China

Name: Macroscope: China
Creator: Macroscope

Asia

All indicators of the Macroscope base for China, with sources. Below: what past UN and IMF releases projected and what actually happened.

Open on the chart CSV: all facts API

Population

1.42B

persons, 1 July, 2023

UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Births

7.92M

births per year, 2025

National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBS), Statistical Communiqué on National Economic and Social Development

Total fertility rate

1.00

children per woman, 2023

UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Median age

39.1

years, 2023

UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

International migrants, share

0.1

% of population, 2024

UN DESA, International Migrant Stock 2024

Internet users

91.6

% of population, 2025

World Bank, World Development Indicators

GDP per capita, PPP

25,067

constant 2021 international $, 2025

World Bank, World Development Indicators

Electricity demand per person

7,405

kWh per person a year, 2025

Ember, Yearly Electricity Data

What the data shows

Computed with the same code as the observations under the main chart and in the API (get_insights). Moving together in time does not prove a cause.

How the indicators changed

Fertility (TFR): 5.81 in 1950 → 1.00 in 2023 (−83%). Peak: 7.51 in 1963; the latest value is 87% lower. Thresholds: below 2.1 since 1991, below 1.5 since 2019. The trend broke around 1970 and 1977: +0.02 → −0.49 → −0.03 a year.
Births: 22.3M in 1950 → 7.92M in 2025 (−64%). Peak: 33.5M in 1963; the latest value is 76% lower. The trend broke around 1968: direction reversed (+329k → −291k a year).
Population: 544M in 1950 → 1.42B in 2023 (×2.6). The trend broke around 1994: change slowed down (+16.8M → +7.97M a year).
Internet: 0% in 1990 → 91.6% in 2025 (+92 pp). Thresholds: above 10% since 2006, above 50% since 2015, above 90% since 2023. Fastest growth in 2019–2024: 64.1% → 92%.
Urban share: 19.7% in 1960 → 66.3% in 2025 (+47 pp). Low: 16.8% in 1963; +50 pp since then. Threshold: above 50% since 2011. The trend broke around 1976 and 1995: −0.09 → +0.68 → +1.3 a year.
GDP per person (PPP): 1,667 PPP dollars in 1990 → 25,067 PPP dollars in 2025 (×15). The trend broke around 2003: change sped up (+261 → +757 a year).
GDP growth: on average 9.8% in the 1980s, 10.1% in the 1990s, 10.4% in the 2000s, 7.7% in the 2010s, 4.9% in the 2020s. Lowest: 2.3% in 2020; highest: 15.2% in 1984.
Inflation: on average 7.7% in the 1980s, 7.8% in the 1990s, 1.9% in the 2000s, 2.6% in the 2010s, 1.0% in the 2020s. Lowest: −1.4% in 1999; highest: 24.3% in 1994.
Net migration: on average −7k a year in the 1950s, −34.5k a year in the 1960s, −112k a year in the 1970s, −108k a year in the 1980s, −283k a year in the 1990s, −523k a year in the 2000s, −297k a year in the 2010s, −333k a year in the 2020s.
Life expectancy, men: 42.2 years in 1950 → 75.2 years in 2023 (+33 years). Low: 32.2 years in 1960; +43 years since then. Threshold: above 70 years since 2001. The trend broke around 1960 and 1973: −0.25 → +1.3 → +0.35 a year.

What changed at the same time

The fastest decline of "Fertility (TFR)" was in 1968–1978: 6.51 → 2.72. Over the same years: births 31.7M → 20.2M; population 781M → 956M; urban share 17.6% → 17.9%; net migration −37.3k a year → −9.92k a year; life expectancy, men 53.3 years → 60.9 years; no data for the others in those years.
Over the last 10 years (2013–2023): fertility (TFR) 1.71 → 1.00; births 18.3M → 9.02M; population 1.38B → 1.42B; internet 45.8% → 90.6%; urban share 54.5% → 65.5%; GDP per person (PPP) 13,081 PPP dollars → 22,687 PPP dollars; GDP growth 7.8% → 5.4%; inflation 2.6% → 0.2%; net migration −189k a year → −568k a year; life expectancy, men 73.9 years → 75.2 years.

How the indicators relate

Fertility (TFR) and internet (1990–2023, 32 years): levels are noticeably related, in opposite directions (r = −0.47); year-to-year changes show no reliable link (r = −0.13).
Fertility (TFR) and urban share (1960–2023, 64 years): levels are noticeably related, in opposite directions (r = −0.69); year-to-year changes are weakly related (r = −0.34).
Fertility (TFR) and GDP per person (PPP) (1990–2023, 34 years): levels are noticeably related, in opposite directions (r = −0.53); year-to-year changes show no reliable link (r = 0.14).

Against other countries

Fertility (TFR), adjusted for income: countries with the same GDP per person (22,690 PPP dollars) typically have 1.87; here it is 1.00, lower than in 99% of countries at this income (2023, 197 countries).
Internet, adjusted for income: countries with the same GDP per person (23,840 PPP dollars) typically have 80.1%; here it is 92%, higher than in 89% of countries at this income (2024, 177 countries).
Order of events: fertility below 3: 1977; fertility below 2.1: 1991; urban majority: 2011; half the population online: 2015. Fertility fell below 3 after the urban share passed 50% in 69% of 111 countries where the order is known; median gap 9 years. Fertility fell below 2.1 before half the population went online in 88% of 112 countries where the order is known.

Forecasts vs actual

Fertility (TFR): past UN projections. The outcome was below the projection in 9 of 11 revisions (1998–2022) and above in 2; median gap −12%.
Fertility (TFR): UN 2024 projection (medium): 2050 — 1.18 (+18% vs 2023), 2100 — 1.35 (+35% vs 2023); low variant for 2100: 0.85.
Births: past UN projections. The outcome was below the projection in 12 of 12 revisions (1998–2022) and above in none; median gap −40%.
The UN 2002 projection did not expect today's level (7.92M, 2025) before its horizon ended (2050).
The UN 2022 projection expected today's level (7.92M, 2025) only after 2050: reality is at least 26 years ahead of it.
National statistics for 2025: 7.92M, 9% below the UN 2024 medium variant (8.71M).
Births: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2050 — 7.37M (−7% vs 2025), 2100 — 3.1M (−61% vs 2025); low variant for 2100: 643k.
Population: past UN projections. The outcome was below the projection in 10 of 12 revisions (1998–2022) and above in 2; median gap −1.1%.
Population: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2050 — 1.26B (−11% vs 2023), 2100 — 633M (−55% vs 2023); low variant for 2100: 406M.
Why the UN missed the population. The 1998 projection for 2023: 1.47B; the UN's 2024 estimate: 1.42B (−3.3%). Parts of the gap (plus means more people than projected): the starting population −383k, births −74.5M, deaths +32.9M (fewer deaths than expected), migration −5.45M; the largest: births.
Why the UN missed the population. The 2010 projection for 2023: 1.39B; the UN's 2024 estimate: 1.42B (+2.1%). Parts of the gap (plus means more people than projected): the starting population +10.2M, births +6.94M, deaths +12.3M (fewer deaths than expected), migration +830k; the largest: deaths.
GDP growth: IMF next-year forecasts (36 editions, 2007–2024). On average the outcome was 0.2 pp below the forecast; below it in 50% of cases; typical error ±0.9 pp. The biggest miss was for 2020: IMF, April 2019 expected 6.1%, the outcome was 2.3%.
GDP growth: latest IMF forecast (IMF, April 2026): 2026 — 4.4%, 2028 — 4%, 2031 — 3.3%.
Inflation: IMF next-year forecasts (36 editions, 2007–2024). On average the outcome was 0.4 pp below the forecast; below it in 61% of cases; typical error ±1.4 pp. The biggest miss was for 2009: IMF, October 2008 expected 4.3%, the outcome was −0.7%.
Inflation: latest IMF forecast (IMF, April 2026): 2026 — 1.2%, 2028 — 1.8%, 2031 — 2%.
Net migration: past UN projections. The outcome was above the projection in 2 of 12 revisions (1998–2022) and below in 10; median difference −63k a year. The biggest miss: the 2022 revision expected −310k a year for 2023; the outcome was −568k a year.
Net migration: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2030 — −199k a year, 2050 — −171k a year, 2100 — −77.8k a year.
Life expectancy, men: past UN projections. The outcome was above the projection in 8 of 12 revisions (1998–2022) and below in 4; median difference +1.4 years. The biggest miss: the 2002 revision expected 70.1 years for 2020–2025; the outcome was 75.4 years (for the years of the period so far).
Life expectancy, men: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2030 — 77.3 years, 2050 — 81.5 years, 2100 — 88.4 years.

UN projections vs actual

Solid line: actual data, UN WPP 2024 estimates; births and fertility from national statistics from the last year they matched the UN estimate (the UN's figures for the latest years are partly its own projection). Dashed: medium variants of past UN revisions. The table shows what each revision expected for the latest year (or five-year period) with actual data.

Population

persons, 1 July

Actual
UN 1998
UN 2000
UN 2002
UN 2004
UN 2006
UN 2008
UN 2010
UN 2012
UN 2015
UN 2017
UN 2019
UN 2022
UN 2024, medium

Release	Target period	Horizon	Expected	Actual	Actual vs expected
UN 1998	2023	25 years	1.47B	1.42B	−3.3%
UN 2000	2023	23 years	1.46B	1.42B	−2.7%
UN 2002	2023	21 years	1.44B	1.42B	−1.2%
UN 2004	2023	19 years	1.44B	1.42B	−0.9%
UN 2006	2023	17 years	1.44B	1.42B	−1%
UN 2008	2023	15 years	1.45B	1.42B	−1.6%
UN 2010	2023	13 years	1.39B	1.42B	+2.1%
UN 2012	2023	11 years	1.44B	1.42B	−1.5%
UN 2015	2023	8 years	1.41B	1.42B	+0.8%
UN 2017	2023	6 years	1.43B	1.42B	−0.8%
UN 2019	2023	4 years	1.45B	1.42B	−2%
UN 2022	2023	1 year	1.43B	1.42B	−0.2%

Births

births per year

Actual
UN 1998
UN 2000
UN 2002
UN 2004
UN 2006
UN 2008
UN 2010
UN 2012
UN 2015
UN 2017
UN 2019
UN 2022
UN 2024, medium

Release	Target period	Horizon	Expected	Actual	Actual vs expected
UN 1998	2020–2025	24 years	17.6M	9.67M	−45%
UN 2000	2020–2025	22 years	17.4M	9.67M	−44.6%
UN 2002	2020–2025	20 years	17M	9.67M	−43%
UN 2004	2020–2025	18 years	16.6M	9.67M	−41.9%
UN 2006	2020–2025	16 years	17.4M	9.67M	−44.4%
UN 2008	2020–2025	14 years	16.7M	9.67M	−42.1%
UN 2010	2020–2025	12 years	13.7M	9.67M	−29.6%
UN 2012	2020–2025	10 years	15.3M	9.67M	−36.7%
UN 2015	2020–2025	8 years	13.9M	9.67M	−30.3%
UN 2017	2020–2025	6 years	14.8M	9.67M	−34.7%
UN 2019	2020–2025	4 years	15.4M	9.67M	−37.3%
UN 2022	2025	3 years	10.4M	7.92M	−24.2%

Total fertility rate

children per woman

Actual
UN 1998
UN 2000
UN 2002
UN 2004
UN 2006
UN 2008
UN 2010
UN 2012
UN 2015
UN 2017
UN 2019
UN 2022
UN 2024, medium

Release	Target period	Horizon	Expected	Actual	Actual vs expected
UN 1998	2015–2020	20 years	1.90	1.61	−15.2%
UN 2000	2015–2020	18 years	1.90	1.61	−15.2%
UN 2002	2015–2020	16 years	1.85	1.61	−12.9%
UN 2004	2015–2020	14 years	1.85	1.61	−12.9%
UN 2006	2015–2020	12 years	1.83	1.61	−11.7%
UN 2008	2015–2020	10 years	1.84	1.61	−12.3%
UN 2010	2015–2020	8 years	1.51	1.61	+6.6%
UN 2012	2015–2020	6 years	1.69	1.61	−4.9%
UN 2015	2015–2020	2 years	1.59	1.61	+1.3%
UN 2017	2015–2020	0 years	1.64	1.61	−1.5%
UN 2022	2023	1 year	1.19	1.00	−16%

Deaths

thousand deaths per year

Actual
UN 1998
UN 2000
UN 2002
UN 2004
UN 2006
UN 2008
UN 2010
UN 2012
UN 2015
UN 2017
UN 2019
UN 2022
UN 2024, medium

Release	Target period	Horizon	Expected	Actual	Actual vs expected
UN 1998	2015–2020	20 years	11,247	9,960	−11.4%
UN 2000	2015–2020	18 years	11,220	9,960	−11.2%
UN 2002	2015–2020	16 years	12,422	9,960	−19.8%
UN 2004	2015–2020	14 years	11,601	9,960	−14.1%
UN 2006	2015–2020	12 years	11,096	9,960	−10.2%
UN 2008	2015–2020	10 years	10,966	9,960	−9.2%
UN 2010	2015–2020	8 years	10,882	9,960	−8.5%
UN 2012	2015–2020	6 years	10,698	9,960	−6.9%
UN 2015	2015–2020	2 years	10,248	9,960	−2.8%
UN 2017	2015–2020	0 years	10,517	9,960	−5.3%
UN 2022	2023	1 year	10,706	11,684	+9.1%

Infant mortality

deaths under age 1 per 1,000 live births

Actual
UN 1998
UN 2000
UN 2002
UN 2004
UN 2006
UN 2008
UN 2010
UN 2012
UN 2015
UN 2017
UN 2019
UN 2022
UN 2024, medium

Release	Target period	Horizon	Expected	Actual	Actual vs expected
UN 1998	2015–2020	20 years	24.7	7.3	−70.6%
UN 2000	2015–2020	18 years	25.2	7.3	−71.2%
UN 2002	2015–2020	16 years	25.8	7.3	−71.8%
UN 2004	2015–2020	14 years	24.1	7.3	−69.9%
UN 2006	2015–2020	12 years	18.3	7.3	−60.3%
UN 2008	2015–2020	10 years	18.3	7.3	−60.3%
UN 2010	2015–2020	8 years	17.7	7.3	−58.9%
UN 2012	2015–2020	6 years	11.3	7.3	−35.8%
UN 2015	2015–2020	2 years	9.6	7.3	−24.4%
UN 2017	2015–2020	0 years	10	7.3	−27.6%
UN 2022	2023	1 year	5.7	5.1	−10.5%

Net migration

persons per year

Actual
UN 1998
UN 2000
UN 2002
UN 2004
UN 2006
UN 2008
UN 2010
UN 2012
UN 2015
UN 2017
UN 2019
UN 2022
UN 2024, medium

Release	Target period	Horizon	Expected	Actual	Actual vs expected
UN 1998	2020–2025*	24 years	−164k	−368k	−204k a year
UN 2000	2020–2025*	22 years	−302k	−368k	−66k a year
UN 2002	2020–2025*	20 years	−302k	−368k	−66k a year
UN 2004	2020–2025*	18 years	−320k	−368k	−48k a year
UN 2006	2020–2025*	16 years	−320k	−368k	−48k a year
UN 2008	2020–2025*	14 years	−308k	−368k	−60k a year
UN 2010	2020–2025*	12 years	−368k	−368k	0k a year
UN 2012	2020–2025*	10 years	−300k	−368k	−68k a year
UN 2015	2020–2025*	8 years	−300k	−368k	−68k a year
UN 2017	2020–2025*	6 years	−324k	−368k	−44k a year
UN 2019	2020–2025*	4 years	−371k	−368k	+3k a year
UN 2022	2023	1 year	−310k	−568k	−258k a year

Life expectancy at birth, women

years

Actual
UN 1998
UN 2000
UN 2002
UN 2004
UN 2006
UN 2008
UN 2010
UN 2012
UN 2015
UN 2017
UN 2019
UN 2022
UN 2024, medium

Release	Target period	Horizon	Expected	Actual	Actual vs expected
UN 1998	2020–2025*	24 years	77.9	81	+3.1 yrs
UN 2000	2020–2025*	22 years	77.9	81	+3.1 yrs
UN 2002	2020–2025*	20 years	76.1	81	+4.9 yrs
UN 2004	2020–2025*	18 years	76.9	81	+4.1 yrs
UN 2006	2020–2025*	16 years	77.8	81	+3.2 yrs
UN 2008	2020–2025*	14 years	77.8	81	+3.2 yrs
UN 2010	2020–2025*	12 years	77.6	81	+3.4 yrs
UN 2012	2020–2025*	10 years	78.1	81	+2.9 yrs
UN 2015	2020–2025*	8 years	79.1	81	+1.9 yrs
UN 2017	2020–2025*	6 years	78.9	81	+2.1 yrs
UN 2019	2020–2025*	4 years	79.7	81	+1.2 yrs
UN 2022	2023	1 year	81.5	80.9	−0.6 yrs

Life expectancy at birth, men

years

Actual
UN 1998
UN 2000
UN 2002
UN 2004
UN 2006
UN 2008
UN 2010
UN 2012
UN 2015
UN 2017
UN 2019
UN 2022
UN 2024, medium

Release	Target period	Horizon	Expected	Actual	Actual vs expected
UN 1998	2020–2025*	24 years	73.3	75.4	+2.1 yrs
UN 2000	2020–2025*	22 years	73.3	75.4	+2.1 yrs
UN 2002	2020–2025*	20 years	70.1	75.4	+5.3 yrs
UN 2004	2020–2025*	18 years	72.2	75.4	+3.2 yrs
UN 2006	2020–2025*	16 years	74	75.4	+1.4 yrs
UN 2008	2020–2025*	14 years	74	75.4	+1.4 yrs
UN 2010	2020–2025*	12 years	73.8	75.4	+1.6 yrs
UN 2012	2020–2025*	10 years	75.5	75.4	−0.1 yrs
UN 2015	2020–2025*	8 years	76.1	75.4	−0.7 yrs
UN 2017	2020–2025*	6 years	75.8	75.4	−0.4 yrs
UN 2019	2020–2025*	4 years	75.4	75.4	0 yrs
UN 2022	2023	1 year	76.2	75.2	−1 yrs

* The five-year period is not over: the projection is compared with the mean of its years so far (UN facts end in 2023).

IMF forecasts vs actual

Solid line: actual values from the latest IMF edition (data get revised, so we use the newest). Dashed: April editions, current year and five years ahead. The table covers next-year forecasts from all editions: mean error shows bias, mean absolute error shows accuracy.

Real GDP growth

% per year

Actual (IMF)
WEO, April editions

Indicator	Forecasts	Mean error	Mean absolute error	Actual below forecast
Real GDP growth	36	−0.2 pp	0.9 pp	50%
Inflation	36	−0.4 pp	1.4 pp	61%
Unemployment rate	18	+1.1 pp	1.1 pp	6%
Government gross debt	26	+8.3 pp	8.4 pp	8%
Government budget balance	27	0 pp	1.3 pp	56%

All indicators

Demography

Population

1.42B persons, 1 July latest value, 2023

Population on 1 July. UN estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024; past UN revisions for forecast checks.

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Births

7.92M births per year latest value, 2025

Live births per calendar year. UN WPP 2024 and national statistics (64 countries, 2015-2025).

Source: National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBS), Statistical Communiqué on National Economic and Social Development

Deaths

11,684 thousand deaths per year latest value, 2023

Deaths per calendar year (UN estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024); past UN revisions for forecast checks.

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Natural change

−2,784.3 thousand persons per year latest value, 2023

Births minus deaths in the year (UN). Negative: natural decrease, more deaths than births.

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Rate of natural change

−2 per 1,000 population per year latest value, 2023

Births minus deaths in the year per 1,000 people (UN). With the net migration rate it makes up population growth.

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Life expectancy at 65

17.5 years latest value, 2023

Years a person aged 65 would still live at the mortality rates of the year; both sexes (UN).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Infant mortality

5.1 deaths under age 1 per 1,000 live births latest value, 2023

Children per 1,000 live births who die before their first birthday (UN); past UN revisions for forecast checks.

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Total fertility rate

1.00 children per woman latest value, 2023

Average number of children a woman would have at the age-specific fertility rates of the year.

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Life expectancy at birth, women

80.9 years latest value, 2023

Years a newborn girl would live at the mortality rates of the year (UN).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Life expectancy at birth, men

75.2 years latest value, 2023

Years a newborn boy would live at the mortality rates of the year (UN).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Median age

39.1 years latest value, 2023

Age that divides the population in two halves (UN).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Mean age of mothers at childbirth

29 years latest value, 2023

Mean age of mothers at the birth of their children of any order (UN).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Sex ratio at birth

110.8 boys per 100 girls latest value, 2023

Boys born per 100 girls born (UN).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Crude marriage rate

4.78 marriages per 1,000 people latest value, 2025

Marriages in the year per 1,000 people: marriages from national offices (Korea, Japan, Taiwan, China, the USA, the UK, Russia, Brazil and others, where they publish more than the international databases), Eurostat and the UN, divided by the UN WPP 2024 population. Where most births are within marriage, marriages come before births.

Source: China Ministry of Civil Affairs, statistical bulletins

Marriages

6.77M marriages a year latest value, 2025

Marriages in the year (couples). National offices (Korea, Japan, Taiwan, China, the USA, the UK, Russia, Brazil and others), Eurostat for Europe, the UN for the rest; by year of registration or of occurrence, as each country counts.

Source: China Ministry of Civil Affairs, statistical bulletins

Adolescent fertility rate

5.2 births per 1,000 women aged 15-19 latest value, 2024

Births to women aged 15-19 per 1,000 women of that age (World Bank, from UN World Population Prospects).

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Old-age dependency

19.8 persons 65+ per 100 aged 20-64 latest value, 2020

Persons aged 65+ per 100 aged 20-64, every five years (UN).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Children under 15

236,001 thousand persons, 1 July latest value, 2023

Children aged 0-14 on 1 July: the sum of the five-year groups 0-4, 5-9 and 10-14 (UN; estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Children under 5

58,042 thousand persons, 1 July latest value, 2023

Children aged 0-4 on 1 July (UN; estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

People aged 65 and over

203,658 thousand persons, 1 July latest value, 2023

People aged 65 and over on 1 July: the sum of the five-year groups from 65-69 to 100+ (UN; estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

People aged 80 and over

34,915 thousand persons, 1 July latest value, 2023

People aged 80 and over on 1 July: the sum of the five-year groups from 80-84 to 100+ (UN; estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024).

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Migration

Net migration

−568k persons per year latest value, 2023

Immigrants minus emigrants per year (UN estimate and projection). Past UN revisions for forecast checks.

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Net migration rate

−0.4 per 1,000 population per year latest value, 2023

Immigrants minus emigrants per year per 1,000 people: UN net migration divided by the population on 1 July. Comparable across countries of any size.

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024

Personal remittances received

0.2 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Money sent home by people working or living abroad, percent of the receiving country's GDP (World Bank, from IMF balance of payments data).

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

International migrants, share

0.1 % of population latest value, 2024

People born in another country (foreign citizens where birthplace is not recorded) as a share of the population at mid-year (UN, every five years and 2024).

Source: UN DESA, International Migrant Stock 2024

International migrant stock

1.64M persons latest value, 2024

Number of people born in another country (or foreign citizens) living in the country at mid-year (UN).

Source: UN DESA, International Migrant Stock 2024

Emigrants, share

0.8 % of home population latest value, 2024

People from the country (born there or its citizens) living in other countries, as a percentage of the population living in the country (UN, International Migrant Stock 2024).

Source: UN DESA, International Migrant Stock 2024

Emigrant stock

11.7M persons latest value, 2024

Number of people from the country (born there or its citizens) living in other countries at mid-year (UN).

Source: UN DESA, International Migrant Stock 2024

Refugees hosted

0.23k persons, end of year latest value, 2025

Refugees under UNHCR's mandate (incl. people in refugee-like situations) and other people in need of international protection living in the country; asylum-seekers and internally displaced people are not included.

Source: UNHCR Refugee Data Finder

Refugees hosted per 1,000 people

0 per 1,000 population latest value, 2025

Refugees under UNHCR's mandate and other people in need of international protection living in the country, per 1,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024).

Source: UNHCR Refugee Data Finder

Refugees from the country

154k persons, end of year latest value, 2025

Refugees and other people in need of international protection from the country living abroad (UNHCR). Palestine refugees under UNRWA's mandate are not included, so the figure for Palestine is far too low.

Source: UNHCR Refugee Data Finder

Refugees from the country per 1,000 people

0.1 per 1,000 population of the country latest value, 2025

Refugees and other people in need of international protection from the country per 1,000 people living in it (UNHCR; population: UN WPP 2024). UNRWA refugees not included.

Source: UNHCR Refugee Data Finder

Citizens under temporary protection in Europe

0.5 thousand persons, end of year latest value, 2026

Citizens of the country under temporary protection in the EU, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland (all 31 report from 2022), end of December. For the running year: the latest month all have published. Granted from March 2022 to people fleeing the war in Ukraine: almost all are Ukrainians; for other countries, their citizens who lived in Ukraine. Eurostat, migr_asytpsm.

Source: Eurostat, beneficiaries of temporary protection at the end of June 2026 (latest month published; the year is not over)

Asylum applications worldwide

0 new applications per 1,000 people latest value, 2025

New asylum applications lodged in the country in the year per 1,000 people (UNHCR; cases where a country counts cases rather than people; population: UN WPP 2024). All countries; for Europe there is also Eurostat's series of first-time applicants.

Source: UNHCR Refugee Data Finder

Economy

GDP per capita, PPP

25,067 constant 2021 international $ latest value, 2025

Gross domestic product per person at purchasing power parity, constant 2021 international dollars (World Bank, ICP).

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Real GDP growth

5 % per year latest value, 2025

Annual change of GDP at constant prices. Actual values and forecasts from IMF WEO editions.

Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2026

Inflation

0 % per year, average latest value, 2025

Change of the annual average consumer price index (IMF WEO).

Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2026

Government gross debt

90.4 % of GDP latest value, 2024

General government gross debt, percent of GDP (IMF WEO).

Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2026

Unemployment rate

5.1 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force (IMF WEO; national definitions).

Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2026

Unemployment, ILO estimate

4.6 % of labour force latest value, 2025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force by the ILO's single definition: a modelled estimate for every country, including those without surveys (via the World Bank). Unlike the IMF series, one definition for all, but no projections.

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Youth unemployment, 15-24

15.8 % of labour force aged 15-24 latest value, 2025

Unemployed as a share of the labour force aged 15-24 (ILO modelled estimate, via the World Bank).

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

GDP per capita, US dollars

13,968 current US dollars latest value, 2025

GDP per person in current US dollars at market exchange rates (IMF WEO).

Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2026

Government budget balance

−7.1 % of GDP latest value, 2024

General government net lending (+, surplus) or borrowing (−, deficit), percent of GDP (IMF WEO).

Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2026

Current account balance

3.7 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Balance of trade in goods and services, income and transfers with the rest of the world, percent of GDP: plus means the country earns abroad more than it spends (IMF WEO).

Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2026

Real house prices

89.5 index, 2010 = 100 latest value, 2025

House prices adjusted for consumer price inflation (BIS index from national sources, 2010 = 100, mean of four quarters). Compare the changes, not the levels of different countries.

Source: BIS, selected residential property prices

Society

Urban population

66.3 % of population latest value, 2025

Share of people living in urban areas as defined by national statistical offices (World Bank, from UN World Urbanization Prospects).

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Tertiary enrolment, women

83.1 % gross latest value, 2024

Women enrolled in tertiary education as a share of women in the five-year age group after secondary school; can exceed 100 (UNESCO).

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Women with upper secondary education

29.5 % of women 25+ latest value, 2020

Share of women aged 25+ who completed at least upper secondary education (UNESCO).

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Female labour force participation

59.1 % of women 15+ latest value, 2025

Share of women aged 15+ who work or look for work (ILO modelled estimate, via the World Bank).

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Life expectancy at birth

78 years latest value, 2024

Life expectancy at birth, both sexes (World Bank, from UN and national statistics).

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Digitalisation

Internet users

91.6 % of population latest value, 2025

Share of individuals who used the Internet in the last three months from any device. ITU data.

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Mobile cellular subscriptions

131.8 per 100 people latest value, 2024

Active mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 people; can exceed 100 when people have several SIM cards. ITU data.

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Fixed broadband subscriptions

47.2 subscriptions per 100 people latest value, 2024

Fixed subscriptions to high-speed Internet (256 kbit/s or more) per 100 people. ITU data.

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Google: search referral share

1.67 % of search referrals latest value, 2025

Share of detected search-engine referrals to Statcounter network websites, all device types. Provider annual aggregate, not an average of monthly shares. Not a share of people, queries or time; zero-click searches are unobserved. Selected countries only; differently named provider columns remain separate.

Source: Statcounter GlobalStats: referral shares

bing: search referral share

24.5 % of search referrals latest value, 2025

Source: Statcounter GlobalStats: referral shares

Yahoo!: search referral share

0.03 % of search referrals latest value, 2025

Source: Statcounter GlobalStats: referral shares

YANDEX: search referral share

4.66 % of search referrals latest value, 2025

Source: Statcounter GlobalStats: referral shares

Baidu: search referral share

54.64 % of search referrals latest value, 2025

Source: Statcounter GlobalStats: referral shares

YANDEX RU: search referral share

0 % of search referrals latest value, 2025

Source: Statcounter GlobalStats: referral shares

China: instant messaging among internet users

97.2 % of internet users latest value, 2025

Mainland China excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan. Telephone survey, residents aged 6+; internet users used the internet in the previous six months. Activity percentages use internet users as denominator; generative AI penetration uses total population under CNNIC’s separate definition. Categories overlap. Hours per week are self-reported internet time, not social-media time or device measurements. Short video is not TikTok or Douyin audience. Online-video definition includes micro-dramas from December 2024. June snapshots remain separate; only December snapshots enter annual charts. Published rounding retained. Report 57 states a 25.2pp AI increase in prose, while its chart levels 17.7 → 42.8 imply 25.1pp; chart levels retained. CNNIC telephone survey: mainland China excluding Hong Kong/Macao/Taiwan, residents6+; internet users used internet in previous6months. Percentages below are of internet users, not all residents. See report57 PDF pp73–75 (printed65–67). Values as published, rounded. No causal interpretation of changes.

Source: CNNIC 57th Statistical Report on China’s Internet Development

China: search engines among internet users

69.5 % of internet users latest value, 2025

Source: CNNIC 57th Statistical Report on China’s Internet Development

China: online games among internet users

50.9 % of internet users latest value, 2025

Source: CNNIC 57th Statistical Report on China’s Internet Development

China: instant-messaging users

1,093,580,000 persons latest value, 2025

Source: CNNIC 57th Statistical Report on China’s Internet Development

China: search-engine users

782,060,000 persons latest value, 2025

Source: CNNIC 57th Statistical Report on China’s Internet Development

China: online-game users

573,000,000 persons latest value, 2025

Source: CNNIC 57th Statistical Report on China’s Internet Development

China: weekly internet hours

32.5 hours per week per internet user latest value, 2025

Source: CNNIC 57th Statistical Report on China’s Internet Development

China: short video among internet users

95.4 % of internet users latest value, 2025

Source: CNNIC 57th Statistical Report on China’s Internet Development

China: online video among internet users

97.1 % of internet users latest value, 2025

Source: CNNIC 57th Statistical Report on China’s Internet Development

China: social networks among internet users

98.9 % of internet users latest value, 2025

Source: CNNIC 57th Statistical Report on China’s Internet Development

China: generative AI, share of population

42.8 % of total population latest value, 2025

Mainland China excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan. Telephone survey, residents aged 6+; internet users used the internet in the previous six months. Activity percentages use internet users as denominator; generative AI penetration uses total population under CNNIC’s separate definition. Categories overlap. Hours per week are self-reported internet time, not social-media time or device measurements. Short video is not TikTok or Douyin audience. Online-video definition includes micro-dramas from December 2024. June snapshots remain separate; only December snapshots enter annual charts. Published rounding retained. Report 57 states a 25.2pp AI increase in prose, while its chart levels 17.7 → 42.8 imply 25.1pp; chart levels retained. Different denominator: all population, not internet users. Footnote64 PDFp49. Quality flag: p49 narrative says2025 rise25.2pp, while p50 chart17.7→42.8 gives25.1pp; preserve chart values, do not silently correct/recompute or use the stated growth.

Source: CNNIC 57th Statistical Report on China’s Internet Development

Energy

Electricity demand per person

7,405 kWh per person a year latest value, 2025

Electricity demand (generation plus net imports, Ember) divided by the UN WPP 2024 population. A physical measure that is hard to dress up.

Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data

Electricity demand growth

4.8 % per year latest value, 2025

Change in electricity demand from the previous year (Ember). Useful to set against official GDP growth.

Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data

Wind and solar share of electricity

21.9 % of generation latest value, 2025

Share of wind and solar power in electricity generation (Ember).

Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data

Low-carbon share of electricity

41.1 % of generation latest value, 2025

Share of renewables and nuclear power in electricity generation (Ember).

Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data

Coal share of electricity

54.8 % of generation latest value, 2025

Share of coal power in electricity generation (Ember).

Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data

Carbon intensity of electricity

528 g CO2e per kWh latest value, 2025

Greenhouse gas emissions of electricity generation per kilowatt-hour (Ember).

Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data

Electricity generation

10,505.7 TWh per year latest value, 2025

Total electricity generation in the country (Ember). Imports are excluded. A volume, not the share of a fuel.

Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data

Electricity generation emissions

5,549.9 Mt CO2e per year latest value, 2025

Greenhouse gas emissions of electricity generation (Ember), not of the whole economy.

Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data

Security

Military expenditure

1.7 % of GDP latest value, 2024

Government military expenditure, percent of GDP (World Bank, from SIPRI).

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Deaths in organised violence

0 persons a year latest value, 2025

Deaths in state-based conflict, non-state conflict and one-sided violence against civilians, by where the events took place (UCDP GED, best estimate). 0 means no organised violence above UCDP thresholds (25 deaths a year in one conflict). Events in Gaza and the West Bank are counted for Palestine.

Source: Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), GED 26.1

Deaths in organised violence per 100,000

0 per 100,000 people a year latest value, 2025

Deaths in organised violence (UCDP GED) per 100,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024).

Source: Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), GED 26.1

Armed conflict in the country

0 0 none, 1 minor, 2 war latest value, 2025

Strongest armed conflict of the year in which the government or territory of the country is disputed (UCDP/PRIO ACD): 1 = 25-999 battle-related deaths, 2 = war, 1,000 or more. In interstate conflicts every primary party is marked even if the fighting was elsewhere (the USA in Iraq, 2003). Historical states are mapped to present-day countries by territory (USSR, Yugoslavia, South Vietnam and others).

Source: UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset 26.1

Battle deaths

0 persons a year latest value, 2025

Soldiers and civilians killed in combat in state-based armed conflicts on the territory of the country. 1946-1988: PRIO Battle Deaths (best estimate, else the low one; a conflict of several countries split equally); from 1989: UCDP GED by place of the events. For the same conflicts in 1989-2008 PRIO is 1.6 times UCDP, so the drop in 1989 is partly a change of source. One-sided violence against civilians is not included.

Source: Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), GED 26.1

Battle deaths per 100,000

0 per 100,000 people a year latest value, 2025

Battle deaths on the territory of the country (PRIO to 1988, UCDP GED from 1989) per 100,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024), from 1950.

Source: Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), GED 26.1

Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people)

0.5 per 100,000 people latest value, 2020

An intentional homicide is defined as an unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury.

Source: Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people)

Purchases and money

Average dietary energy requirement

2,471 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2025

FAOSTAT FS, Average dietary energy requirement (kcal/cap/day). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Commercial bank branches (per 100,000 adults)

8.7 per 100,000 adults latest value, 2024

Commercial bank branches are retail locations of resident commercial banks and other resident banks that function as commercial banks that provide financial services to customers and are physically separated from the main office but not organized as legally separated subsidiaries.

Source: Commercial bank branches (per 100,000 adults)

Variation in habitual caloric consumption distribution

0.18 No latest value, 2024

FAOSTAT FS, Coefficient of variation of habitual caloric consumption distribution (real number). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider (% of population ages 15+)

89.4 % of people aged 15+ latest value, 2024

Account denotes the percentage of respondents who report having an account (by themselves or together with someone else) at a bank or another type of financial institution or report personally using a mobile money service in the past 12 months (% age 15+).

Source: Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider (% of population ages 15+)

Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, male (% of population ages 15+)

89.6 % of men aged 15+ latest value, 2024

Source: Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, male (% of population ages 15+)

Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, female (% of population ages 15+)

89.2 % of women aged 15+ latest value, 2024

Source: Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, female (% of population ages 15+)

Alcoholic beverages: energy supply

96.69 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Alcoholic Beverages. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Alcoholic beverages: quantity supply

35.55 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Animal products: energy supply

697.12 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Animal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Animal products: fat supply

49.77 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Animal products: protein supply

54.04 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Bovine meat: energy supply

37.99 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Bovine Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Bovine meat: quantity supply

7.89 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Cereals excluding beer: energy supply

1,612.13 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Cereals - Excluding Beer. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Cereals excluding beer: quantity supply

218.57 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Coffee and products: energy supply

0.71 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Coffee and products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Coffee and products: quantity supply

0.21 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Eggs: energy supply

82.97 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Eggs. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Eggs: quantity supply

22.96 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Fish and seafood: energy supply

64.56 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Fish, Seafood. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Fish and seafood: fat supply

2.36 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Fish and seafood: protein supply

10.4 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Fish and seafood: quantity supply

41.68 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Fruits excluding wine: energy supply

150.79 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Fruits - Excluding Wine. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Fruits excluding wine: quantity supply

114.36 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Meat: energy supply

419.17 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Meat: fat supply

33.15 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Meat: protein supply

30.14 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Meat: quantity supply

73.54 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Milk excluding butter: energy supply

67.57 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Milk - Excluding Butter. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Milk excluding butter: fat supply

3.92 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Milk excluding butter: protein supply

3.32 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Milk excluding butter: quantity supply

34.77 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Treenuts: energy supply

15.82 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Treenuts. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Treenuts: quantity supply

2.2 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetal products: energy supply

2,829.78 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetal products: fat supply

50.61 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetal products: protein supply

77.55 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Pigmeat: energy supply

271.13 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Pigmeat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Pigmeat: quantity supply

42.16 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Poultry meat: energy supply

87.52 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Poultry Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Poultry meat: quantity supply

18.71 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Pulses: energy supply

17.96 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Pulses. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Pulses: quantity supply

2.04 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Starchy roots: energy supply

143.93 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Starchy Roots. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Starchy roots: quantity supply

69.67 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Sugar and sweeteners: energy supply

88.1 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Sugar & Sweeteners. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Sugar and sweeteners: quantity supply

9.2 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Tea including mate: energy supply

0.95 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Tea (including mate). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Tea including mate: quantity supply

10.82 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

All foods: energy supply

3,526.9 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Grand Total. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

All foods: fat supply

100.38 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

All foods: protein supply

131.59 g/cap/d latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetable oils: energy supply

234.48 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetable Oils. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetable oils: quantity supply

9.04 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetables: energy supply

310.42 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023

FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetables. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Vegetables: quantity supply

412.72 kg/cap latest value, 2023

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Healthy-diet animal-source food cost

0.91 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of animal source foods. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Cost of a healthy diet

3.64 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2025

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of a healthy diet (CoHD). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Healthy-diet fruit cost

0.74 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of fruits. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Healthy-diet legumes and nuts cost

0.3 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of legumes, nuts and seeds. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Healthy-diet oils and fats cost

0.13 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of oils and fats. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Healthy-diet starchy-staple cost

0.46 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of starchy staples. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Unable to afford a healthy diet

11.3 % latest value, 2025

FAOSTAT CAHD, Prevalence of unaffordability (PUA). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

People unable to afford a healthy diet

160.4 million No latest value, 2025

FAOSTAT CAHD, Number of people unable to afford a healthy diet (NUA). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Healthy-diet vegetable cost

0.6 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021

FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of vegetables. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Households and NPISHs final consumption expenditure (% of GDP)

40 % of GDP latest value, 2024

This field includes expenditure on goods and services by the Household and NPISH sector for the direct satisfaction of human needs or wants, whether individual or collective. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.

Source: Households and NPISHs final consumption expenditure (% of GDP)

Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure per capita (constant 2015 US$)

5,364.5 constant 2015 US dollars latest value, 2024

This field includes expenditure on goods and services by the Household and NPISH sector for the direct satisfaction of human needs or wants, whether individual or collective. The core indicator has been divided by the general population to achieve a per capita estimate.This indicator is expressed in constant prices, meaning the series has been adjusted to account for price changes over time. The reference year for this adjustment is 2015. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.

Source: Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure per capita (constant 2015 US$)

Income share held by lowest 20%

7.3 % of income or consumption latest value, 2022

Percentage share of income or consumption is the share that accrues to subgroups of population indicated by deciles or quintiles. Percentage shares by quintile may not sum to 100 because of rounding.

Source: Income share held by lowest 20%

Gini index

36 index, 0-100 latest value, 2022

Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of total income received against the cumulative number of recipients, starting with the poorest individual or household. The Gini index measures the area between the Lorenz curve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality, expressed as a percentage of the maximum area under the line. Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.

Source: Gini index

Income share held by highest 20%

43.7 % of income or consumption latest value, 2022

Percentage share of income or consumption is the share that accrues to subgroups of population indicated by deciles or quintiles. Percentage shares by quintile may not sum to 100 because of rounding.

Source: Income share held by highest 20%

Minimum dietary energy requirement

1,905 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2025

FAOSTAT FS, Minimum dietary energy requirement (kcal/cap/day). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Adjusted savings: net national savings (% of GNI)

18.8 % of gross national income latest value, 2021

Net national savings are equal to gross national savings less the value of consumption of fixed capital. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross National Income (GNI) which is the total income earned by all residents within an economic territory during an accounting period. It is equal to gross domestic product plus earned income receivable from abroad minus earned income payable abroad.

Source: Adjusted savings: net national savings (% of GNI)

Poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day (2021 PPP) (% of population)

0 % of population, 2021 PPP latest value, 2022

Poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day is the percentage of the population living on less than $3.00 a day at 2021 purchasing power adjusted prices. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions.

Source: Poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day (2021 PPP) (% of population)

Caloric losses at retail distribution

4.11 % latest value, 2025

FAOSTAT FS, Incidence of caloric losses at retail distribution level (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Health

Total alcohol consumption per capita (liters of pure alcohol, projected estimates, 15+ years of age)

4.6 litres per person aged 15+ latest value, 2020

Total alcohol per capita consumption is defined as the total (sum of recorded and unrecorded alcohol) amount of alcohol consumed per person (15 years of age or older) over a calendar year, in litres of pure alcohol, adjusted for tourist consumption.

Source: Total alcohol consumption per capita (liters of pure alcohol, projected estimates, 15+ years of age)

Prevalence of stunting, height for age (% of children under 5)

4.8 % of children under 5 latest value, 2017

Prevalence of stunting is the percentage of children under age 5 whose height for age is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months. For children up to two years old height is measured by recumbent length. For older children height is measured by stature while standing. The data are based on the WHO's 2006 Child Growth Standards.

Source: Prevalence of stunting, height for age (% of children under 5)

COVID economic support index

62.5 mean index 0–100 latest value, 2022

Mean daily national OxCGRT index with all days present, archived 2020–2022. Codes policies, not compliance, effectiveness or causal impact. Average follows source treatment of vaccination groups.

Source: Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker

COVID containment and health index

82.4 mean index 0–100 latest value, 2022

Mean daily national OxCGRT index with all days present, archived 2020–2022. Codes policies, not compliance, effectiveness or causal impact. Average follows source treatment of vaccination groups.

Source: Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker

COVID government response

79.9 mean index 0–100 latest value, 2022

Mean daily national OxCGRT index with all days present, archived 2020–2022. Codes policies, not compliance, effectiveness or causal impact. Average follows source treatment of vaccination groups.

Source: Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker

COVID policy stringency

77.6 mean index 0–100 latest value, 2022

Mean daily national OxCGRT index with all days present, archived 2020–2022. Codes policies, not compliance, effectiveness or causal impact. Average follows source treatment of vaccination groups.

Source: Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker

Reported COVID-19 cases

182 by report dates in year latest value, 2025

Sum of WHO weekly reports by report date in a completed year, requiring at least 50 nonmissing values. Reported events, not total infections/deaths. Negative revisions retained; testing and reporting coverage changed.

Source: WHO: reported COVID-19 data

Reported COVID-19 deaths

7 by report dates in year latest value, 2025

Source: WHO: reported COVID-19 data

Diabetes prevalence (% of population ages 20 to 79)

11.9 % of people aged 20-79 latest value, 2024

Diabetes prevalence refers to the percentage of people ages 20-79 who have type 1 or type 2 diabetes. It is calculated by adjusting to a standard population age-structure.

Source: Diabetes prevalence (% of population ages 20 to 79)

Out-of-pocket expenditure (% of current health expenditure)

32.2 % of current health expenditure latest value, 2023

Share of out-of-pocket payments of total current health expenditures. Out-of-pocket payments are spending on health directly out-of-pocket by households.

Source: Out-of-pocket expenditure (% of current health expenditure)

Current health expenditure (% of GDP)

5.9 % of GDP latest value, 2023

Level of current health expenditure expressed as a percentage of GDP. Estimates of current health expenditures include healthcare goods and services consumed during each year. This indicator does not include capital health expenditures such as buildings, machinery, IT and stocks of vaccines for emergency or outbreaks.

Source: Current health expenditure (% of GDP)

Current health expenditure per capita (current US$)

763.4 current US dollars latest value, 2023

Current expenditures on health per capita in current US dollars. Estimates of current health expenditures include healthcare goods and services consumed during each year.

Source: Current health expenditure per capita (current US$)

Hospital beds (per 1,000 people)

5.6 per 1,000 people latest value, 2023

Hospital beds include inpatient beds available in public, private, general, and specialized hospitals and rehabilitation centers. In most cases beds for both acute and chronic care are included.

Source: Hospital beds (per 1,000 people)

Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people)

3.7 per 1,000 people latest value, 2022

Nurses and midwives include professional nurses, professional midwives, auxiliary nurses, auxiliary midwives, enrolled nurses, enrolled midwives and other associated personnel, such as dental nurses and primary care nurses.

Source: Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people)

Physicians (per 1,000 people)

3.1 per 1,000 people latest value, 2022

Physicians include generalist and specialist medical practitioners.

Source: Physicians (per 1,000 people)

Mortality caused by road traffic injury (per 100,000 population)

17.4 per 100,000 people latest value, 2019

Mortality caused by road traffic injury is estimated road traffic fatal injury deaths per 100,000 population.

Source: Mortality caused by road traffic injury (per 100,000 population)

Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 population)

9 per 100,000 people latest value, 2021

Suicide mortality rate is the number of suicide deaths in a year per 100,000 population. Crude suicide rate (not age-adjusted).

Source: Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 population)

Prevalence of current tobacco use (% of adults)

22.8 % of adults latest value, 2024

The percentage of the population ages 15 years and over who currently use any tobacco product (smoked and/or smokeless tobacco) on a daily or non-daily basis. Tobacco products include cigarettes, pipes, cigars, cigarillos, waterpipes (hookah, shisha), bidis, kretek, heated tobacco products, and all forms of smokeless (oral and nasal) tobacco. Tobacco products exclude e-cigarettes (which do not contain tobacco), “e-cigars”, “e-hookahs”, JUUL and “e-pipes”. The rates are age-standardized to the WHO Standard Population.

Source: Prevalence of current tobacco use (% of adults)

Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people)

49 per 100,000 people latest value, 2024

Incidence of tuberculosis is the estimated number of new and relapse tuberculosis cases arising in a given year, expressed as the rate per 100,000 population. All forms of TB are included, including cases in people living with HIV. Estimates for all years are recalculated as new information becomes available and techniques are refined, so they may differ from those published previously.

Source: Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people)

Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population)

2.5 % of population latest value, 2023

Prevalence of undernourishment is the percentage of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normal active and healthy life. Data showing as 2.5 may signify a prevalence of undernourishment below 2.5%.

Source: Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population)

Immunization, DPT (% of children ages 12-23 months)

97 % of children aged 12-23 months latest value, 2024

Child immunization, DPT, measures the percentage of children ages 12-23 months who received DPT vaccinations before 12 months or at any time before the survey. A child is considered adequately immunized against diphtheria, pertussis (or whooping cough), and tetanus (DPT) after receiving three doses of vaccine.

Source: Immunization, DPT (% of children ages 12-23 months)

Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)

95 % of children aged 12-23 months latest value, 2024

Child immunization, measles, measures the percentage of children ages 12-23 months who received the measles vaccination before 12 months or at any time before the survey. A child is considered adequately immunized against measles after receiving one dose of vaccine.

Source: Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)

Culture and time

International tourism, receipts (current US$)

27,755,000,000 current US dollars latest value, 2004

International tourism receipts are expenditures by international inbound visitors, including payments to national carriers for international transport. These receipts include any other prepayment made for goods or services received in the destination country. They also may include receipts from same-day visitors, except when these are important enough to justify separate classification. For some countries they do not include receipts for passenger transport items. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

Source: International tourism, receipts (current US$)

International tourism, number of arrivals

30,402,000 arrivals per year latest value, 2020

International inbound tourists (overnight visitors) are the number of tourists who travel to a country other than that in which they have their usual residence, but outside their usual environment, for a period not exceeding 12 months and whose main purpose in visiting is other than an activity remunerated from within the country visited. When data on number of tourists are not available, the number of visitors, which includes tourists, same-day visitors, cruise passengers, and crew members, is shown instead. Sources and collection methods for arrivals differ across countries. In some cases data are from border statistics (police, immigration, and the like) and supplemented by border surveys. In other cases data are from tourism accommodation establishments. For some countries number of arrivals is limited to arrivals by air and for others to arrivals staying in hotels. Some countries include arrivals of nationals residing abroad while others do not. Caution should thus be used in comparing arrivals across countries. The data on inbound tourists refer to the number of arrivals, not to the number of people traveling. Thus a person who makes several trips to a country during a given period is counted each time as a new arrival.

Source: International tourism, number of arrivals

Land and housing

Agricultural land (% of land area)

55.4 % of land area latest value, 2023

Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable, under permanent crops, and under permanent pastures. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded. Land under permanent crops is land cultivated with crops that occupy the land for long periods and need not be replanted after each harvest, such as cocoa, coffee, and rubber. This category includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees, and vines, but excludes land under trees grown for wood or timber. Permanent pasture is land used for five or more years for forage, including natural and cultivated crops.

Source: Agricultural land (% of land area)

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added per worker (constant 2015 US$)

8,631.4 constant 2015 US dollars latest value, 2025

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing corresponds to ISIC (Rev. 4) divisions 01-03 and includes the exploitation of vegetal and animal natural resources, comprising the activities of growing of crops, raising and breeding of animals, harvesting of timber and other plants, animals or animal products from a farm or their natural habitats.Value added is the contribution to the economy by a producer or an industry or an institutional sector, which is estimated by the total value of output produced and deducting the total value of intermediate consumption of goods and services used to produce that output. This indicator is expressed in constant prices, meaning the series has been adjusted to account for price changes over time. The reference year for this adjustment is 2015. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.

Source: Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added per worker (constant 2015 US$)

Arable land (% of land area)

11.5 % of land area latest value, 2023

Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded.

Source: Arable land (% of land area)

Cereal yield (kg per hectare)

6,418.1 kg per hectare latest value, 2023

Cereal yield, measured as kilograms per hectare of harvested land, includes wheat, rice, maize, barley, oats, rye, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, and mixed grains. Production data on cereals relate to crops harvested for dry grain only. Cereal crops harvested for hay or harvested green for food, feed, or silage and those used for grazing are excluded. The FAO allocates production data to the calendar year in which the bulk of the harvest took place. Most of a crop harvested near the end of a year will be used in the following year.

Source: Cereal yield (kg per hectare)

Certified organic agricultural land

2,490.16 1000 ha latest value, 2024

FAOSTAT RL, Agriculture area certified organic. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Land equipped for irrigation

74,542 1000 ha latest value, 2024

FAOSTAT RL, Land area equipped for irrigation. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Planted forest

92,603 1000 ha latest value, 2025

FAOSTAT RL, Planted Forest. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Primary forest

12,953 1000 ha latest value, 2025

FAOSTAT RL, Primary Forest. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

Everyday environment

Air transport, passengers carried

619,215,886 passengers per year latest value, 2023

Air carrier data per country refers to passengers carried by airlines registered in that country regardless of the origin or destination of the passengers.

Source: Air transport, passengers carried

Access to electricity (% of population)

100 % of population latest value, 2024

Access to electricity is the percentage of population with access to electricity. Electrification data are collected from industry, national surveys and international sources.

Source: Access to electricity (% of population)

Fertilizer consumption (kilograms per hectare of arable land)

394 kg of nutrients per hectare latest value, 2023

Fertilizer consumption measures the quantity of plant nutrients used per unit of arable land. Fertilizer products cover nitrogenous, potash, and phosphate fertilizers (including ground rock phosphate). Traditional nutrients--animal and plant manures--are not included. For the purpose of data dissemination, FAO has adopted the concept of a calendar year (January to December). Some countries compile fertilizer data on a calendar year basis, while others are on a split-year basis. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded.

Source: Fertilizer consumption (kilograms per hectare of arable land)

Forest area (% of land area)

24 % of land area latest value, 2023

Forest area (% of land area) is the share of total land area that is under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters in situ, whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems (for example, in fruit plantations and agroforestry systems) and trees in urban parks and gardens.

Source: Forest area (% of land area)

Land temperature anomaly

1.92 °C latest value, 2025

FAOSTAT ET, Meteorological year. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.

Source: FAO: FAOSTAT

PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (micrograms per cubic meter)

32 micrograms/m³, annual mean exposure latest value, 2023

Population-weighted exposure to ambient PM2.5 pollution is defined as the average level of exposure of a nation's population to concentrations of suspended particles measuring less than 2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter, which are capable of penetrating deep into the respiratory tract and causing severe health damage. Exposure is calculated by weighting mean annual concentrations of PM2.5 by population in both urban and rural areas.

Source: PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (micrograms per cubic meter)

Railways, passengers carried (million passenger-km)

946,499 million passenger-km latest value, 2021

Passengers carried by railway are the number of passengers transported by rail multiplied by kilometers traveled.

Source: Railways, passengers carried (million passenger-km)

People using safely managed sanitation services (% of population)

68.9 % of population latest value, 2024

The percentage of people using improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households and where excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and treated offsite. Improved sanitation facilities include flush/pour flush to piped sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines: ventilated improved pit latrines, composting toilets or pit latrines with slabs.

Source: People using safely managed sanitation services (% of population)

Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources

41.5 % of available freshwater resources latest value, 2022

The level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources is the ratio between total freshwater withdrawn by all major sectors and total renewable freshwater resources, after taking into account environmental water requirements. Main sectors, as defined by ISIC standards, include agriculture; forestry and fishing; manufacturing; electricity industry; and services. This indicator is also known as water withdrawal intensity.

Source: Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources

Work and skills

Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)

96.7 % of people aged 15+ latest value, 2020

Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.

Source: Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)

Children out of school (% of primary school age)

6.7 % of primary-school-age children latest value, 1997

Children out of school are the percentage of primary-school-age children who are not enrolled in primary or secondary school. Children in the official primary age group that are in preprimary education should be considered out of school.

Source: Children out of school (% of primary school age)

Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP)

3.9 % of GDP latest value, 2023

General government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers) is expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. General government usually refers to local, regional and central governments.

Source: Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP)

Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate)

61.6 % of population aged 15+ latest value, 2025

Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed.

Source: Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate)

Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate)

64.6 % of population aged 15+ latest value, 2025

Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.

Source: Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate)

Learning poverty: Share of Children at the End-of-Primary age below minimum reading proficiency adjusted by Out-of-School Children (%)

18.2 % of children of end-of-primary age latest value, 2016

The share of 10-year-olds who cannot read and understand a short passage of age-appropriate material—in other words, those who are below the “minimum proficiency” threshold for reading. This measure is defined as the union of two deprivations: 1) schooling deprivation and 2) learning deprivation. A child is considered schooling-deprived (SD) if he or she is of primary school age and out-of-school. The dimension of learning deprivation (LD) applies only for children in school, and identifies those pupils who are below the minimum proficiency level (MPL) for reading, as defined by the Global Alliance to Monitor Learning (GAML), measured in standard learning assessments, and reported in the context of the SDG 4.1.1b monitoring. This “union approach” to measurement reflects the choice that, as presented in the SDGs, all age 10 children must be both in school and learning. The final learning poverty measure combines the two dimensions in a single indicator using the following formula: LP = SD + [(1-SD) x LD]

Source: Learning poverty: Share of Children at the End-of-Primary age below minimum reading proficiency adjusted by Out-of-School Children (%)

New business density (new registrations per 1,000 people ages 15-64)

15.6 per 1,000 people aged 15-64 latest value, 2024

The number of newly registered firms with limited liability per 1,000 working-age people (ages 15-64) per calendar year.

Source: New business density (new registrations per 1,000 people ages 15-64)

Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)

103.5 % of relevant age group latest value, 2010

Primary completion rate, or gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, is the number of new entrants (enrollments minus repeaters) in the last grade of primary education, regardless of age, divided by the population at the entrance age for the last grade of primary education. Data limitations preclude adjusting for students who drop out during the final year of primary education.

Source: Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)

Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

33.4 % of employment latest value, 2025

Vulnerable employment is contributing family workers and own-account workers as a percentage of total employment.

Source: Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Literacy rate, youth total (% of people ages 15-24)

99.8 % of people aged 15-24 latest value, 2020

Youth literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15-24 who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.

Source: Literacy rate, youth total (% of people ages 15-24)

Share of youth not in education, employment or training, total (% of youth population)

12.7 % of youth aged 15-24 latest value, 2000

The share of youth not in education, employment or training (also known as “the NEET rate”) conveys the number of young persons not in education, employment or training as a percentage of the total youth population. Youth not in education are those who were neither enrolled in school nor in a formal training program (e.g. vocational training). For the purposes of this indicator, youth is defined as all persons between the ages of 15 and 24 (inclusive).

Source: Share of youth not in education, employment or training, total (% of youth population)

Science, space and technology

GitHub developer accounts at year end

11,063,589 accounts latest value, 2025

Fourth-quarter end snapshot; includes inactive accounts/organizations/repositories. GitHub Innovation Graph: public GitHub activity only. Geography reflects mode location, not nationality. Suppressed small groups are not zeros; not a professional-programmer count.

Source: GitHub Innovation Graph

GitHub git pushes

8,536,391 git pushes latest value, 2025

Sum of all four published quarters of git pushes. One push may include multiple commits. GitHub Innovation Graph: public GitHub activity only. Geography reflects mode location, not nationality. Suppressed small groups are not zeros; not a professional-programmer count.

Source: GitHub Innovation Graph

GitHub organizations at year end

351,926 organizations latest value, 2025

Source: GitHub Innovation Graph

GitHub repositories at year end

18,399,604 repositories latest value, 2025

Source: GitHub Innovation Graph

High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)

26.3 % of manufactured exports latest value, 2024

High-technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery.

Source: High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)

Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)

2.6 % of GDP latest value, 2023

Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.

Source: Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)

Researchers in R&D (per million people)

2,107.3 full-time equivalents per million people latest value, 2023

The number of researchers engaged in Research &Development (R&D), expressed as per million. Researchers are professionals who conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models techniques instrumentation, software of operational methods. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.

Source: Researchers in R&D (per million people)

Patent applications, residents

1,426,644 applications per year latest value, 2021

Patent applications are worldwide patent applications filed through the Patent Cooperation Treaty procedure or with a national patent office for exclusive rights for an invention--a product or process that provides a new way of doing something or offers a new technical solution to a problem. A patent provides protection for the invention to the owner of the patent for a limited period, generally 20 years.

Source: Patent applications, residents

Business R&D, % of GDP

2.09 % of GDP latest value, 2024

BERD — R&D performed by businesses, as a share of GDP. It is part of GERD; the rest is performed by government institutes, universities and non-profits. Counted by who performs the work, not by who pays for it. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

Government-sector R&D, % of GDP

0.37 % of GDP latest value, 2024

GOVERD — R&D performed by government research bodies (excluding universities), as a share of GDP. Part of GERD; counted by performer, not by source of funds. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

University R&D, % of GDP

0.23 % of GDP latest value, 2024

HERD — R&D performed by universities and other higher-education institutions, as a share of GDP. Part of GERD; counted by performer, not by source of funds. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

R&D funded by business

79.5 % of GERD latest value, 2024

Share of all domestic R&D spending (GERD) paid for by businesses, whoever performed the work. GERD is all R&D performed in the country, whoever performs it: businesses, government institutes, universities and non-profits (Frascati Manual). OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

R&D funded by government

16.8 % of GERD latest value, 2024

Share of all domestic R&D spending (GERD) paid for by government, including public money for universities. GERD is all R&D performed in the country, whoever performs it: businesses, government institutes, universities and non-profits (Frascati Manual). OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

R&D funded from abroad

0.3 % of GERD latest value, 2024

Share of domestic R&D spending (GERD) paid for from abroad: foreign companies, international organisations, EU programmes. GERD is all R&D performed in the country, whoever performs it: businesses, government institutes, universities and non-profits (Frascati Manual). OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

R&D spending, billion dollars

859.3 billion USD PPP, 2020 prices latest value, 2024

All domestic R&D spending (GERD) in billions of US dollars at purchasing power parity, constant 2020 prices, so years compare without inflation. GERD is all R&D performed in the country, whoever performs it: businesses, government institutes, universities and non-profits (Frascati Manual). OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

Researchers per 1,000 employed

4.3 per 1,000 employed, FTE latest value, 2024

Researchers in full-time equivalents (FTE: two half-timers count as one) per 1,000 people employed. Researchers only, excluding technicians and support staff; not a headcount. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

Researchers, thousands

3,179.8 thousand full-time equivalents latest value, 2024

Researchers in all sectors in full-time equivalents (two half-timers count as one), thousands. Excludes technicians and support staff; the headcount is usually larger. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

Triadic patent families

7,369 families per year latest value, 2023

Inventions filed at all three of the European, Japanese and US patent offices, by inventors' country and priority year, fractionally counted across co-inventing countries. Applications, not grants; counts inventions, not individual filings. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)

Patent applications by origin, worldwide

1,796,738 applications per year latest value, 2024

All applications for patents for inventions filed in a year by applicants from the country at any patent office worldwide — at home and abroad (direct filings and PCT national phase entries). Country = first applicant's address (origin), not the filing office. Applications, not grants; one invention filed in five countries counts five times. Residents' filings at their own office are a separate series, resident_patent_applications. WIPO IP Statistics Data Center (the last update is stated in the export file).

Source: WIPO IP Statistics Data Center

Patent applications abroad by origin

124,737 applications per year latest value, 2024

Applications for patents for inventions filed in a year by applicants from the country at foreign and regional offices (such as the European Patent Office): how much the country's inventions seek protection in other markets. Country = first applicant's address; applications, not grants. WIPO IP Statistics Data Center (the last update is stated in the export file).

Source: WIPO IP Statistics Data Center

PCT international patent applications

73,626 applications per year latest value, 2025

International applications under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) by filing date and first applicant's country. One PCT application defers the choice of countries where the invention will be protected; it is neither a patent nor a filing at a particular office. The incomplete current year is excluded. WIPO IP Statistics Data Center (the last update is stated in the export file).

Source: WIPO IP Statistics Data Center

Electric cars: share of new car sales

53 % of new car sales latest value, 2025

Share of electric cars among all new cars sold in the year. Sales are new cars in the year, not all cars on the road (that is the stock). Electric cars are battery-electric (BEV) and plug-in hybrids (PHEV, a battery charged from the grid plus a petrol engine); ordinary hybrids without a plug and fuel-cell cars are not included. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Electric cars: new car sales

13,000,000 cars a year latest value, 2025

New electric cars sold in the year. Electric cars are battery-electric (BEV) and plug-in hybrids (PHEV, a battery charged from the grid plus a petrol engine); ordinary hybrids without a plug and fuel-cell cars are not included. IEA rounds values to two significant figures. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Battery-electric cars (BEV): sales

8,200,000 cars a year latest value, 2025

New battery-electric cars (BEV: battery only, no combustion engine) sold in the year. Plug-in hybrids are not included. IEA rounds values to two significant figures. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Plug-in hybrid cars (PHEV): sales

5,100,000 cars a year latest value, 2025

New plug-in hybrid cars (PHEV: battery charged from the grid plus a combustion engine) sold in the year. Ordinary hybrids without a plug are not included. IEA rounds values to two significant figures. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Electric cars on the road (stock)

44,000,000 cars latest value, 2025

Electric cars on the road at the end of the year: the whole stock, not the sales of the year. Electric cars are battery-electric (BEV) and plug-in hybrids (PHEV, a battery charged from the grid plus a petrol engine); ordinary hybrids without a plug and fuel-cell cars are not included. IEA rounds values to two significant figures. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Electric cars: share of all cars on the road

14 % of the car stock latest value, 2025

Share of electric cars among all cars on the road (the stock), not among the sales of the year. Electric cars are battery-electric (BEV) and plug-in hybrids (PHEV, a battery charged from the grid plus a petrol engine); ordinary hybrids without a plug and fuel-cell cars are not included. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Electric buses: share of new bus sales

62 % of new bus sales latest value, 2025

Share of electric buses (battery-electric and plug-in hybrid) among all new buses sold in the year. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Electric trucks: share of new truck sales

26 % of new truck sales latest value, 2025

Share of electric trucks (medium and heavy; battery-electric and plug-in hybrid) among all new trucks sold in the year. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Public EV charging points

4,680,000 charging points latest value, 2025

Publicly available charging points (outlets that can each serve one car at a time) at the end of the year, slow and fast together. A point is not a station: one station can have many points. Home and private workplace chargers are not included. IEA rounds values to two significant figures. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Fast public charging points (over 22 kW)

2,180,000 charging points latest value, 2025

Publicly available charging points over 22 kW at the end of the year, including ultra-fast ones (150 kW and more). A point is not a station. IEA rounds values to two significant figures. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Slow public charging points (up to 22 kW)

2,500,000 charging points latest value, 2025

Publicly available charging points of up to 22 kW at the end of the year. A point is not a station. IEA rounds values to two significant figures. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Electric cars per public charging point

9.5 vehicles per point latest value, 2025

Light-duty electric vehicles on the road (cars and vans, BEV and PHEV) per publicly available charging point. Higher means fewer public chargers per car; it is high where people charge at home, without a shortage of chargers. IEA, Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook), CC BY 4.0.

Source: IEA: Global EV Data Explorer (Global EV Outlook)

Orbital launches

92 launches a year latest value, 2025

Orbital launch attempts in the year, successful and failed together. An orbital launch is an attempt to put a payload into Earth orbit or beyond, successful or not; suborbital flights (sounding rockets, missile tests, tourist hops) are excluded. The country is the GCAT launch vehicle state (Falcon 9 is the US, Ariane France, Electron from New Zealand New Zealand), not the satellite's country. Soviet launches (1957-1991) are not assigned to Russia: they are only in the world total. Zero after a country's first launch is a year without launches. Data from GCAT (J. McDowell, planet4589.org/space/gcat), CC BY 4.0.

Source: GCAT — General Catalog of Artificial Space Objects (J. McDowell)

Failed orbital launches

2 launches a year latest value, 2025

Orbital launches in the year that failed to reach the intended orbit (GCAT code F; partial failures coded F are included). Counted from the country's first launch attempt. An orbital launch is an attempt to put a payload into Earth orbit or beyond, successful or not; suborbital flights (sounding rockets, missile tests, tourist hops) are excluded. The country is the GCAT launch vehicle state (Falcon 9 is the US, Ariane France, Electron from New Zealand New Zealand), not the satellite's country. Soviet launches (1957-1991) are not assigned to Russia: they are only in the world total. Zero after a country's first launch is a year without launches. Data from GCAT (J. McDowell, planet4589.org/space/gcat), CC BY 4.0.

Source: GCAT — General Catalog of Artificial Space Objects (J. McDowell)

Satellites and spacecraft put into orbit

371 payloads a year latest value, 2025

Payloads (satellites, crewed and cargo ships, probes; no rocket stages, debris or dummies) put into orbit by successful launches in the year. The country is the payload owner in GCAT, not the rocket's country: a Turkish satellite on a Falcon 9 is Turkey. Thousands of Starlink satellites since 2019 are the US. Data from GCAT (J. McDowell, planet4589.org/space/gcat), CC BY 4.0.

Source: GCAT — General Catalog of Artificial Space Objects (J. McDowell)

Communities and participation

Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%)

26.5 % of seats latest value, 2025

Women in parliaments are the percentage of parliamentary seats in a single or lower chamber held by women.

Source: Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%)

Religion and beliefs

Christians — population share

1.8 % of population latest value, 2020

Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Christians — population

25,450 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Muslims — population share

1.8 % of population latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Muslims — population

25,980 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religiously unaffiliated — population share

89.6 % of population latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religiously unaffiliated — population

1,278,120 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Buddhists — population share

3.7 % of population latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Buddhists — population

53,380 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Hindus — population

30 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Other religions — population share

3 % of population latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Other religions — population

43,140 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religious diversity — country rank

126 rank among 201 latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religious diversity index

2.3 index points (0–10) latest value, 2020

Pew index, 0–10, based on seven broad groups. 10 means seven equal groups; 0 means everyone belongs to one group. Does not measure religious freedom, intensity of belief or conflict. Values below 0.1 are retained as bounds in the table. Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religious composition: balance between two groups

3.4 index points (0–10) latest value, 2020

Pew index, 0–10, based on seven broad groups. 10 means two equal groups, which may be any two religions. It is not an affiliated/unaffiliated index. Does not measure religious freedom, intensity of belief or conflict. Values below 0.1 are retained as bounds in the table. Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religiously affiliated — population share

10.4 % of population latest value, 2020

Macroscope calculation: total population minus Unaffiliated. A subtotal of six religious groups, not an eighth group or a count of believers in God. Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Religiously affiliated — population

147,990 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020

Government restrictions on religion

9.1 index points (0–10) latest value, 2023

Pew coding of published materials for 2023, 198 countries and territories. Scores from 0 to 10, not population percentages. GRI covers government restrictions; SHI covers hostile acts by private individuals and groups. They measure different things and must not be summed. North Korea is not scored due to insufficient reliable observations; missing is not no restrictions. Released June 15, 2026.

Source: Pew Research Center: religious restrictions and social hostilities

Social hostilities involving religion

0.1 index points (0–10) latest value, 2023

Source: Pew Research Center: religious restrictions and social hostilities

Christians among immigrants — share

24.9 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Christians among immigrants — population

260 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Muslims among immigrants — share

4.7 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Muslims among immigrants — population

50 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Religiously unaffiliated among immigrants — share

41.2 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Religiously unaffiliated among immigrants — population

430 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Buddhists among immigrants — share

11.4 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Buddhists among immigrants — population

120 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Hindus among immigrants — share

0.8 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Jews among immigrants — share

0.1 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Other religions among immigrants — share

17 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Other religions among immigrants — population

180 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Christians among emigrants — share

14.9 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Christians among emigrants — population

1,640 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Muslims among emigrants — share

0.5 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Muslims among emigrants — population

60 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Religiously unaffiliated among emigrants — share

64.9 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Religiously unaffiliated among emigrants — population

7,150 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Buddhists among emigrants — share

17.2 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Buddhists among emigrants — population

1,900 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Hindus among emigrants — share

0.3 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Hindus among emigrants — population

30 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Jews among emigrants — share

0.1 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Jews among emigrants — population

10 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Other religions among emigrants — share

2 % of migrants latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Other religions among emigrants — population

220 thousand persons latest value, 2020

Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants

Religion very important: WVS

3.3 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2018

WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.

Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables

Religion not at all important: WVS

42.8 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2018

Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables

Never attend services: WVS

78.5 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2018

Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables

Never pray: WVS

86.5 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2018

Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables

Identify as religious: WVS

15.5 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2018

Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables

Identify as non-religious: WVS

49.4 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2018

Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables

Identify as atheists: WVS

33.8 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2018

Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables

Do not believe in God: WVS

82.6 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2018

Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables

Believe in God: WVS

16.9 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2018

Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables

Believe in life after death: WVS

11.5 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2018

Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables

Believe in hell: WVS

11.7 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2018

Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables

Believe in heaven: WVS

12.4 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2018

Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables

Catholics — population, 2010 estimate

9,000 thousand persons latest value, 2010

Historical all-age estimates for 2010 from Pew’s 2011 release, 232 countries/territories. Pew’s 2025 revision does not update this detailed split: do not splice into the revised Christian total series. Affiliation, not practice. Protestant includes Anglicans and independent churches; Orthodox includes Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches. Other Christians include, among others, Latter-day Saints and Jehovah’s Witnesses under the source classification. Counts of at least 10,000 are rounded to 10,000; <1,000 and <10,000 remain bounds in the typed table only. The source states that <10,000 means 1,000–9,999, not zero. World is the sum of the five regions in the same release. Netherlands Antilles and Channel Islands are not assigned to a single present-day country. Geography follows the 2011 release; South Sudan is separate. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.

Source: Pew: Christian traditions, 2010 estimates (2011 release)

Protestants — population, 2010 estimate

58,040 thousand persons latest value, 2010

Source: Pew: Christian traditions, 2010 estimates (2011 release)

Eastern and Oriental Orthodox — population, 2010 estimate

20 thousand persons latest value, 2010

Source: Pew: Christian traditions, 2010 estimates (2011 release)

Internet and communication freedom

Communication restrictions: documented cases

2 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Cases documented by Access Now / #KeepItOn in the reporting calendar year. Ongoing restrictions count in each year they persist, not only when they begin. Country denotes the affected location, not necessarily the imposing actor. Detection coverage varies; missing country-years are not filled with zero. Counts do not measure affected people, disconnected hours or censorship severity. Subcategories overlap. A subcategory zero means no explicit positive flags among the country-year records; unknown attributes remain in the detailed data.

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

Full-network restrictions

0 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

Service-based restrictions

2 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

Intentional throttling

0 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

Mobile internet restrictions

2 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

Broadband internet restrictions

2 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

SMS restrictions

0 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

Phone-call restrictions

0 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

Facebook restrictions

0 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

X / Twitter restrictions

0 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

WhatsApp restrictions

0 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

Instagram restrictions

0 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

Telegram restrictions

0 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

Restrictions linked to protests

0 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

Restrictions linked to elections

0 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

Restrictions linked to conflict

0 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

Restrictions linked to exams

0 documented cases a year latest value, 2025

Source: Access Now / #KeepItOn: STOP tracker

Internet freedom: overall score

9 points out of 100 latest value, 2025

Freedom House expert assessment; higher scores mean more freedom, not a percentage of people or sites. Year denotes the edition, assessing June 1 of the previous year through May 31 of that year. Total is access (0–25) plus content (0–35) plus user rights (0–40). Country coverage is neither a random sample nor the entire world. History starts in 2019, when the source reversed its scale; the 2025 production process was reduced due to budget constraints. Detailed questions cover 2025 only; gaps remain missing.

Source: Freedom House: Freedom on the Net

Internet freedom: access score

7 points out of 25 latest value, 2025

Source: Freedom House: Freedom on the Net

Internet freedom: content score

2 points out of 35 latest value, 2025

Source: Freedom House: Freedom on the Net

Internet freedom: user-rights score

0 points out of 40 latest value, 2025

Source: Freedom House: Freedom on the Net

Connectivity freedom: infrastructure control

1 points out of 6 latest value, 2025

Source: Freedom House: Freedom on the Net

Content freedom: website and VPN blocking

0 points out of 6 latest value, 2025

Source: Freedom House: Freedom on the Net

Content freedom: forced removal

0 points out of 4 latest value, 2025

Source: Freedom House: Freedom on the Net

Online rights: punishment for online activity

0 points out of 6 latest value, 2025

Source: Freedom House: Freedom on the Net

Online rights: anonymity and encryption

0 points out of 4 latest value, 2025

Source: Freedom House: Freedom on the Net

Online rights: state surveillance

0 points out of 6 latest value, 2025

Source: Freedom House: Freedom on the Net

Markets and valuations

Equity price change (WDI)

−23.62 % per year latest value, 2022

Annual equity index price change, without adding dividends. WDI describes USD S&P BMI indices but separately specifies local prices and CAC40, DAX, Nikkei, FTSE and S&P500 for France, Germany, Japan, the UK and US. Do not treat all countries as one USD portfolio. Coverage and currency bases differ; a historical sample, not live quotes. Source definition: S&P Global Equity Indices measure the U.S. dollar price change in the stock markets covered by the S&P BMI country indices.

Source: World Bank WDI: financial markets (WFE, IMF)

Stock market capitalisation / GDP

79.54 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Year-end market value of listed domestic equities divided by annual GDP: a stock/flow ratio, not P/E or a bubble diagnosis. Foreign revenues and the share of business outside exchanges vary across countries. India, 2025: WDI reports USD 10.56 trillion of capitalisation, while NSE Market Pulse January 2026 reports about USD 5.3 trillion for India. The reason is unresolved. That year’s capitalisation and capitalisation/GDP are retained in the typed dataset with quality=source_discrepancy but excluded from annual charts and automatic analysis pending review. Source definition: Market capitalization (also known as market value) is the share price times the number of shares outstanding (including their several classes) for listed domestic companies. Investment funds, unit trusts, and companies whose only business goal is to hold shares of other listed companies are excluded. Data are end of year values.

Source: World Bank WDI: financial markets (WFE, IMF)

Listed domestic equity capitalisation

15,508.86 US$ bn latest value, 2025

Price times outstanding shares at year end, in current US dollars. Funds and companies that only hold other companies’ shares are excluded. Changes include repricing, listings, delistings and exchange rates; this is not portfolio return. India, 2025: WDI reports USD 10.56 trillion of capitalisation, while NSE Market Pulse January 2026 reports about USD 5.3 trillion for India. The reason is unresolved. That year’s capitalisation and capitalisation/GDP are retained in the typed dataset with quality=source_discrepancy but excluded from annual charts and automatic analysis pending review. Source definition: Market capitalization (also known as market value) is the share price times the number of shares outstanding (including their several classes) for listed domestic companies. Investment funds, unit trusts, and companies whose only business goal is to hold shares of other listed companies are excluded. Data are end of year values converted to U.S. dollars using corresponding year-end foreign exchange rates.

Source: World Bank WDI: financial markets (WFE, IMF)

Equity trading value / GDP

303.71 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Annual value of domestic and foreign shares traded divided by GDP, counting one side of each transaction. Trading volume is neither market capitalisation nor invested savings. Source definition: The value of shares traded is the total number of shares traded, both domestic and foreign, multiplied by their respective matching prices. Figures are single counted (only one side of the transaction is considered). Companies admitted to listing and admitted to trading are included in the data. Data are end of year values.

Source: World Bank WDI: financial markets (WFE, IMF)

Domestic equity turnover ratio

296.65 % per year latest value, 2024

Domestic shares traded relative to their capitalisation; WDI annualises the monthly average by multiplying by 12. High turnover measures trading activity, not investment return. Source definition: Turnover ratio is the value of domestic shares traded divided by their market capitalization. The value is annualized by multiplying the monthly average by 12.

Source: World Bank WDI: financial markets (WFE, IMF)

Listed domestic companies

11,149 companies latest value, 2025

Companies with listed shares at year end, including foreign companies exclusively listed locally. Multiple share classes count as one company; investment funds are excluded. Source definition: Listed domestic companies, including foreign companies which are exclusively listed, are those which have shares listed on an exchange at the end of the year. Investment funds, unit trusts, and companies whose only business goal is to hold shares of other listed companies, such as holding companies and investment companies, regardless of their legal status, are excluded. A company with several classes of shares is counted once. Only companies admitted to listing on the exchange are included.

Source: World Bank WDI: financial markets (WFE, IMF)

Private-sector credit / GDP

194.31 % of GDP latest value, 2024

Financial resources supplied to the private sector by financial corporations relative to GDP. Includes loans and other debt claims; country coverage differs. Neither government debt nor mortgages alone. Source definition: Domestic credit to private sector refers to financial resources provided to the private sector by financial corporations, such as through loans, purchases of nonequity securities, and trade credits and other accounts receivable, that establish a claim for repayment. For some countries these claims include credit to public enterprises. The financial corporations include monetary authorities and deposit money banks, as well as other financial corporations where data are available (including corporations that do not accept transferable deposits but do incur such liabilities as time and savings deposits). Examples of other financial corporations are finance and leasing companies, money lenders, insurance corporations, pension funds, and foreign exchange companies. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.

Source: World Bank WDI: financial markets (WFE, IMF)

Bank nonperforming loans

1.5 % of gross loans latest value, 2024

Loans 90+ days overdue or unlikely to be repaid in full divided by gross loans, before provisions and collateral deductions. National rules and coverage can differ. Source definition: The indicator measures the proportion of a deposit taker’s loan portfolio that is impaired or at risk of default. It is calculated as the ratio of non-performing loans (NPLs) to total gross loans, where NPLs are defined as loans that are past due by 90 days or more or are otherwise considered unlikely to be repaid in full without the realization of collateral. Both non-performing loans and total gross loans should be reported at their gross book value, without deducting for loan-loss provisions or collateral. This indicator provides a key measure of asset quality and potential credit risk in the banking system.

Source: World Bank WDI: financial markets (WFE, IMF)

Equities: latest month (OECD)

105.74 2015 = 100 latest value, 2026

The annual axis selects the last published month of each year, labelled with its actual date. The current year is incomplete; this is neither a full-year mean nor a live quote. OECD national indices, normally monthly means of daily closes, 2015 = 100. Index composition differs across countries; dividends are not added. Index changes are not total-market capitalisation growth. Monthly averages smooth intramonth falls.

Source: OECD: monthly financial markets, national sources

Long-term yields: latest month (OECD)

1.69 % per year latest value, 2026

The annual axis selects the last published month of each year, labelled with its actual date. The current year is incomplete; this is neither a full-year mean nor a live quote. National-currency long-term government bond rates, normally around ten years, monthly national-source observations. Maturity, coverage and methodology vary by country. A quoted yield is not investor total return.

Source: OECD: monthly financial markets, national sources

Nominal residential property prices

118.83 index, 2010 = 100 latest value, 2025

BIS residential property prices in local currency, without inflation adjustment. Mean of four quarters; incomplete years omitted. Housing coverage and methods differ across countries. Compare with BIS real prices; excludes rental income and does not establish a bubble.

Source: BIS: nominal and real residential property prices

Industry and waste

Municipal waste per person

179 kg per person a year latest value, 2023

Municipal waste generated in the year per inhabitant. Municipal waste is collected by or on behalf of municipalities: household waste and similar waste of shops, offices and institutions. Industrial, construction and mining waste are outside it; national scopes differ. OECD, MUNW.

Source: OECD, Municipal waste: generation and treatment (MUNW)

Municipal waste landfilled

42.6 % of treated latest value, 2023

Landfill as a share of municipal waste treated in the year. Municipal waste is collected by or on behalf of municipalities: household waste and similar waste of shops, offices and institutions. Industrial, construction and mining waste are outside it; national scopes differ. OECD, MUNW.

Source: OECD, Municipal waste: generation and treatment (MUNW)

Municipal waste composted

1.8 % of treated latest value, 2010

Composting and digestion as a share of municipal waste treated in the year. Municipal waste is collected by or on behalf of municipalities: household waste and similar waste of shops, offices and institutions. Industrial, construction and mining waste are outside it; national scopes differ. OECD, MUNW.

Source: OECD, Municipal waste: generation and treatment (MUNW)

Manufacturing, share of GDP

24.7 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Manufacturing value added (ISIC section C: factories, excluding mining, utilities and construction) as a percentage of GDP. The share can fall while output grows if the rest of the economy grows faster. World Bank, WDI. Source note: Manufacturing includes industries classified in ISIC (Rev. 3) major division C and is defined as the physical or chemical transformation of materials or components into new products. Value added is the contribution to the economy by a producer or an industry or an institutional sector, which is estimated by the total value of output produced and deducting the total value of intermediate consumption of goods and services used to produce that output. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.

Source: World Bank WDI: national accounts (industry)

Industry incl. construction, share of GDP

35.6 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Value added of industry in the broad sense (mining, manufacturing, utilities and construction; ISIC B-F) as a percentage of GDP. World Bank, WDI. Source note: Industry (including construction) corresponds to ISIC (Rev.4) divisions 05-43. It is comprised of mining, manufacturing, construction, electricity, water, and gas industries. Value added is the contribution to the economy by a producer or an industry or an institutional sector, which is estimated by the total value of output produced and deducting the total value of intermediate consumption of goods and services used to produce that output. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.

Source: World Bank WDI: national accounts (industry)

Manufacturing value added per person

2,294 constant 2015 US$ per person latest value, 2015

Manufacturing value added at constant 2015 US dollars divided by population (UN WPP 2024): factory output net of inputs, not revenue. World Bank, WDI. Source note: Manufacturing includes industries classified in ISIC (Rev. 3) major division C and is defined as the physical or chemical transformation of materials or components into new products. Value added is the contribution to the economy by a producer or an industry or an institutional sector, which is estimated by the total value of output produced and deducting the total value of intermediate consumption of goods and services used to produce that output. This indicator is expressed in constant prices, meaning the series has been adjusted to account for price changes over time. The reference year for this adjustment is 2015. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.

Source: World Bank WDI: national accounts (industry)

Manufacturing value added per person (UNIDO)

3,492 constant 2020 US$ per person latest value, 2025

Manufacturing value added (ISIC section C) per person at constant 2020 US dollars. UNIDO National Accounts Database via the UN SDG database (indicator 9.2.1). Differs from the World Bank series by its base year (2020 rather than 2015) and UNIDO estimates for countries without recent accounts. Series: Manufacturing value added per capita (constant 2020 United States dollars).

Source: UNIDO via the UN SDG database: manufacturing value added

Manufacturing, share of GDP (UNIDO)

25.4 % of GDP latest value, 2025

Manufacturing value added as a percentage of GDP, constant prices. UNIDO via the UN SDG database (indicator 9.2.1). Series: Manufacturing value added (constant 2020 United States dollars) as a proportion of GDP (%).

Source: UNIDO via the UN SDG database: manufacturing value added

Oil production

216.1 million tonnes a year latest value, 2025

Crude oil, shale oil, oil sands, condensates and natural gas liquids (NGLs), million tonnes a year. Source: Energy Institute, Statistical Review of World Energy 2026 (via the Our World in Data copy).

Source: Energy Institute: Statistical Review of World Energy 2026

Natural gas production

264.1 billion cubic metres a year latest value, 2025

Marketed natural gas production, excluding gas flared or reinjected, billion cubic metres a year. Source: Energy Institute, Statistical Review of World Energy 2026 (via the Our World in Data copy).

Source: Energy Institute: Statistical Review of World Energy 2026

Coal production

4,663 million tonnes a year latest value, 2025

Hard coal and lignite in physical tonnes (not adjusted for energy content), million tonnes a year. Source: Energy Institute, Statistical Review of World Energy 2026 (via the Our World in Data copy).

Source: Energy Institute: Statistical Review of World Energy 2026

Lithium production

62 thousand tonnes of lithium a year latest value, 2025

Lithium mine production, lithium content, thousand tonnes a year. Source: Energy Institute, Statistical Review of World Energy 2026 (via the Our World in Data copy).

Source: Energy Institute: Statistical Review of World Energy 2026

Rare earths production

270 thousand tonnes of oxides a year latest value, 2025

Rare earth mine production, rare earth oxide equivalent, thousand tonnes a year. Source: Energy Institute, Statistical Review of World Energy 2026 (via the Our World in Data copy).

Source: Energy Institute: Statistical Review of World Energy 2026

Crude steel production

960.8 million tonnes a year latest value, 2025

Crude steel output by all processes (basic oxygen and electric arc furnaces), million tonnes a year. The 20 largest producers of the latest year and the world; each year from the newest World Steel in Figures edition. Source: World Steel Association.

Source: World Steel Association: World Steel in Figures and Short Range Outlook

Cement production

1,700,000 thousand tonnes a year latest value, 2025

Portland and other hydraulic cement, thousand tonnes a year. USGS rounds large values (China to 100 million tonnes); the latest year of each edition is an estimate. US Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries.

Source: US Geological Survey: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2020–2026

Primary aluminium production

45,000 thousand tonnes a year latest value, 2025

Primary aluminium smelter production (excluding secondary metal from scrap), thousand tonnes a year; the latest year of each edition is a USGS estimate. US Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries.

Source: US Geological Survey: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2020–2026

Copper mine production

1,800 thousand tonnes of copper a year latest value, 2025

Copper mine production, copper content, thousand tonnes a year; the latest year of each edition is a USGS estimate. US Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries.

Source: US Geological Survey: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2020–2026

Municipal waste per person (World Bank)

352 kg per person a year latest value, 2022

Municipal solid waste generation, kg per person a year (kg a day × 365). Municipal solid waste: households plus similar waste from shops, institutions and streets — excluding industrial, construction and mining waste. One reported year a country, the years differ. World Bank, What a Waste 3.0 (2026).

Source: World Bank: What a Waste 3.0 (2026)

Municipal waste left uncollected

0 % of municipal waste generated latest value, 2022

Share of municipal waste that is not collected: burned, buried or dumped where it is generated. Municipal solid waste: households plus similar waste from shops, institutions and streets — excluding industrial, construction and mining waste. One reported year a country, the years differ. World Bank, What a Waste 3.0 (2026).

Source: World Bank: What a Waste 3.0 (2026)

Education and work

Unemployment aged 25 and over: basic education (ILO)

2.2 % of labour force latest value, 2000

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25 and over with basic education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, UNE_DEAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.

Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)

Unemployment aged 25 and over: intermediate education (ILO)

6.9 % of labour force latest value, 2000

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25 and over with intermediate education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, UNE_DEAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.

Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)

Unemployment aged 25 and over: advanced (tertiary) education (ILO)

2.5 % of labour force latest value, 2000

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25 and over with advanced (tertiary) education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, UNE_DEAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.

Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)

Unemployment aged 15-24: basic education (ILO)

7.3 % of labour force latest value, 2000

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 15-24 with basic education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, UNE_DEAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.

Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)

Unemployment aged 15-24: advanced (tertiary) education (ILO)

13.4 % of labour force latest value, 2000

Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 15-24 with advanced (tertiary) education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, UNE_DEAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.

Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)

Employment aged 25 and over: basic education (ILO)

78.5 % of population latest value, 2000

Employed as a share of the population, people aged 25 and over with basic education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, EMP_DWAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.

Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)

Employment aged 25 and over: advanced (tertiary) education (ILO)

84.9 % of population latest value, 2000

Employed as a share of the population, people aged 25 and over with advanced (tertiary) education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, EMP_DWAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.

Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)

In-depth checks

This country has in-depth checks against archives of national projections: