia, Lithuania and others) and six tested a year later (England, Australia, Brazil, Iran, Israel, South Africa); about half the countries tested on computer (digitalPIRLS). Some countries test the next grade up (Norway, grade 5). Values IEA flags as not reliably measured (more than 25% of students too low to estimate) are left out. Russia took part in every cycle 2001-2021; Moscow City is a separate participant. Figures come from the PIRLS 2021 trend tables; for countries absent there, from the PIRLS 2016 report. Source: IEA, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.

Source: IEA Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)

PIRLS: grade 4 students below the Low reading benchmark

14 % of students latest value, 2021

Turkey: PIRLS: grade 4 students below the Low reading benchmark2001: 28; 2021: 1401020302005201020152020

Share of students in their fourth year of school (about 10) who score below 400 PIRLS points, the Low International Benchmark: finding an explicitly stated detail in a simple text. Computed as 100 minus the IEA-published percentage reaching 400 (whole percentages). The PIRLS scale was set in 2001: 500 is the mean of that cycle's countries and 100 points is one standard deviation; the test is repeated every 5 years, and a country's scores from different cycles are comparable when IEA includes them in its trend table. Year is the cycle year. In 2021, because of COVID-19, some countries tested the same children at the beginning of grade 5 (at least 4 months older: the United States, Ireland, Hungary, Croatia, Lithuania and others) and six tested a year later (England, Australia, Brazil, Iran, Israel, South Africa); about half the countries tested on computer (digitalPIRLS). Some countries test the next grade up (Norway, grade 5). Values IEA flags as not reliably measured (more than 25% of students too low to estimate) are left out. Russia took part in every cycle 2001-2021; Moscow City is a separate participant. Figures come from the PIRLS 2021 trend tables; for countries absent there, from the PIRLS 2016 report. Source: IEA, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.

Source: IEA Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)

Adult literacy (PIAAC)

227 PIAAC score points latest value, 2015

Turkey: Adult literacy (PIAAC)2015: 227; 2015: 22705010015020025020102015

Mean literacy score of adults aged 16-65 in the OECD PIAAC test (reading and understanding texts). Adults aged 16-65, PIAAC scale 0-500. Year = year of data collection: cycle 1 - 2012 (Russia, Japan, Finland, US, ...), 2015 (Chile, Greece, Israel, Lithuania, New Zealand, Singapore, Slovenia, Turkey), 2017 (Hungary, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Kazakhstan and a separate US sample); cycle 2 - 2023 (fieldwork 2022-23, tablets only). The OECD treats literacy and numeracy as comparable across cycles (linked scales); the linking error is about 3 points. Cycle 1 values are as originally published (the 2023 report did not re-estimate them). For countries in both cycles 2023 excludes adults who only did the doorstep interview because of a language barrier, as in the OECD trend tables; for cycle-2-only countries (Latvia, Portugal, Switzerland, Croatia) the headline values are used. Belgium (only Flanders took part) and the UK (England, Northern Ireland) are not in the catalog. Russia: 2012, sample without Moscow; Russia did not take part in cycle 2.

Source: OECD, PIAAC - Survey of Adult Skills

Adult numeracy (PIAAC)

219 PIAAC score points latest value, 2015

Turkey: Adult numeracy (PIAAC)2015: 219; 2015: 21905010015020025020102015

Mean numeracy score of adults aged 16-65 in the OECD PIAAC test. Adults aged 16-65, PIAAC scale 0-500. Year = year of data collection: cycle 1 - 2012 (Russia, Japan, Finland, US, ...), 2015 (Chile, Greece, Israel, Lithuania, New Zealand, Singapore, Slovenia, Turkey), 2017 (Hungary, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Kazakhstan and a separate US sample); cycle 2 - 2023 (fieldwork 2022-23, tablets only). The OECD treats literacy and numeracy as comparable across cycles (linked scales); the linking error is about 3 points. Cycle 1 values are as originally published (the 2023 report did not re-estimate them). For countries in both cycles 2023 excludes adults who only did the doorstep interview because of a language barrier, as in the OECD trend tables; for cycle-2-only countries (Latvia, Portugal, Switzerland, Croatia) the headline values are used. Belgium (only Flanders took part) and the UK (England, Northern Ireland) are not in the catalog. Russia: 2012, sample without Moscow; Russia did not take part in cycle 2.

Source: OECD, PIAAC - Survey of Adult Skills

Literacy of young adults aged 16-24 (PIAAC)

237 PIAAC score points latest value, 2015

Turkey: Literacy of young adults aged 16-24 (PIAAC)2015: 237; 2015: 23705010015020025020102015

Mean literacy score of 16-24 year-olds. Adults aged 16-65, PIAAC scale 0-500. Year = year of data collection: cycle 1 - 2012 (Russia, Japan, Finland, US, ...), 2015 (Chile, Greece, Israel, Lithuania, New Zealand, Singapore, Slovenia, Turkey), 2017 (Hungary, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Kazakhstan and a separate US sample); cycle 2 - 2023 (fieldwork 2022-23, tablets only). The OECD treats literacy and numeracy as comparable across cycles (linked scales); the linking error is about 3 points. Cycle 1 values are as originally published (the 2023 report did not re-estimate them). For countries in both cycles 2023 excludes adults who only did the doorstep interview because of a language barrier, as in the OECD trend tables; for cycle-2-only countries (Latvia, Portugal, Switzerland, Croatia) the headline values are used. Belgium (only Flanders took part) and the UK (England, Northern Ireland) are not in the catalog. Russia: 2012, sample without Moscow; Russia did not take part in cycle 2.

Source: OECD, PIAAC - Survey of Adult Skills

Literacy of adults aged 55-65 (PIAAC)

204 PIAAC score points latest value, 2015

Turkey: Literacy of adults aged 55-65 (PIAAC)2015: 204; 2015: 20405010015020025020102015

Mean literacy score of 55-65 year-olds. Adults aged 16-65, PIAAC scale 0-500. Year = year of data collection: cycle 1 - 2012 (Russia, Japan, Finland, US, ...), 2015 (Chile, Greece, Israel, Lithuania, New Zealand, Singapore, Slovenia, Turkey), 2017 (Hungary, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Kazakhstan and a separate US sample); cycle 2 - 2023 (fieldwork 2022-23, tablets only). The OECD treats literacy and numeracy as comparable across cycles (linked scales); the linking error is about 3 points. Cycle 1 values are as originally published (the 2023 report did not re-estimate them). For countries in both cycles 2023 excludes adults who only did the doorstep interview because of a language barrier, as in the OECD trend tables; for cycle-2-only countries (Latvia, Portugal, Switzerland, Croatia) the headline values are used. Belgium (only Flanders took part) and the UK (England, Northern Ireland) are not in the catalog. Russia: 2012, sample without Moscow; Russia did not take part in cycle 2.

Source: OECD, PIAAC - Survey of Adult Skills

Numeracy of young adults aged 16-24 (PIAAC)

234 PIAAC score points latest value, 2015

Turkey: Numeracy of young adults aged 16-24 (PIAAC)2015: 234; 2015: 23405010015020025020102015

Mean numeracy score of 16-24 year-olds. Adults aged 16-65, PIAAC scale 0-500. Year = year of data collection: cycle 1 - 2012 (Russia, Japan, Finland, US, ...), 2015 (Chile, Greece, Israel, Lithuania, New Zealand, Singapore, Slovenia, Turkey), 2017 (Hungary, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Kazakhstan and a separate US sample); cycle 2 - 2023 (fieldwork 2022-23, tablets only). The OECD treats literacy and numeracy as comparable across cycles (linked scales); the linking error is about 3 points. Cycle 1 values are as originally published (the 2023 report did not re-estimate them). For countries in both cycles 2023 excludes adults who only did the doorstep interview because of a language barrier, as in the OECD trend tables; for cycle-2-only countries (Latvia, Portugal, Switzerland, Croatia) the headline values are used. Belgium (only Flanders took part) and the UK (England, Northern Ireland) are not in the catalog. Russia: 2012, sample without Moscow; Russia did not take part in cycle 2.

Source: OECD, PIAAC - Survey of Adult Skills

Numeracy of adults aged 55-65 (PIAAC)

188 PIAAC score points latest value, 2015

Turkey: Numeracy of adults aged 55-65 (PIAAC)2015: 188; 2015: 18805010015020020102015

Mean numeracy score of 55-65 year-olds. Adults aged 16-65, PIAAC scale 0-500. Year = year of data collection: cycle 1 - 2012 (Russia, Japan, Finland, US, ...), 2015 (Chile, Greece, Israel, Lithuania, New Zealand, Singapore, Slovenia, Turkey), 2017 (Hungary, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Kazakhstan and a separate US sample); cycle 2 - 2023 (fieldwork 2022-23, tablets only). The OECD treats literacy and numeracy as comparable across cycles (linked scales); the linking error is about 3 points. Cycle 1 values are as originally published (the 2023 report did not re-estimate them). For countries in both cycles 2023 excludes adults who only did the doorstep interview because of a language barrier, as in the OECD trend tables; for cycle-2-only countries (Latvia, Portugal, Switzerland, Croatia) the headline values are used. Belgium (only Flanders took part) and the UK (England, Northern Ireland) are not in the catalog. Russia: 2012, sample without Moscow; Russia did not take part in cycle 2.

Source: OECD, PIAAC - Survey of Adult Skills

Adults with low literacy (PIAAC)

46.7 % of adults 16-65 latest value, 2015

Turkey: Adults with low literacy (PIAAC)2015: 46.7; 2015: 46.70102030405020102015

Share of adults aged 16-65 at Level 1 or below in PIAAC literacy: they can handle only short, simple texts. In cycle 1 the share is of adults with a score (missing cases for language or reading difficulties excluded), as in the OECD 2023 trend tables. Adults aged 16-65, PIAAC scale 0-500. Year = year of data collection: cycle 1 - 2012 (Russia, Japan, Finland, US, ...), 2015 (Chile, Greece, Israel, Lithuania, New Zealand, Singapore, Slovenia, Turkey), 2017 (Hungary, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Kazakhstan and a separate US sample); cycle 2 - 2023 (fieldwork 2022-23, tablets only). The OECD treats literacy and numeracy as comparable across cycles (linked scales); the linking error is about 3 points. Cycle 1 values are as originally published (the 2023 report did not re-estimate them). For countries in both cycles 2023 excludes adults who only did the doorstep interview because of a language barrier, as in the OECD trend tables; for cycle-2-only countries (Latvia, Portugal, Switzerland, Croatia) the headline values are used. Belgium (only Flanders took part) and the UK (England, Northern Ireland) are not in the catalog. Russia: 2012, sample without Moscow; Russia did not take part in cycle 2.

Source: OECD, PIAAC - Survey of Adult Skills

Education and work

Unemployment aged 25-29: below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) (Eurostat)

12.5 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Turkey: Unemployment aged 25-29: below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) (Eurostat)2006: 10.6; 2025: 12.5051015202010201520202025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25-29 with below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) education. EU Labour Force Survey, annual average of quarters. ISCED 2011 levels: 0-2 up to lower secondary, 3-4 upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary, 5-8 tertiary including short-cycle. Unemployment is relative to the labour force (students not seeking work are outside it), employment to the whole population of the group. Break and low-reliability flags are in the labour_education_eurostat dataset. Source: Eurostat, lfsa_urgaed.

Source: Eurostat — EU Labour Force Survey: unemployment and employment by education (lfsa_urgaed, lfsa_ergaed)

Unemployment aged 25-29: upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) (Eurostat)

11.5 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Turkey: Unemployment aged 25-29: upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) (Eurostat)2006: 11.5; 2025: 11.5051015202010201520202025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25-29 with upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) education. EU Labour Force Survey, annual average of quarters. ISCED 2011 levels: 0-2 up to lower secondary, 3-4 upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary, 5-8 tertiary including short-cycle. Unemployment is relative to the labour force (students not seeking work are outside it), employment to the whole population of the group. Break and low-reliability flags are in the labour_education_eurostat dataset. Source: Eurostat, lfsa_urgaed.

Source: Eurostat — EU Labour Force Survey: unemployment and employment by education (lfsa_urgaed, lfsa_ergaed)

Unemployment aged 25-29: tertiary (ISCED 5-8) (Eurostat)

12.1 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Turkey: Unemployment aged 25-29: tertiary (ISCED 5-8) (Eurostat)2006: 11.5; 2025: 12.1051015202010201520202025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25-29 with tertiary (ISCED 5-8) education. EU Labour Force Survey, annual average of quarters. ISCED 2011 levels: 0-2 up to lower secondary, 3-4 upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary, 5-8 tertiary including short-cycle. Unemployment is relative to the labour force (students not seeking work are outside it), employment to the whole population of the group. Break and low-reliability flags are in the labour_education_eurostat dataset. Source: Eurostat, lfsa_urgaed.

Source: Eurostat — EU Labour Force Survey: unemployment and employment by education (lfsa_urgaed, lfsa_ergaed)

Unemployment aged 25-64: below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) (Eurostat)

7 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Turkey: Unemployment aged 25-64: below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) (Eurostat)2006: 7.2; 2025: 70510152010201520202025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25-64 with below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) education. EU Labour Force Survey, annual average of quarters. ISCED 2011 levels: 0-2 up to lower secondary, 3-4 upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary, 5-8 tertiary including short-cycle. Unemployment is relative to the labour force (students not seeking work are outside it), employment to the whole population of the group. Break and low-reliability flags are in the labour_education_eurostat dataset. Source: Eurostat, lfsa_urgaed.

Source: Eurostat — EU Labour Force Survey: unemployment and employment by education (lfsa_urgaed, lfsa_ergaed)

Unemployment aged 25-64: upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) (Eurostat)

8 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Turkey: Unemployment aged 25-64: upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) (Eurostat)2006: 7.8; 2025: 80510152010201520202025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25-64 with upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) education. EU Labour Force Survey, annual average of quarters. ISCED 2011 levels: 0-2 up to lower secondary, 3-4 upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary, 5-8 tertiary including short-cycle. Unemployment is relative to the labour force (students not seeking work are outside it), employment to the whole population of the group. Break and low-reliability flags are in the labour_education_eurostat dataset. Source: Eurostat, lfsa_urgaed.

Source: Eurostat — EU Labour Force Survey: unemployment and employment by education (lfsa_urgaed, lfsa_ergaed)

Unemployment aged 25-64: tertiary (ISCED 5-8) (Eurostat)

7.1 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Turkey: Unemployment aged 25-64: tertiary (ISCED 5-8) (Eurostat)2006: 5.9; 2025: 7.10510152010201520202025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25-64 with tertiary (ISCED 5-8) education. EU Labour Force Survey, annual average of quarters. ISCED 2011 levels: 0-2 up to lower secondary, 3-4 upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary, 5-8 tertiary including short-cycle. Unemployment is relative to the labour force (students not seeking work are outside it), employment to the whole population of the group. Break and low-reliability flags are in the labour_education_eurostat dataset. Source: Eurostat, lfsa_urgaed.

Source: Eurostat — EU Labour Force Survey: unemployment and employment by education (lfsa_urgaed, lfsa_ergaed)

Employment aged 25-29: below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) (Eurostat)

47.1 % of population latest value, 2025

Turkey: Employment aged 25-29: below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) (Eurostat)2006: 45; 2025: 47.102040602010201520202025

Employed as a share of the whole population, people aged 25-29 with below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) education. EU Labour Force Survey, annual average of quarters. ISCED 2011 levels: 0-2 up to lower secondary, 3-4 upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary, 5-8 tertiary including short-cycle. Unemployment is relative to the labour force (students not seeking work are outside it), employment to the whole population of the group. Break and low-reliability flags are in the labour_education_eurostat dataset. Source: Eurostat, lfsa_ergaed.

Source: Eurostat — EU Labour Force Survey: unemployment and employment by education (lfsa_urgaed, lfsa_ergaed)

Employment aged 25-29: upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) (Eurostat)

63.5 % of population latest value, 2025

Turkey: Employment aged 25-29: upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) (Eurostat)2006: 62.2; 2025: 63.50204060802010201520202025

Employed as a share of the whole population, people aged 25-29 with upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) education. EU Labour Force Survey, annual average of quarters. ISCED 2011 levels: 0-2 up to lower secondary, 3-4 upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary, 5-8 tertiary including short-cycle. Unemployment is relative to the labour force (students not seeking work are outside it), employment to the whole population of the group. Break and low-reliability flags are in the labour_education_eurostat dataset. Source: Eurostat, lfsa_ergaed.

Source: Eurostat — EU Labour Force Survey: unemployment and employment by education (lfsa_urgaed, lfsa_ergaed)

Employment aged 25-29: tertiary (ISCED 5-8) (Eurostat)

71 % of population latest value, 2025

Turkey: Employment aged 25-29: tertiary (ISCED 5-8) (Eurostat)2006: 74.2; 2025: 710204060802010201520202025

Employed as a share of the whole population, people aged 25-29 with tertiary (ISCED 5-8) education. EU Labour Force Survey, annual average of quarters. ISCED 2011 levels: 0-2 up to lower secondary, 3-4 upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary, 5-8 tertiary including short-cycle. Unemployment is relative to the labour force (students not seeking work are outside it), employment to the whole population of the group. Break and low-reliability flags are in the labour_education_eurostat dataset. Source: Eurostat, lfsa_ergaed.

Source: Eurostat — EU Labour Force Survey: unemployment and employment by education (lfsa_urgaed, lfsa_ergaed)

Employment aged 25-64: below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) (Eurostat)

48.6 % of population latest value, 2025

Turkey: Employment aged 25-64: below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) (Eurostat)2006: 43.8; 2025: 48.6010203040502010201520202025

Employed as a share of the whole population, people aged 25-64 with below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) education. EU Labour Force Survey, annual average of quarters. ISCED 2011 levels: 0-2 up to lower secondary, 3-4 upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary, 5-8 tertiary including short-cycle. Unemployment is relative to the labour force (students not seeking work are outside it), employment to the whole population of the group. Break and low-reliability flags are in the labour_education_eurostat dataset. Source: Eurostat, lfsa_ergaed.

Source: Eurostat — EU Labour Force Survey: unemployment and employment by education (lfsa_urgaed, lfsa_ergaed)

Employment aged 25-64: upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) (Eurostat)

62.2 % of population latest value, 2025

Turkey: Employment aged 25-64: upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) (Eurostat)2006: 61.4; 2025: 62.20204060802010201520202025

Employed as a share of the whole population, people aged 25-64 with upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) education. EU Labour Force Survey, annual average of quarters. ISCED 2011 levels: 0-2 up to lower secondary, 3-4 upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary, 5-8 tertiary including short-cycle. Unemployment is relative to the labour force (students not seeking work are outside it), employment to the whole population of the group. Break and low-reliability flags are in the labour_education_eurostat dataset. Source: Eurostat, lfsa_ergaed.

Source: Eurostat — EU Labour Force Survey: unemployment and employment by education (lfsa_urgaed, lfsa_ergaed)

Employment aged 25-64: tertiary (ISCED 5-8) (Eurostat)

75 % of population latest value, 2025

Turkey: Employment aged 25-64: tertiary (ISCED 5-8) (Eurostat)2006: 74.5; 2025: 750204060802010201520202025

Employed as a share of the whole population, people aged 25-64 with tertiary (ISCED 5-8) education. EU Labour Force Survey, annual average of quarters. ISCED 2011 levels: 0-2 up to lower secondary, 3-4 upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary, 5-8 tertiary including short-cycle. Unemployment is relative to the labour force (students not seeking work are outside it), employment to the whole population of the group. Break and low-reliability flags are in the labour_education_eurostat dataset. Source: Eurostat, lfsa_ergaed.

Source: Eurostat — EU Labour Force Survey: unemployment and employment by education (lfsa_urgaed, lfsa_ergaed)

Unemployment aged 25-34: below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) (OECD)

10.6 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Turkey: Unemployment aged 25-34: below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) (OECD)1991: 7.5; 2025: 10.6051015201995200020052010201520202025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25-34 with below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) education. OECD Education at a Glance, from national labour force surveys. Standard errors (mostly from 2015) and break flags are in the labour_education_oecd dataset. The OECD age band 25-34 differs from Eurostat's 25-29.

Source: OECD — Education at a Glance database, labour market outcomes by educational attainment

Unemployment aged 25-34: upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) (OECD)

10.3 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Turkey: Unemployment aged 25-34: upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) (OECD)1991: 9.2; 2025: 10.3051015201995200020052010201520202025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25-34 with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) education. OECD Education at a Glance, from national labour force surveys. Standard errors (mostly from 2015) and break flags are in the labour_education_oecd dataset. The OECD age band 25-34 differs from Eurostat's 25-29.

Source: OECD — Education at a Glance database, labour market outcomes by educational attainment

Unemployment aged 25-34: tertiary (ISCED 5-8) (OECD)

9.8 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Turkey: Unemployment aged 25-34: tertiary (ISCED 5-8) (OECD)1991: 5.4; 2025: 9.80510151995200020052010201520202025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25-34 with tertiary (ISCED 5-8) education. OECD Education at a Glance, from national labour force surveys. Standard errors (mostly from 2015) and break flags are in the labour_education_oecd dataset. The OECD age band 25-34 differs from Eurostat's 25-29.

Source: OECD — Education at a Glance database, labour market outcomes by educational attainment

Employment aged 25-34: below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) (OECD)

51.9 % of population latest value, 2025

Turkey: Employment aged 25-34: below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) (OECD)1991: 61; 2025: 51.90204060801995200020052010201520202025

Employed as a share of the whole population, people aged 25-34 with below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) education. OECD Education at a Glance, from national labour force surveys. Standard errors (mostly from 2015) and break flags are in the labour_education_oecd dataset. The OECD age band 25-34 differs from Eurostat's 25-29.

Source: OECD — Education at a Glance database, labour market outcomes by educational attainment

Employment aged 25-34: upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) (OECD)

64.5 % of population latest value, 2025

Turkey: Employment aged 25-34: upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) (OECD)1991: 69.9; 2025: 64.50204060801995200020052010201520202025

Employed as a share of the whole population, people aged 25-34 with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) education. OECD Education at a Glance, from national labour force surveys. Standard errors (mostly from 2015) and break flags are in the labour_education_oecd dataset. The OECD age band 25-34 differs from Eurostat's 25-29.

Source: OECD — Education at a Glance database, labour market outcomes by educational attainment

Employment aged 25-34: tertiary (ISCED 5-8) (OECD)

73.3 % of population latest value, 2025

Turkey: Employment aged 25-34: tertiary (ISCED 5-8) (OECD)1991: 89.3; 2025: 73.30204060801001995200020052010201520202025

Employed as a share of the whole population, people aged 25-34 with tertiary (ISCED 5-8) education. OECD Education at a Glance, from national labour force surveys. Standard errors (mostly from 2015) and break flags are in the labour_education_oecd dataset. The OECD age band 25-34 differs from Eurostat's 25-29.

Source: OECD — Education at a Glance database, labour market outcomes by educational attainment

Earnings aged 25-64, tertiary (ISCED 5-8) relative to upper secondary (OECD)

153 % (upper secondary = 100) latest value, 2024

Turkey: Earnings aged 25-64, tertiary (ISCED 5-8) relative to upper secondary (OECD)2012: 190; 2024: 15305010015020020152020

Earnings of full-time full-year workers aged 25-64 with tertiary (ISCED 5-8) education as a percentage of the earnings of similar workers with upper secondary education (= 100). OECD Education at a Glance; earnings come from surveys or tax and register data, the reference year lags by one or two years in some countries. All earners (not only full-time) are in the labour_education_oecd dataset.

Source: OECD — Education at a Glance database, labour market outcomes by educational attainment

Earnings aged 25-64, below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) relative to upper secondary (OECD)

76 % (upper secondary = 100) latest value, 2024

Turkey: Earnings aged 25-64, below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) relative to upper secondary (OECD)2012: 79; 2024: 7602040608020152020

Earnings of full-time full-year workers aged 25-64 with below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) education as a percentage of the earnings of similar workers with upper secondary education (= 100). OECD Education at a Glance; earnings come from surveys or tax and register data, the reference year lags by one or two years in some countries. All earners (not only full-time) are in the labour_education_oecd dataset.

Source: OECD — Education at a Glance database, labour market outcomes by educational attainment

Earnings aged 25-34, tertiary (ISCED 5-8) relative to upper secondary (OECD)

134 % (upper secondary = 100) latest value, 2024

Turkey: Earnings aged 25-34, tertiary (ISCED 5-8) relative to upper secondary (OECD)2012: 184; 2024: 13405010015020020152020

Earnings of full-time full-year workers aged 25-34 with tertiary (ISCED 5-8) education as a percentage of the earnings of similar workers with upper secondary education (= 100). OECD Education at a Glance; earnings come from surveys or tax and register data, the reference year lags by one or two years in some countries. All earners (not only full-time) are in the labour_education_oecd dataset.

Source: OECD — Education at a Glance database, labour market outcomes by educational attainment

Unemployment aged 25 and over: basic education (ILO)

6.6 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Turkey: Unemployment aged 25 and over: basic education (ILO)2000: 4.5; 2025: 6.6051015200020052010201520202025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25 and over with basic education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, UNE_DEAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.

Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)

Unemployment aged 25 and over: intermediate education (ILO)

8 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Turkey: Unemployment aged 25 and over: intermediate education (ILO)2000: 5.5; 2025: 8051015200020052010201520202025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25 and over with intermediate education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, UNE_DEAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.

Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)

Unemployment aged 25 and over: advanced (tertiary) education (ILO)

7 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Turkey: Unemployment aged 25 and over: advanced (tertiary) education (ILO)2004: 7.8; 2025: 705101520052010201520202025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25 and over with advanced (tertiary) education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, UNE_DEAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.

Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)

Unemployment aged 15-24: basic education (ILO)

11.2 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Turkey: Unemployment aged 15-24: basic education (ILO)2000: 9.5; 2025: 11.20510152025200020052010201520202025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 15-24 with basic education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, UNE_DEAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.

Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)

Unemployment aged 15-24: advanced (tertiary) education (ILO)

23.5 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Turkey: Unemployment aged 15-24: advanced (tertiary) education (ILO)2004: 39.8; 2025: 23.501020304020052010201520202025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 15-24 with advanced (tertiary) education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, UNE_DEAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.

Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)

Employment aged 25 and over: basic education (ILO)

45.4 % of population latest value, 2025

Turkey: Employment aged 25 and over: basic education (ILO)2000: 51.9; 2025: 45.40204060200020052010201520202025

Employed as a share of the population, people aged 25 and over with basic education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, EMP_DWAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.

Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)

Employment aged 25 and over: advanced (tertiary) education (ILO)

71.5 % of population latest value, 2025

Turkey: Employment aged 25 and over: advanced (tertiary) education (ILO)2004: 72.7; 2025: 71.502040608020052010201520202025

Employed as a share of the population, people aged 25 and over with advanced (tertiary) education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, EMP_DWAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.

Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)

In-depth checks

This country has in-depth checks against archives of national projections:

Same region: Asia

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