Population
23.3M persons, 1 July latest value, 2023
Population on 1 July. UN estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024; past UN revisions for forecast checks.
Taiwan
All indicators of the Macroscope base for Taiwan, with sources. Below: what past UN and IMF releases projected and what actually happened.
Births
108k
births per year, 2025
Total fertility rate
0.70
children per woman, 2025
What the data shows
Computed with the same code as the observations under the main chart and in the API (get_insights). Moving together in time does not prove a cause.
How the indicators changed
- Fertility (TFR): 6.48 in 1950 → 0.70 in 2025 (−89%). Peak: 6.69 in 1952; the latest value is 90% lower. Thresholds: below 2.1 since 1984, below 1.5 since 2000, below 1.0 since 2020. The trend broke around 1956 and 1981: −0.02 → −0.18 → −0.03 a year.
- Births: 342k in 1950 → 108k in 2025 (−68%). Peak: 432k in 1962; the latest value is 75% lower. The trend broke around 1956 and 1980: +12.4k → −0.99k → −6.13k a year.
- Population: 7.6M in 1950 → 23.3M in 2023 (×3.1). The trend broke around 1983 and 2002: +355k → +185k → +46.7k a year.
- GDP growth: on average 8.7% in the 1980s, 6.6% in the 1990s, 3.9% in the 2000s, 3.7% in the 2010s, 4.6% in the 2020s. Lowest: −1.6% in 2009; highest: 12.8% in 1987.
- Inflation: on average 4.1% in the 1980s, 2.9% in the 1990s, 1.0% in the 2000s, 1.0% in the 2010s, 1.8% in the 2020s. Lowest: −0.9% in 2009; highest: 19% in 1980.
- Net migration: on average 25.2k a year in the 1950s, 43.6k a year in the 1960s, 2.51k a year in the 1970s, −21.8k a year in the 1980s, −28.7k a year in the 1990s, 8.35k a year in the 2000s, 16.5k a year in the 2010s, −56.2k a year in the 2020s.
- Life expectancy, men: 54.4 years in 1950 → 77.6 years in 2023 (+23 years). Threshold: above 70 years since 1982. The trend broke around 1974: change slowed down (+0.58 → +0.2 a year).
What changed at the same time
- The fastest decline of "Fertility (TFR)" was in 1963–1973: 5.39 → 3.25. Over the same years: births 431k → 372k; population 12.3M → 15.8M; net migration 68.6k a year → 18k a year; life expectancy, men 63.1 years → 67.5 years; no data for the others in those years.
- Over the last 10 years (2015–2025): fertility (TFR) 1.19 → 0.70; births 212k → 108k; population 23.5M (2015); GDP growth 1.5% → 8.7%; inflation −0.3% → 1.7%; net migration 10.7k a year (2015); life expectancy, men 76.7 years (2015).
Against other countries
- Order of events: fertility below 3: 1975; fertility below 2.1: 1984.
Forecasts vs actual
- Fertility (TFR): past UN projections. The outcome was below the projection in 6 of 6 revisions (2010–2022) and above in none; median gap −29%.
- Fertility (TFR): UN 2024 projection (medium): 2050 — 1.08 (+55% vs 2025), 2100 — 1.33 (+91% vs 2025); low variant for 2100: 0.83.
- Births: past UN projections. The outcome was below the projection in 6 of 6 revisions (2010–2022) and above in none; median gap −30%.
- The UN 2010 projection did not expect today's level (108k, 2025) before its horizon ended (2100).
- The UN 2022 projection did not expect today's level (108k, 2025) before its horizon ended (2100).
- National statistics for 2025: 108k, 14% below the UN 2024 medium variant (125k).
- Births: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2050 — 105k (−3% vs 2025), 2100 — 58.1k (−46% vs 2025); low variant for 2100: 17.9k.
- Population: past UN projections. The outcome was below the projection in 5 of 6 revisions (2010–2022) and above in 1; median gap −1.9%.
- Population: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2050 — 19.4M (−17% vs 2023), 2100 — 10M (−57% vs 2023); low variant for 2100: 6.49M.
- Why the UN missed the population. The 2010 projection for 2023: 23.2M; the UN's 2024 estimate: 23.3M (+0.4%). Parts of the gap (plus means more people than projected): the starting population +7.8k, births +100k, deaths +54.1k (fewer deaths than expected), migration −52.7k; the largest: births.
- GDP growth: IMF next-year forecasts (36 editions, 2007–2024). On average the outcome was 0.3 pp above the forecast; below it in 50% of cases; typical error ±2.5 pp. The biggest miss was for 2010: IMF, April 2009 expected 0%, the outcome was 10.2%.
- GDP growth: latest IMF forecast (IMF, April 2026): 2026 — 5.2%, 2028 — 2.5%, 2031 — 2.1%.
- Inflation: IMF next-year forecasts (36 editions, 2007–2024). On average the outcome was 0.3 pp below the forecast; below it in 58% of cases; typical error ±0.9 pp. The biggest miss was for 2009: IMF, October 2008 expected 2.5%, the outcome was −0.9%.
- Inflation: latest IMF forecast (IMF, April 2026): 2026 — 1.5%, 2028 — 1.6%, 2031 — 1.5%.
- Net migration: past UN projections. The outcome was above the projection in none of 6 revisions (2010–2022) and below in 6; median difference −61.2k a year. The biggest miss: the 2017 revision expected 24k a year for 2020–2025; the outcome was −61.2k a year (for the years of the period so far).
- Net migration: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2030 — −3.77k a year, 2050 — 6.77k a year, 2100 — 3.31k a year.
- Life expectancy, men: past UN projections. The outcome was above the projection in 1 of 6 revisions (2010–2022) and below in 5; median difference −1 years. The biggest miss: the 2015 revision expected 78.8 years for 2020–2025; the outcome was 77.5 years (for the years of the period so far).
- Life expectancy, men: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2030 — 79.2 years, 2050 — 82.8 years, 2100 — 88.9 years.
Wars and births
- War of 1958–1958 on the country's territory (UCDP/PRIO). Against peace-time countries whose fertility was close the year before the war (Turkmenistan, Thailand, Mongolia, Singapore, Turkey and 5 more), net of each country's pre-war trend: births during the war −4.4%, 1–5 years after it −9.4%, 6–10 years after −20%; fertility (children per woman) during the war −0.29, 1–5 years after it −0.66, 6–10 years after −1.22.
- All wars together: of 101 wars on countries' territory since 1955, births 1–5 years after the end were above comparable peace-time countries in 42% of cases (median −1.6%). No significant post-war rise shows up.
UN projections vs actual
Solid line: actual data, UN WPP 2024 estimates; births and fertility from national statistics from the last year they matched the UN estimate (the UN's figures for the latest years are partly its own projection). Dashed: medium variants of past UN revisions. The table shows what each revision expected for the latest year (or five-year period) with actual data.
Population
persons, 1 July
- Actual
- UN 2010
- UN 2012
- UN 2015
- UN 2017
- UN 2019
- UN 2022
- UN 2024, medium
| Release | Target period | Horizon | Expected | Actual | Actual vs expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UN 2010 | 2023 | 13 years | 23.2M | 23.3M | +0.4% |
| UN 2012 | 2023 | 11 years | 23.6M | 23.3M | −1.2% |
| UN 2015 | 2023 | 8 years | 23.4M | 23.3M | −0.1% |
| UN 2017 | 2023 | 6 years | 24M | 23.3M | −2.7% |
| UN 2019 | 2023 | 4 years | 23.9M | 23.3M | −2.5% |
| UN 2022 | 2023 | 1 year | 23.9M | 23.3M | −2.5% |
Births
births per year
- Actual
- UN 2010
- UN 2012
- UN 2015
- UN 2017
- UN 2019
- UN 2022
- UN 2024, medium
| Release | Target period | Horizon | Expected | Actual | Actual vs expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UN 2010 | 2020–2025 | 12 years | 177k | 139k | −21.6% |
| UN 2012 | 2020–2025 | 10 years | 198k | 139k | −29.8% |
| UN 2015 | 2020–2025 | 8 years | 168k | 139k | −17.4% |
| UN 2017 | 2020–2025 | 6 years | 213k | 139k | −34.8% |
| UN 2019 | 2020–2025 | 4 years | 200k | 139k | −30.7% |
| UN 2022 | 2025 | 3 years | 187k | 108k | −42.3% |
Total fertility rate
children per woman
- Actual
- UN 2010
- UN 2012
- UN 2015
- UN 2017
- UN 2019
- UN 2022
- UN 2024, medium
| Release | Target period | Horizon | Expected | Actual | Actual vs expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UN 2010 | 2020–2025 | 12 years | 1.19 | 0.89 | −25.3% |
| UN 2012 | 2020–2025 | 10 years | 1.28 | 0.89 | −30.4% |
| UN 2015 | 2020–2025 | 8 years | 1.06 | 0.89 | −16.1% |
| UN 2017 | 2020–2025 | 6 years | 1.31 | 0.89 | −32.3% |
| UN 2019 | 2020–2025 | 4 years | 1.24 | 0.89 | −28% |
| UN 2022 | 2025 | 3 years | 1.18 | 0.70 | −41.3% |
Deaths
thousand deaths per year
- Actual
- UN 2010
- UN 2012
- UN 2015
- UN 2017
- UN 2019
- UN 2022
- UN 2024, medium
| Release | Target period | Horizon | Expected | Actual | Actual vs expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UN 2010 | 2015–2020 | 8 years | 181 | 175 | −3.4% |
| UN 2012 | 2015–2020 | 6 years | 174 | 175 | +0.6% |
| UN 2015 | 2015–2020 | 2 years | 174 | 175 | +0.4% |
| UN 2017 | 2015–2020 | 0 years | 175 | 175 | −0.2% |
| UN 2022 | 2023 | 1 year | 182 | 205 | +12.8% |
Infant mortality
deaths under age 1 per 1,000 live births
- Actual
- UN 2010
- UN 2012
- UN 2015
- UN 2017
- UN 2019
- UN 2022
- UN 2024, medium
| Release | Target period | Horizon | Expected | Actual | Actual vs expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UN 2010 | 2015–2020 | 8 years | 4.9 | 3.4 | −31.5% |
| UN 2012 | 2015–2020 | 6 years | 3.5 | 3.4 | −3.8% |
| UN 2015 | 2015–2020 | 2 years | 3.5 | 3.4 | −4.2% |
| UN 2017 | 2015–2020 | 0 years | 3.7 | 3.4 | −9.4% |
| UN 2022 | 2023 | 1 year | 3.1 | 3 | −2.7% |
Net migration
persons per year
- Actual
- UN 2010
- UN 2012
- UN 2015
- UN 2017
- UN 2019
- UN 2022
- UN 2024, medium
| Release | Target period | Horizon | Expected | Actual | Actual vs expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UN 2010 | 2020–2025* | 12 years | 0 | −61.2k | −61k a year |
| UN 2012 | 2020–2025* | 10 years | 0 | −61.2k | −61k a year |
| UN 2015 | 2020–2025* | 8 years | 0 | −61.2k | −61k a year |
| UN 2017 | 2020–2025* | 6 years | 24k | −61.2k | −85k a year |
| UN 2019 | 2020–2025* | 4 years | 24k | −61.2k | −85k a year |
| UN 2022 | 2023 | 1 year | 24k | −32.8k | −57k a year |
Life expectancy at birth, women
years
- Actual
- UN 2010
- UN 2012
- UN 2015
- UN 2017
- UN 2019
- UN 2022
- UN 2024, medium
| Release | Target period | Horizon | Expected | Actual | Actual vs expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UN 2010 | 2020–2025* | 12 years | 83.2 | 83.8 | +0.5 yrs |
| UN 2012 | 2020–2025* | 10 years | 83.8 | 83.8 | 0 yrs |
| UN 2015 | 2020–2025* | 8 years | 83.8 | 83.8 | 0 yrs |
| UN 2017 | 2020–2025* | 6 years | 83.7 | 83.8 | +0.1 yrs |
| UN 2019 | 2020–2025* | 4 years | 83.6 | 83.8 | +0.1 yrs |
| UN 2022 | 2023 | 1 year | 84.7 | 83.6 | −1.1 yrs |
Life expectancy at birth, men
years
- Actual
- UN 2010
- UN 2012
- UN 2015
- UN 2017
- UN 2019
- UN 2022
- UN 2024, medium
| Release | Target period | Horizon | Expected | Actual | Actual vs expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UN 2010 | 2020–2025* | 12 years | 77.3 | 77.5 | +0.3 yrs |
| UN 2012 | 2020–2025* | 10 years | 78.5 | 77.5 | −1 yrs |
| UN 2015 | 2020–2025* | 8 years | 78.8 | 77.5 | −1.3 yrs |
| UN 2017 | 2020–2025* | 6 years | 78.6 | 77.5 | −1 yrs |
| UN 2019 | 2020–2025* | 4 years | 78.5 | 77.5 | −1 yrs |
| UN 2022 | 2023 | 1 year | 78.4 | 77.6 | −0.8 yrs |
* The five-year period is not over: the projection is compared with the mean of its years so far (UN facts end in 2023).
IMF forecasts vs actual
Solid line: actual values from the latest IMF edition (data get revised, so we use the newest). Dashed: April editions, current year and five years ahead. The table covers next-year forecasts from all editions: mean error shows bias, mean absolute error shows accuracy.
Real GDP growth
% per year
- Actual (IMF)
- WEO, April editions
| Indicator | Forecasts | Mean error | Mean absolute error | Actual below forecast |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Real GDP growth | 36 | +0.4 pp | 2.5 pp | 50% |
| Inflation | 36 | −0.3 pp | 0.9 pp | 58% |
| Unemployment rate | 36 | 0 pp | 0.3 pp | 69% |
| Government gross debt | 26 | 0 pp | 2.5 pp | 54% |
| Government budget balance | 28 | −0.6 pp | 0.9 pp | 68% |
All indicators
Demography
Births
108k births per year latest value, 2025
Live births per calendar year. UN WPP 2024 and national statistics (64 countries, 2015-2025).
Deaths
205 thousand deaths per year latest value, 2023
Deaths per calendar year (UN estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024); past UN revisions for forecast checks.
Natural change
−72.9 thousand persons per year latest value, 2023
Births minus deaths in the year (UN). Negative: natural decrease, more deaths than births.
Rate of natural change
−3.1 per 1,000 population per year latest value, 2023
Births minus deaths in the year per 1,000 people (UN). With the net migration rate it makes up population growth.
Life expectancy at 65
20.2 years latest value, 2023
Years a person aged 65 would still live at the mortality rates of the year; both sexes (UN).
Infant mortality
3 deaths under age 1 per 1,000 live births latest value, 2023
Children per 1,000 live births who die before their first birthday (UN); past UN revisions for forecast checks.
Total fertility rate
0.70 children per woman latest value, 2025
Average number of children a woman would have at the age-specific fertility rates of the year.
Life expectancy at birth, women
83.6 years latest value, 2023
Years a newborn girl would live at the mortality rates of the year (UN).
Life expectancy at birth, men
77.6 years latest value, 2023
Years a newborn boy would live at the mortality rates of the year (UN).
Median age
43.5 years latest value, 2023
Age that divides the population in two halves (UN).
Mean age of mothers at childbirth
31.9 years latest value, 2023
Mean age of mothers at the birth of their children of any order (UN).
Sex ratio at birth
106.8 boys per 100 girls latest value, 2023
Boys born per 100 girls born (UN).
Fertility: first births
0.47 first children per woman latest value, 2023
First children a woman would have at the age-specific rates of first births of the year (at most one). With second and later births it adds up to the total fertility rate. Human Fertility Database (July 2025 release, Our World in Data copy).
Fertility: second births
0.3 second children per woman latest value, 2023
Second children a woman would have at the age-specific rates of second births of the year. Human Fertility Database.
Fertility: third and later births
0.1 third and later children per woman latest value, 2023
Third and later children a woman would have at the age-specific rates of the year. Human Fertility Database.
Mean age at first birth
31.2 years latest value, 2024
Mean age of mothers at the birth of their first child (adjusted for the age structure of women). Human Fertility Database, summary indicators.
Source: Human Fertility Database, summary indicators (HFDLite)
Completed cohort fertility
1.41 children per woman; year = birth year of women latest value, 1980
Children per woman born in a given year by the end of childbearing (observed to age 44 or more). The year is the birth year of the women, not a calendar year. Human Fertility Database.
Source: Human Fertility Database, summary indicators (HFDLite)
Childlessness by cohort
23.9 % of women; year = birth year of women latest value, 1980
Share of women born in a given year who had no live births (observed to age 44 or more). The year is the birth year of the women. Human Fertility Database, which advises caution with cohort parity distributions.
Source: Human Fertility Database, summary indicators (HFDLite)
First child by age 26
10 % of women; year = birth year of women latest value, 1997
Share of women born in a given year who had a first child by the end of the year they turned 26 (26.5 on average): cumulative first births per woman × 100, from birth registers. The year is the birth year of the women; only cohorts already past that age, no projection. Human Fertility Database (ccfrVHbo).
First child by age 30
23.1 % of women; year = birth year of women latest value, 1993
Share of women born in a given year who had a first child by the end of the year they turned 30 (30.5 on average), from birth registers. The year is the birth year of the women; only cohorts already past that age. Human Fertility Database (ccfrVHbo).
Children by age 30
0.35 children per woman; year = birth year of women latest value, 1993
Children per woman born in a given year by the end of the year they turned 30, from birth registers. The year is the birth year of the women. Human Fertility Database (ccfrVHbo).
Excess deaths
10.7 % above the 2015-2019 trend latest value, 2023
How many percent more deaths (minus: fewer) the year had than the straight line through 2015-2019 of the same country. Macroscope's calculation from the Human Mortality Database: weekly deaths (Short-Term Mortality Fluctuations, ISO years scaled to 52.18 weeks), annual deaths where those are missing; no ageing adjustment beyond the trend, so the further from 2019, the rougher the estimate.
Births: long series
133.9 thousand births per year latest value, 2023
Live births per year from the Human Mortality Database, from the first year it publishes (Sweden 1749, France 1806, Denmark 1835), within the borders of the time. United Kingdom from 1922; Germany before 1990 = East plus West. Where it overlaps the UN series (from 1950) it usually differs by less than 1%.
Source: Human Mortality Database, live births (September 2025 release, Our World in Data copy)
Crude birth rate: long series
5.7 births per 1,000 people a year latest value, 2023
Live births per 1,000 people. Macroscope's calculation from the Human Mortality Database: births divided by the mean of the populations on 1 January of the year and of the next. Starts when HMD publishes the population (Sweden 1751, France 1816). In years of border changes the divisor mixes the old and new territory.
Total fertility rate (HFD)
0.88 children per woman latest value, 2024
Children a woman would have at the age-specific fertility rates of the year. Human Fertility Database: official summary tables from 1960; earlier years from the Our World in Data copy of the same database (Sweden 1891, Denmark 1916, USA 1933, France 1946). May differ slightly from the UN estimate.
Source: Human Fertility Database, summary indicators (HFDLite)
Crude marriage rate
4.52 marriages per 1,000 people latest value, 2025
Marriages in the year per 1,000 people: marriages from national offices (Korea, Japan, Taiwan, China, the USA, the UK, Russia, Brazil and others, where they publish more than the international databases), Eurostat and the UN, divided by the UN WPP 2024 population. Where most births are within marriage, marriages come before births.
Source: Taiwan Ministry of the Interior, household registration statistics
Marriages
104k marriages a year latest value, 2025
Marriages in the year (couples). National offices (Korea, Japan, Taiwan, China, the USA, the UK, Russia, Brazil and others), Eurostat for Europe, the UN for the rest; by year of registration or of occurrence, as each country counts.
Source: Taiwan Ministry of the Interior, household registration statistics
Old-age dependency
23.9 persons 65+ per 100 aged 20-64 latest value, 2020
Persons aged 65+ per 100 aged 20-64, every five years (UN).
Children under 15
2,785 thousand persons, 1 July latest value, 2023
Children aged 0-14 on 1 July: the sum of the five-year groups 0-4, 5-9 and 10-14 (UN; estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024).
Children under 5
776 thousand persons, 1 July latest value, 2023
Children aged 0-4 on 1 July (UN; estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024).
People aged 65 and over
4,274 thousand persons, 1 July latest value, 2023
People aged 65 and over on 1 July: the sum of the five-year groups from 65-69 to 100+ (UN; estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024).
People aged 80 and over
925 thousand persons, 1 July latest value, 2023
People aged 80 and over on 1 July: the sum of the five-year groups from 80-84 to 100+ (UN; estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024).
Migration
Net migration
−32.8k persons per year latest value, 2023
Immigrants minus emigrants per year (UN estimate and projection). Past UN revisions for forecast checks.
Net migration rate
−1.41 per 1,000 population per year latest value, 2023
Immigrants minus emigrants per year per 1,000 people: UN net migration divided by the population on 1 July. Comparable across countries of any size.
International migrants, share
4.9 % of population latest value, 2024
People born in another country (foreign citizens where birthplace is not recorded) as a share of the population at mid-year (UN, every five years and 2024).
International migrant stock
1.14M persons latest value, 2024
Number of people born in another country (or foreign citizens) living in the country at mid-year (UN).
Emigrants, share
3.6 % of home population latest value, 2024
People from the country (born there or its citizens) living in other countries, as a percentage of the population living in the country (UN, International Migrant Stock 2024).
Emigrant stock
833k persons latest value, 2024
Number of people from the country (born there or its citizens) living in other countries at mid-year (UN).
Citizens under temporary protection in Europe
0 thousand persons, end of year latest value, 2026
Citizens of the country under temporary protection in the EU, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland (all 31 report from 2022), end of December. For the running year: the latest month all have published. Granted from March 2022 to people fleeing the war in Ukraine: almost all are Ukrainians; for other countries, their citizens who lived in Ukraine. Eurostat, migr_asytpsm.
Economy
Real GDP growth
8.7 % per year latest value, 2025
Annual change of GDP at constant prices. Actual values and forecasts from IMF WEO editions.
Inflation
1.7 % per year, average latest value, 2025
Change of the annual average consumer price index (IMF WEO).
Government gross debt
26.8 % of GDP latest value, 2024
General government gross debt, percent of GDP (IMF WEO).
Unemployment rate
3.4 % of labour force latest value, 2025
Unemployed as a share of the labour force (IMF WEO; national definitions).
GDP per capita, US dollars
39,489 current US dollars latest value, 2025
GDP per person in current US dollars at market exchange rates (IMF WEO).
Government budget balance
−1.5 % of GDP latest value, 2024
General government net lending (+, surplus) or borrowing (−, deficit), percent of GDP (IMF WEO).
Current account balance
14.1 % of GDP latest value, 2024
Balance of trade in goods and services, income and transfers with the rest of the world, percent of GDP: plus means the country earns abroad more than it spends (IMF WEO).
Energy
Electricity demand per person
12,497 kWh per person a year latest value, 2025
Electricity demand (generation plus net imports, Ember) divided by the UN WPP 2024 population. A physical measure that is hard to dress up.
Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data
Electricity demand growth
0.1 % per year latest value, 2025
Change in electricity demand from the previous year (Ember). Useful to set against official GDP growth.
Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data
Wind and solar share of electricity
9.8 % of generation latest value, 2025
Share of wind and solar power in electricity generation (Ember).
Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data
Low-carbon share of electricity
13.5 % of generation latest value, 2025
Share of renewables and nuclear power in electricity generation (Ember).
Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data
Coal share of electricity
36.2 % of generation latest value, 2025
Share of coal power in electricity generation (Ember).
Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data
Carbon intensity of electricity
634 g CO2e per kWh latest value, 2025
Greenhouse gas emissions of electricity generation per kilowatt-hour (Ember).
Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data
Electricity generation
288.9 TWh per year latest value, 2025
Total electricity generation in the country (Ember). Imports are excluded. A volume, not the share of a fuel.
Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data
Electricity generation emissions
183.1 Mt CO2e per year latest value, 2025
Greenhouse gas emissions of electricity generation (Ember), not of the whole economy.
Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data
Security
Deaths in organised violence
0 persons a year latest value, 2025
Deaths in state-based conflict, non-state conflict and one-sided violence against civilians, by where the events took place (UCDP GED, best estimate). 0 means no organised violence above UCDP thresholds (25 deaths a year in one conflict). Events in Gaza and the West Bank are counted for Palestine.
Deaths in organised violence per 100,000
0 per 100,000 people a year latest value, 2025
Deaths in organised violence (UCDP GED) per 100,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024).
Armed conflict in the country
0 0 none, 1 minor, 2 war latest value, 2025
Strongest armed conflict of the year in which the government or territory of the country is disputed (UCDP/PRIO ACD): 1 = 25-999 battle-related deaths, 2 = war, 1,000 or more. In interstate conflicts every primary party is marked even if the fighting was elsewhere (the USA in Iraq, 2003). Historical states are mapped to present-day countries by territory (USSR, Yugoslavia, South Vietnam and others).
Battle deaths
0 persons a year latest value, 2025
Soldiers and civilians killed in combat in state-based armed conflicts on the territory of the country. 1946-1988: PRIO Battle Deaths (best estimate, else the low one; a conflict of several countries split equally); from 1989: UCDP GED by place of the events. For the same conflicts in 1989-2008 PRIO is 1.6 times UCDP, so the drop in 1989 is partly a change of source. One-sided violence against civilians is not included.
Battle deaths per 100,000
0 per 100,000 people a year latest value, 2025
Battle deaths on the territory of the country (PRIO to 1988, UCDP GED from 1989) per 100,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024), from 1950.
Purchases and money
Average dietary energy requirement
2,472 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2025
FAOSTAT FS, Average dietary energy requirement (kcal/cap/day). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Variation in habitual caloric consumption distribution
0.22 No latest value, 2024
FAOSTAT FS, Coefficient of variation of habitual caloric consumption distribution (real number). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Alcoholic beverages: energy supply
74.24 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Alcoholic Beverages. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Alcoholic beverages: quantity supply
38.39 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Alcoholic Beverages. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Animal products: energy supply
695.87 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Animal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Animal products: fat supply
48.84 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Animal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Animal products: protein supply
56.69 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Animal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Bovine meat: energy supply
32.11 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Bovine Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Bovine meat: quantity supply
9.02 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Bovine Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Cereals excluding beer: energy supply
850.58 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Cereals - Excluding Beer. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Cereals excluding beer: quantity supply
124.4 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Cereals - Excluding Beer. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Coffee and products: energy supply
5.71 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Coffee and products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Coffee and products: quantity supply
1.9 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Coffee and products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Eggs: energy supply
49.45 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Eggs. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Eggs: quantity supply
14.05 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Eggs. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Fish and seafood: energy supply
47.32 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Fish, Seafood. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Fish and seafood: fat supply
1.65 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Fish, Seafood. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Fish and seafood: protein supply
7.78 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Fish, Seafood. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Fish and seafood: quantity supply
30.4 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Fish, Seafood. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Fruits excluding wine: energy supply
132.51 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Fruits - Excluding Wine. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Fruits excluding wine: quantity supply
94.38 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Fruits - Excluding Wine. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Meat: energy supply
426.44 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Meat: fat supply
30.15 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Meat: protein supply
38.61 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Meat: quantity supply
91.5 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Milk excluding butter: energy supply
88.21 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Milk - Excluding Butter. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Milk excluding butter: fat supply
4.73 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Milk - Excluding Butter. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Milk excluding butter: protein supply
4.91 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Milk - Excluding Butter. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Milk excluding butter: quantity supply
57.79 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Milk - Excluding Butter. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Treenuts: energy supply
15.21 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Treenuts. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Treenuts: quantity supply
6.43 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Treenuts. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Vegetal products: energy supply
2,262.47 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Vegetal products: fat supply
79.54 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Vegetal products: protein supply
42.08 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Pigmeat: energy supply
222.03 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Pigmeat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Pigmeat: quantity supply
39.05 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Pigmeat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Poultry meat: energy supply
166.11 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Poultry Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Poultry meat: quantity supply
42.32 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Poultry Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Pulses: energy supply
20.76 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Pulses. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Pulses: quantity supply
2.4 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Pulses. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Starchy roots: energy supply
32.32 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Starchy Roots. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Starchy roots: quantity supply
15.4 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Starchy Roots. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Sugar and sweeteners: energy supply
297.04 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Sugar & Sweeteners. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Sugar and sweeteners: quantity supply
30.13 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Sugar & Sweeteners. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Tea including mate: energy supply
0.55 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Tea (including mate). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Tea including mate: quantity supply
1.43 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Tea (including mate). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
All foods: energy supply
2,958.35 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Grand Total. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
All foods: fat supply
128.38 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Grand Total. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
All foods: protein supply
98.77 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Grand Total. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Vegetable oils: energy supply
574.98 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetable Oils. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Vegetable oils: quantity supply
23.44 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetable Oils. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Vegetables: energy supply
107.89 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetables. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Vegetables: quantity supply
120.82 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetables. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Healthy-diet animal-source food cost
1.29 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021
FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of animal source foods. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Cost of a healthy diet
5.48 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2025
FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of a healthy diet (CoHD). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Healthy-diet fruit cost
0.75 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021
FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of fruits. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Healthy-diet legumes and nuts cost
0.57 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021
FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of legumes, nuts and seeds. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Healthy-diet oils and fats cost
0.15 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021
FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of oils and fats. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Healthy-diet starchy-staple cost
1.04 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021
FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of starchy staples. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Unable to afford a healthy diet
3.8 % latest value, 2025
FAOSTAT CAHD, Prevalence of unaffordability (PUA). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
People unable to afford a healthy diet
0.9 million No latest value, 2025
FAOSTAT CAHD, Number of people unable to afford a healthy diet (NUA). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Healthy-diet vegetable cost
1.15 Int$ (PPP) per person per day latest value, 2021
FAOSTAT CAHD, Cost of vegetables. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Minimum dietary energy requirement
1,906 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2025
FAOSTAT FS, Minimum dietary energy requirement (kcal/cap/day). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Caloric losses at retail distribution
2.45 % latest value, 2025
FAOSTAT FS, Incidence of caloric losses at retail distribution level (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Health
COVID economic support index
70 mean index 0–100 latest value, 2022
Mean daily national OxCGRT index with all days present, archived 2020–2022. Codes policies, not compliance, effectiveness or causal impact. Average follows source treatment of vaccination groups.
COVID containment and health index
43.2 mean index 0–100 latest value, 2022
Mean daily national OxCGRT index with all days present, archived 2020–2022. Codes policies, not compliance, effectiveness or causal impact. Average follows source treatment of vaccination groups.
COVID government response
46.6 mean index 0–100 latest value, 2022
Mean daily national OxCGRT index with all days present, archived 2020–2022. Codes policies, not compliance, effectiveness or causal impact. Average follows source treatment of vaccination groups.
COVID policy stringency
24.7 mean index 0–100 latest value, 2022
Mean daily national OxCGRT index with all days present, archived 2020–2022. Codes policies, not compliance, effectiveness or causal impact. Average follows source treatment of vaccination groups.
Land and housing
Certified organic agricultural land
20.3 1000 ha latest value, 2024
FAOSTAT RL, Agriculture area certified organic. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Land equipped for irrigation
372.36 1000 ha latest value, 2024
FAOSTAT RL, Land area equipped for irrigation. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Everyday environment
Land temperature anomaly
1.31 °C latest value, 2025
FAOSTAT ET, Meteorological year. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Science, space and technology
GitHub developer accounts at year end
1,735,979 accounts latest value, 2025
Fourth-quarter end snapshot; includes inactive accounts/organizations/repositories. GitHub Innovation Graph: public GitHub activity only. Geography reflects mode location, not nationality. Suppressed small groups are not zeros; not a professional-programmer count.
Source: GitHub Innovation Graph
GitHub git pushes
8,323,948 git pushes latest value, 2025
Sum of all four published quarters of git pushes. One push may include multiple commits. GitHub Innovation Graph: public GitHub activity only. Geography reflects mode location, not nationality. Suppressed small groups are not zeros; not a professional-programmer count.
Source: GitHub Innovation Graph
GitHub organizations at year end
66,681 organizations latest value, 2025
Fourth-quarter end snapshot; includes inactive accounts/organizations/repositories. GitHub Innovation Graph: public GitHub activity only. Geography reflects mode location, not nationality. Suppressed small groups are not zeros; not a professional-programmer count.
Source: GitHub Innovation Graph
GitHub repositories at year end
4,305,127 repositories latest value, 2025
Fourth-quarter end snapshot; includes inactive accounts/organizations/repositories. GitHub Innovation Graph: public GitHub activity only. Geography reflects mode location, not nationality. Suppressed small groups are not zeros; not a professional-programmer count.
Source: GitHub Innovation Graph
Business R&D, % of GDP
3.51 % of GDP latest value, 2024
BERD — R&D performed by businesses, as a share of GDP. It is part of GERD; the rest is performed by government institutes, universities and non-profits. Counted by who performs the work, not by who pays for it. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.
Government-sector R&D, % of GDP
0.34 % of GDP latest value, 2024
GOVERD — R&D performed by government research bodies (excluding universities), as a share of GDP. Part of GERD; counted by performer, not by source of funds. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.
University R&D, % of GDP
0.25 % of GDP latest value, 2024
HERD — R&D performed by universities and other higher-education institutions, as a share of GDP. Part of GERD; counted by performer, not by source of funds. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.
R&D funded by business
85.1 % of GERD latest value, 2024
Share of all domestic R&D spending (GERD) paid for by businesses, whoever performed the work. GERD is all R&D performed in the country, whoever performs it: businesses, government institutes, universities and non-profits (Frascati Manual). OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.
R&D funded by government
14.2 % of GERD latest value, 2024
Share of all domestic R&D spending (GERD) paid for by government, including public money for universities. GERD is all R&D performed in the country, whoever performs it: businesses, government institutes, universities and non-profits (Frascati Manual). OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.
R&D funded from abroad
0.1 % of GERD latest value, 2024
Share of domestic R&D spending (GERD) paid for from abroad: foreign companies, international organisations, EU programmes. GERD is all R&D performed in the country, whoever performs it: businesses, government institutes, universities and non-profits (Frascati Manual). OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.
R&D spending, billion dollars
65.1 billion USD PPP, 2020 prices latest value, 2024
All domestic R&D spending (GERD) in billions of US dollars at purchasing power parity, constant 2020 prices, so years compare without inflation. GERD is all R&D performed in the country, whoever performs it: businesses, government institutes, universities and non-profits (Frascati Manual). OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.
Researchers per 1,000 employed
15.6 per 1,000 employed, FTE latest value, 2024
Researchers in full-time equivalents (FTE: two half-timers count as one) per 1,000 people employed. Researchers only, excluding technicians and support staff; not a headcount. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.
Researchers, thousands
180.9 thousand full-time equivalents latest value, 2024
Researchers in all sectors in full-time equivalents (two half-timers count as one), thousands. Excludes technicians and support staff; the headcount is usually larger. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.
Government R&D budget, billion dollars
9.1 billion USD PPP, 2020 prices latest value, 2024
GBARD — R&D appropriations in the central government budget, billions of US dollars at PPP, 2020 prices. A budget, not GERD spending: it includes money spent abroad and given to international organisations, and excludes business money. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.
Defence share of government R&D budget
5.2 % of GBARD latest value, 2025
Share of government R&D appropriations (GBARD) earmarked for defence. GBARD is a budget, not actual spending. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.
Space share of civil government R&D budget
3.9 % of civil GBARD latest value, 2025
Share of civil government R&D appropriations (GBARD excluding defence) for space exploration and exploitation. Military space is not included. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.
Triadic patent families
663 families per year latest value, 2023
Inventions filed at all three of the European, Japanese and US patent offices, by inventors' country and priority year, fractionally counted across co-inventing countries. Applications, not grants; counts inventions, not individual filings. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.
Government R&D budget, % of GDP
0.57 % of GDP latest value, 2024
GBARD — central government R&D appropriations as a share of GDP, both in national currency at current prices from the same OECD table. A budget, not GERD spending; business money is not included. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators.
Satellites and spacecraft put into orbit
9 payloads a year latest value, 2025
Payloads (satellites, crewed and cargo ships, probes; no rocket stages, debris or dummies) put into orbit by successful launches in the year. The country is the payload owner in GCAT, not the rocket's country: a Turkish satellite on a Falcon 9 is Turkey. Thousands of Starlink satellites since 2019 are the US. Data from GCAT (J. McDowell, planet4589.org/space/gcat), CC BY 4.0.
Source: GCAT — General Catalog of Artificial Space Objects (J. McDowell)
Religion and beliefs
Christians — population share
5.5 % of population latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Christians — population
1,310 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Muslims — population share
0.5 % of population latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Muslims — population
120 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Religiously unaffiliated — population share
23.1 % of population latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Religiously unaffiliated — population
5,460 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Buddhists — population share
19.2 % of population latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Buddhists — population
4,540 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Other religions — population share
51.7 % of population latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Other religions — population
12,230 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Religious diversity — country rank
3 rank among 201 latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Religious diversity index
7.5 index points (0–10) latest value, 2020
Pew index, 0–10, based on seven broad groups. 10 means seven equal groups; 0 means everyone belongs to one group. Does not measure religious freedom, intensity of belief or conflict. Values below 0.1 are retained as bounds in the table. Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Religious composition: balance between two groups
8.1 index points (0–10) latest value, 2020
Pew index, 0–10, based on seven broad groups. 10 means two equal groups, which may be any two religions. It is not an affiliated/unaffiliated index. Does not measure religious freedom, intensity of belief or conflict. Values below 0.1 are retained as bounds in the table. Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Religiously affiliated — population share
76.9 % of population latest value, 2020
Macroscope calculation: total population minus Unaffiliated. A subtotal of six religious groups, not an eighth group or a count of believers in God. Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Religiously affiliated — population
18,200 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Macroscope calculation: total population minus Unaffiliated. A subtotal of six religious groups, not an eighth group or a count of believers in God. Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Government restrictions on religion
1 index points (0–10) latest value, 2023
Pew coding of published materials for 2023, 198 countries and territories. Scores from 0 to 10, not population percentages. GRI covers government restrictions; SHI covers hostile acts by private individuals and groups. They measure different things and must not be summed. North Korea is not scored due to insufficient reliable observations; missing is not no restrictions. Released June 15, 2026.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious restrictions and social hostilities
Social hostilities involving religion
0 index points (0–10) latest value, 2023
Pew coding of published materials for 2023, 198 countries and territories. Scores from 0 to 10, not population percentages. GRI covers government restrictions; SHI covers hostile acts by private individuals and groups. They measure different things and must not be summed. North Korea is not scored due to insufficient reliable observations; missing is not no restrictions. Released June 15, 2026.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious restrictions and social hostilities
Religion very important: WVS
15.5 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2019
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Religion not at all important: WVS
9.2 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2019
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Never attend services: WVS
23.1 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2019
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Never pray: WVS
7.1 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2019
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Identify as religious: WVS
41.1 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2019
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Identify as non-religious: WVS
37.9 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2019
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Identify as atheists: WVS
21.1 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2019
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Do not believe in God: WVS
17.5 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2019
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Believe in God: WVS
82.4 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2019
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Believe in life after death: WVS
57.2 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2019
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Believe in hell: WVS
63.6 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2019
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Believe in heaven: WVS
63.2 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2019
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Catholics — population, 2010 estimate
320 thousand persons latest value, 2010
Historical all-age estimates for 2010 from Pew’s 2011 release, 232 countries/territories. Pew’s 2025 revision does not update this detailed split: do not splice into the revised Christian total series. Affiliation, not practice. Protestant includes Anglicans and independent churches; Orthodox includes Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches. Other Christians include, among others, Latter-day Saints and Jehovah’s Witnesses under the source classification. Counts of at least 10,000 are rounded to 10,000; <1,000 and <10,000 remain bounds in the typed table only. The source states that <10,000 means 1,000–9,999, not zero. World is the sum of the five regions in the same release. Netherlands Antilles and Channel Islands are not assigned to a single present-day country. Geography follows the 2011 release; South Sudan is separate. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.
Source: Pew: Christian traditions, 2010 estimates (2011 release)
Protestants — population, 2010 estimate
950 thousand persons latest value, 2010
Historical all-age estimates for 2010 from Pew’s 2011 release, 232 countries/territories. Pew’s 2025 revision does not update this detailed split: do not splice into the revised Christian total series. Affiliation, not practice. Protestant includes Anglicans and independent churches; Orthodox includes Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches. Other Christians include, among others, Latter-day Saints and Jehovah’s Witnesses under the source classification. Counts of at least 10,000 are rounded to 10,000; <1,000 and <10,000 remain bounds in the typed table only. The source states that <10,000 means 1,000–9,999, not zero. World is the sum of the five regions in the same release. Netherlands Antilles and Channel Islands are not assigned to a single present-day country. Geography follows the 2011 release; South Sudan is separate. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.
Source: Pew: Christian traditions, 2010 estimates (2011 release)
Other Christians — population, 2010 estimate
20 thousand persons latest value, 2010
Historical all-age estimates for 2010 from Pew’s 2011 release, 232 countries/territories. Pew’s 2025 revision does not update this detailed split: do not splice into the revised Christian total series. Affiliation, not practice. Protestant includes Anglicans and independent churches; Orthodox includes Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches. Other Christians include, among others, Latter-day Saints and Jehovah’s Witnesses under the source classification. Counts of at least 10,000 are rounded to 10,000; <1,000 and <10,000 remain bounds in the typed table only. The source states that <10,000 means 1,000–9,999, not zero. World is the sum of the five regions in the same release. Netherlands Antilles and Channel Islands are not assigned to a single present-day country. Geography follows the 2011 release; South Sudan is separate. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.
Source: Pew: Christian traditions, 2010 estimates (2011 release)
Internet and communication freedom
Internet freedom: overall score
79 points out of 100 latest value, 2025
Freedom House expert assessment; higher scores mean more freedom, not a percentage of people or sites. Year denotes the edition, assessing June 1 of the previous year through May 31 of that year. Total is access (0–25) plus content (0–35) plus user rights (0–40). Country coverage is neither a random sample nor the entire world. History starts in 2019, when the source reversed its scale; the 2025 production process was reduced due to budget constraints. Detailed questions cover 2025 only; gaps remain missing.
Internet freedom: access score
24 points out of 25 latest value, 2025
Freedom House expert assessment; higher scores mean more freedom, not a percentage of people or sites. Year denotes the edition, assessing June 1 of the previous year through May 31 of that year. Total is access (0–25) plus content (0–35) plus user rights (0–40). Country coverage is neither a random sample nor the entire world. History starts in 2019, when the source reversed its scale; the 2025 production process was reduced due to budget constraints. Detailed questions cover 2025 only; gaps remain missing.
Internet freedom: content score
29 points out of 35 latest value, 2025
Freedom House expert assessment; higher scores mean more freedom, not a percentage of people or sites. Year denotes the edition, assessing June 1 of the previous year through May 31 of that year. Total is access (0–25) plus content (0–35) plus user rights (0–40). Country coverage is neither a random sample nor the entire world. History starts in 2019, when the source reversed its scale; the 2025 production process was reduced due to budget constraints. Detailed questions cover 2025 only; gaps remain missing.
Internet freedom: user-rights score
26 points out of 40 latest value, 2025
Freedom House expert assessment; higher scores mean more freedom, not a percentage of people or sites. Year denotes the edition, assessing June 1 of the previous year through May 31 of that year. Total is access (0–25) plus content (0–35) plus user rights (0–40). Country coverage is neither a random sample nor the entire world. History starts in 2019, when the source reversed its scale; the 2025 production process was reduced due to budget constraints. Detailed questions cover 2025 only; gaps remain missing.
Connectivity freedom: infrastructure control
6 points out of 6 latest value, 2025
Freedom House expert assessment; higher scores mean more freedom, not a percentage of people or sites. Year denotes the edition, assessing June 1 of the previous year through May 31 of that year. Total is access (0–25) plus content (0–35) plus user rights (0–40). Country coverage is neither a random sample nor the entire world. History starts in 2019, when the source reversed its scale; the 2025 production process was reduced due to budget constraints. Detailed questions cover 2025 only; gaps remain missing.
Content freedom: website and VPN blocking
5 points out of 6 latest value, 2025
Freedom House expert assessment; higher scores mean more freedom, not a percentage of people or sites. Year denotes the edition, assessing June 1 of the previous year through May 31 of that year. Total is access (0–25) plus content (0–35) plus user rights (0–40). Country coverage is neither a random sample nor the entire world. History starts in 2019, when the source reversed its scale; the 2025 production process was reduced due to budget constraints. Detailed questions cover 2025 only; gaps remain missing.
Content freedom: forced removal
3 points out of 4 latest value, 2025
Freedom House expert assessment; higher scores mean more freedom, not a percentage of people or sites. Year denotes the edition, assessing June 1 of the previous year through May 31 of that year. Total is access (0–25) plus content (0–35) plus user rights (0–40). Country coverage is neither a random sample nor the entire world. History starts in 2019, when the source reversed its scale; the 2025 production process was reduced due to budget constraints. Detailed questions cover 2025 only; gaps remain missing.
Online rights: punishment for online activity
5 points out of 6 latest value, 2025
Freedom House expert assessment; higher scores mean more freedom, not a percentage of people or sites. Year denotes the edition, assessing June 1 of the previous year through May 31 of that year. Total is access (0–25) plus content (0–35) plus user rights (0–40). Country coverage is neither a random sample nor the entire world. History starts in 2019, when the source reversed its scale; the 2025 production process was reduced due to budget constraints. Detailed questions cover 2025 only; gaps remain missing.
Online rights: anonymity and encryption
3 points out of 4 latest value, 2025
Freedom House expert assessment; higher scores mean more freedom, not a percentage of people or sites. Year denotes the edition, assessing June 1 of the previous year through May 31 of that year. Total is access (0–25) plus content (0–35) plus user rights (0–40). Country coverage is neither a random sample nor the entire world. History starts in 2019, when the source reversed its scale; the 2025 production process was reduced due to budget constraints. Detailed questions cover 2025 only; gaps remain missing.
Online rights: state surveillance
3 points out of 6 latest value, 2025
Freedom House expert assessment; higher scores mean more freedom, not a percentage of people or sites. Year denotes the edition, assessing June 1 of the previous year through May 31 of that year. Total is access (0–25) plus content (0–35) plus user rights (0–40). Country coverage is neither a random sample nor the entire world. History starts in 2019, when the source reversed its scale; the 2025 production process was reduced due to budget constraints. Detailed questions cover 2025 only; gaps remain missing.
Industry and waste
Manufacturing value added per person (UNIDO)
12,692 constant 2020 US$ per person latest value, 2025
Manufacturing value added (ISIC section C) per person at constant 2020 US dollars. UNIDO National Accounts Database via the UN SDG database (indicator 9.2.1). Differs from the World Bank series by its base year (2020 rather than 2015) and UNIDO estimates for countries without recent accounts. Series: Manufacturing value added per capita (constant 2020 United States dollars).
Source: UNIDO via the UN SDG database: manufacturing value added
Manufacturing, share of GDP (UNIDO)
35.9 % of GDP latest value, 2025
Manufacturing value added as a percentage of GDP, constant prices. UNIDO via the UN SDG database (indicator 9.2.1). Series: Manufacturing value added (constant 2020 United States dollars) as a proportion of GDP (%).
Source: UNIDO via the UN SDG database: manufacturing value added
Crude steel production
17.2 million tonnes a year latest value, 2025
Crude steel output by all processes (basic oxygen and electric arc furnaces), million tonnes a year. The 20 largest producers of the latest year and the world; each year from the newest World Steel in Figures edition. Source: World Steel Association.
Source: World Steel Association: World Steel in Figures and Short Range Outlook
Municipal waste per person (World Bank)
495 kg per person a year latest value, 2023
Municipal solid waste generation, kg per person a year (kg a day × 365). Municipal solid waste: households plus similar waste from shops, institutions and streets — excluding industrial, construction and mining waste. One reported year a country, the years differ. World Bank, What a Waste 3.0 (2026).
Municipal waste sent to recycling
54 % of municipal waste latest value, 2023
Share of municipal waste sent to recycling, as reported by the country. Sent is not the same as recycled: sorting rejects and exports are included; composting and incineration are not. Municipal solid waste: households plus similar waste from shops, institutions and streets — excluding industrial, construction and mining waste. One reported year a country, the years differ. World Bank, What a Waste 3.0 (2026).
Education and skills
PISA: reading, mean score of 15-year-olds
515 PISA points latest value, 2022
Mean score in the OECD PISA test of reading literacy. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. PISA scale: in the cycle when the domain was first the major one (2000) the OECD mean = 500, standard deviation = 100; the series is comparable from 2000. A 10-15 point change between cycles is often within the error (standard errors and significance are in the education_pisa dataset). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.
PISA: mathematics, mean score of 15-year-olds
547 PISA points latest value, 2022
Mean score in the OECD PISA test of mathematical literacy. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. PISA scale: in the cycle when the domain was first the major one (2003) the OECD mean = 500, standard deviation = 100; the series is comparable from 2003. A 10-15 point change between cycles is often within the error (standard errors and significance are in the education_pisa dataset). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.
PISA: science, mean score of 15-year-olds
537 PISA points latest value, 2022
Mean score in the OECD PISA test of scientific literacy. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. PISA scale: in the cycle when the domain was first the major one (2006) the OECD mean = 500, standard deviation = 100; the series is comparable from 2006. A 10-15 point change between cycles is often within the error (standard errors and significance are in the education_pisa dataset). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.
PISA: reading, share of 15-year-olds below baseline
15.8 % of students latest value, 2022
Share of 15-year-olds who did not reach Level 2 in the PISA reading literacy test (below 407 points) — the level the OECD treats as the baseline for full participation in life and learning. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. Shares are comparable from 2009 (for reading, the latest OECD reports give shares only from 2009). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.
PISA: mathematics, share of 15-year-olds below baseline
14.6 % of students latest value, 2022
Share of 15-year-olds who did not reach Level 2 in the PISA mathematical literacy test (below 420 points) — the level the OECD treats as the baseline for full participation in life and learning. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. Shares are comparable from 2003 (for reading, the latest OECD reports give shares only from 2009). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.
PISA: science, share of 15-year-olds below baseline
12.1 % of students latest value, 2022
Share of 15-year-olds who did not reach Level 2 in the PISA scientific literacy test (below 410 points) — the level the OECD treats as the baseline for full participation in life and learning. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. Shares are comparable from 2006 (for reading, the latest OECD reports give shares only from 2009). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.
PISA: mathematics, share of top performers (Levels 5-6)
31.7 % of students latest value, 2022
Share of 15-year-olds reaching Level 5 or 6 in the PISA mathematics test (607 points or more): they solve complex modelling and reasoning tasks. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. Shares are comparable from 2003. In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.
TIMSS: mathematics, grade 4
607 TIMSS score latest value, 2023
Average score of students in their fourth year of school (usually grade 4, about 10 years old) in the international TIMSS mathematics test. The TIMSS scale was set in 1995: 500 is the mean of that cycle's countries and 100 points is one standard deviation; the test is repeated every 4 years, and a country's scores from different cycles are comparable when IEA includes them in its trend table. Year is the test year. In 2019 about half the countries tested on computer (eTIMSS), linked to paper through a bridge sample; in 2023 almost all did. Some countries test the next grade up (Norway, South Africa, Turkey) to keep the average age above the IEA minimum. Values IEA flags as not reliably measured (more than 25% of students too low to estimate) are left out. Russia took part until 2019 and is not in TIMSS 2023. Figures come from the TIMSS 2023 trend tables; for countries absent in 2023, from the TIMSS 2019 report. Source: IEA, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.
Source: IEA Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)
TIMSS: mathematics, grade 8
602 TIMSS score latest value, 2023
Average score of students in their eighth year of school (usually grade 8, about 14 years old) in the international TIMSS mathematics test. The TIMSS scale was set in 1995: 500 is the mean of that cycle's countries and 100 points is one standard deviation; the test is repeated every 4 years, and a country's scores from different cycles are comparable when IEA includes them in its trend table. Year is the test year. In 2019 about half the countries tested on computer (eTIMSS), linked to paper through a bridge sample; in 2023 almost all did. Some countries test the next grade up (Norway, South Africa, Turkey) to keep the average age above the IEA minimum. Values IEA flags as not reliably measured (more than 25% of students too low to estimate) are left out. Russia took part until 2019 and is not in TIMSS 2023. Figures come from the TIMSS 2023 trend tables; for countries absent in 2023, from the TIMSS 2019 report. Source: IEA, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.
Source: IEA Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)
TIMSS: grade 8 students below the Low benchmark in mathematics
3 % of students latest value, 2023
Share of students in their eighth year of school (about 14) who score below 400 TIMSS points in mathematics, the Low International Benchmark: basic whole-number operations and reading simple graphs. Computed as 100 minus the IEA-published percentage reaching 400 (whole percentages). The TIMSS scale was set in 1995: 500 is the mean of that cycle's countries and 100 points is one standard deviation; the test is repeated every 4 years, and a country's scores from different cycles are comparable when IEA includes them in its trend table. Year is the test year. In 2019 about half the countries tested on computer (eTIMSS), linked to paper through a bridge sample; in 2023 almost all did. Some countries test the next grade up (Norway, South Africa, Turkey) to keep the average age above the IEA minimum. Values IEA flags as not reliably measured (more than 25% of students too low to estimate) are left out. Russia took part until 2019 and is not in TIMSS 2023. Figures come from the TIMSS 2023 trend tables; for countries absent in 2023, from the TIMSS 2019 report. Source: IEA, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.
Source: IEA Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)
TIMSS: science, grade 4
573 TIMSS score latest value, 2023
Average score of students in their fourth year of school (usually grade 4, about 10 years old) in the international TIMSS science test. The TIMSS scale was set in 1995: 500 is the mean of that cycle's countries and 100 points is one standard deviation; the test is repeated every 4 years, and a country's scores from different cycles are comparable when IEA includes them in its trend table. Year is the test year. In 2019 about half the countries tested on computer (eTIMSS), linked to paper through a bridge sample; in 2023 almost all did. Some countries test the next grade up (Norway, South Africa, Turkey) to keep the average age above the IEA minimum. Values IEA flags as not reliably measured (more than 25% of students too low to estimate) are left out. Russia took part until 2019 and is not in TIMSS 2023. Figures come from the TIMSS 2023 trend tables; for countries absent in 2023, from the TIMSS 2019 report. Source: IEA, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.
Source: IEA Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)
TIMSS: science, grade 8
572 TIMSS score latest value, 2023
Average score of students in their eighth year of school (usually grade 8, about 14 years old) in the international TIMSS science test. The TIMSS scale was set in 1995: 500 is the mean of that cycle's countries and 100 points is one standard deviation; the test is repeated every 4 years, and a country's scores from different cycles are comparable when IEA includes them in its trend table. Year is the test year. In 2019 about half the countries tested on computer (eTIMSS), linked to paper through a bridge sample; in 2023 almost all did. Some countries test the next grade up (Norway, South Africa, Turkey) to keep the average age above the IEA minimum. Values IEA flags as not reliably measured (more than 25% of students too low to estimate) are left out. Russia took part until 2019 and is not in TIMSS 2023. Figures come from the TIMSS 2023 trend tables; for countries absent in 2023, from the TIMSS 2019 report. Source: IEA, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.
Source: IEA Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)
PIRLS: reading, grade 4
544 PIRLS score latest value, 2021
Average score of students in their fourth year of school (usually grade 4, about 10 years old) in the international PIRLS reading comprehension test. The PIRLS scale was set in 2001: 500 is the mean of that cycle's countries and 100 points is one standard deviation; the test is repeated every 5 years, and a country's scores from different cycles are comparable when IEA includes them in its trend table. Year is the cycle year. In 2021, because of COVID-19, some countries tested the same children at the beginning of grade 5 (at least 4 months older: the United States, Ireland, Hungary, Croatia, Lithuania and others) and six tested a year later (England, Australia, Brazil, Iran, Israel, South Africa); about half the countries tested on computer (digitalPIRLS). Some countries test the next grade up (Norway, grade 5). Values IEA flags as not reliably measured (more than 25% of students too low to estimate) are left out. Russia took part in every cycle 2001-2021; Moscow City is a separate participant. Figures come from the PIRLS 2021 trend tables; for countries absent there, from the PIRLS 2016 report. Source: IEA, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.
Source: IEA Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)
PIRLS: grade 4 students below the Low reading benchmark
3 % of students latest value, 2021
Share of students in their fourth year of school (about 10) who score below 400 PIRLS points, the Low International Benchmark: finding an explicitly stated detail in a simple text. Computed as 100 minus the IEA-published percentage reaching 400 (whole percentages). The PIRLS scale was set in 2001: 500 is the mean of that cycle's countries and 100 points is one standard deviation; the test is repeated every 5 years, and a country's scores from different cycles are comparable when IEA includes them in its trend table. Year is the cycle year. In 2021, because of COVID-19, some countries tested the same children at the beginning of grade 5 (at least 4 months older: the United States, Ireland, Hungary, Croatia, Lithuania and others) and six tested a year later (England, Australia, Brazil, Iran, Israel, South Africa); about half the countries tested on computer (digitalPIRLS). Some countries test the next grade up (Norway, grade 5). Values IEA flags as not reliably measured (more than 25% of students too low to estimate) are left out. Russia took part in every cycle 2001-2021; Moscow City is a separate participant. Figures come from the PIRLS 2021 trend tables; for countries absent there, from the PIRLS 2016 report. Source: IEA, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.
Source: IEA Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)
In-depth checks
This country has in-depth checks against archives of national projections:
Same region: Asia
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