Population
714k persons, 1 July latest value, 2023
Population on 1 July. UN estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024; past UN revisions for forecast checks.
Macao
All indicators of the Macroscope base for Macao, with sources. Below: what past UN and IMF releases projected and what actually happened.
GDP per capita, PPP
117,098
constant 2021 international $, 2025
What the data shows
Computed with the same code as the observations under the main chart and in the API (get_insights). Moving together in time does not prove a cause.
How the indicators changed
- Fertility (TFR): 5.55 in 1950 → 0.66 in 2023 (−88%). Thresholds: below 2.1 since 1987, below 1.5 since 1993, below 1.0 since 2018. The trend broke around 1961 and 1970: −0.07 → −0.31 → −0.02 a year.
- Births: 9.36k in 1950 → 4.52k in 2023 (−52%). Low: 0.78k in 1974; ×5.8 since then. The trend broke around 1976 and 1984: −0.33k → +0.67k → −0.03k a year.
- Population: 197k in 1950 → 714k in 2023 (×3.6). Low: 173k in 1960; ×4.1 since then. The trend broke around 1971 and 1979: +3.84k → −3.71k → +11k a year.
- Internet: 0% in 1990 → 89.8% in 2024 (+90 pp). Thresholds: above 10% since 2000, above 50% since 2009. Fastest growth in 2001–2006: 22.5% → 46.4%.
- Urban share: 95.3% in 1960 → 100% in 2025 (+4.7 pp). The trend broke around 1993: change slowed down (+0.11 → 0 a year).
- GDP per person (PPP): 55,301 PPP dollars in 1990 → 117,098 PPP dollars in 2025 (+112%). Peak: 174,570 PPP dollars in 2013; the latest value is 33% lower. The trend broke around 2002 and 2012: −116 → +9,816 → −5,541 a year.
- GDP growth: on average 11.0% in the 2000s, 5.6% in the 2010s, 6.2% in the 2020s. Lowest: −54.4% in 2020; highest: 75.3% in 2023.
- Inflation: on average 2.7% in the 2000s, 4.0% in the 2010s, 0.6% in the 2020s. Lowest: −2.6% in 2002; highest: 8.6% in 2008.
- Net migration: on average −7.75k a year in the 1950s, 5.15k a year in the 1960s, −1.24k a year in the 1970s, 5.75k a year in the 1980s, 4.78k a year in the 1990s, 10.3k a year in the 2000s, 8.11k a year in the 2010s, 8.74k a year in the 2020s.
- Life expectancy, men: 56.5 years in 1950 → 80.8 years in 2023 (+24 years). Thresholds: above 70 years since 1978, above 80 years since 2014. The trend broke around 1971: change slowed down (+0.54 → +0.31 a year).
What changed at the same time
- The fastest decline of "Fertility (TFR)" was in 1960–1970: 4.96 → 2.08. Over the same years: births 5.78k → 2.64k; population 173k → 257k; urban share 95.3% → 97%; net migration −8.73k a year → 5.73k a year; life expectancy, men 62.3 years → 67.3 years; no data for the others in those years.
- Over the last 10 years (2013–2023): fertility (TFR) 1.15 → 0.66; births 6.72k → 4.52k; population 599k → 714k; internet 65.8% → 89.8%; urban share 100% → 100%; GDP per person (PPP) 174,570 PPP dollars → 104,815 PPP dollars; GDP growth 10.8% → 75.3%; inflation 5.5% → 0.9%; net migration 7.15k a year → 8.81k a year; life expectancy, men 79.9 years → 80.8 years.
How the indicators relate
- Fertility (TFR) and internet (1990–2023, 31 years): levels are noticeably related, in opposite directions (r = −0.47); year-to-year changes show no reliable link (r = 0.17).
- Fertility (TFR) and urban share (1960–2023, 64 years): levels are strongly related, in opposite directions (r = −0.90); year-to-year changes show no reliable link (r = −0.13). This looks like a shared trend: both change over time, but not in step from year to year.
- Fertility (TFR) and GDP per person (PPP) (1990–2023, 34 years): levels are barely related (r = −0.11); year-to-year changes show no reliable link (r = 0.34).
Against other countries
- Fertility (TFR), adjusted for income: countries with the same GDP per person (104,800 PPP dollars) typically have 1.10; here it is 0.66, lower than in 96% of countries at this income (2023, 197 countries).
- Internet, adjusted for income: countries with the same GDP per person (111,700 PPP dollars) typically have 110%; here it is 89.8%, lower than in 98% of countries at this income (2024, 177 countries).
- Order of events: urban majority: already in 1960; fertility below 3: 1968; fertility below 2.1: 1970; half the population online: 2009. Fertility fell below 3 after the urban share passed 50% in 69% of 111 countries where the order is known; median gap 9 years. Fertility fell below 2.1 before half the population went online in 88% of 112 countries where the order is known.
Forecasts vs actual
- Fertility (TFR): past UN projections. The outcome was below the projection in 11 of 11 revisions (1998–2022) and above in none; median gap −22%.
- Fertility (TFR): UN 2024 projection (medium): 2050 — 0.91 (+37% vs 2023), 2100 — 1.15 (+74% vs 2023); low variant for 2100: 0.65.
- Births: past UN projections. The outcome was below the projection in 4 of 11 revisions (1998–2022) and above in 7; median gap +14%.
- The UN 1998 projection did not expect today's level (4.52k, 2023) before its horizon ended (2050).
- The UN 2019 projection did not expect today's level (4.52k, 2023) before its horizon ended (2100).
- Births: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2050 — 3.24k (−28% vs 2023), 2100 — 1.52k (−66% vs 2023); low variant for 2100: 0.38k.
- Population: past UN projections. The outcome was below the projection in 0 of 12 revisions (1998–2022) and above in 12; median gap +15%.
- The UN 2010 projection expected today's level (714k, 2023) only by 2027: reality is at least 4 years ahead of it.
- The UN 2022 projection expected today's level (714k, 2023) only by 2025: reality is at least 2 years ahead of it.
- Population: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2050 — 669k (−6% vs 2023), 2100 — 331k (−54% vs 2023); low variant for 2100: 210k.
- Why the UN missed the population. The 1998 projection for 2023: 528k; the UN's 2024 estimate: 714k (+35%). Parts of the gap (plus means more people than projected): the starting population −30.9k, births −8.3k, deaths +14.5k (fewer deaths than expected), migration +212k; the largest: migration.
- Why the UN missed the population. The 2010 projection for 2023: 684k; the UN's 2024 estimate: 714k (+4.4%). Parts of the gap (plus means more people than projected): the starting population +19.1k, births −1.9k, deaths +1.3k (fewer deaths than expected), migration +12.2k; the largest: the starting population.
- Population: the IMF and the UN disagree. The IMF (April 2026) puts it at 688k in 2024, the UN (WPP 2024) at 720k: the IMF is 4% lower. Part of the gap may come from whom and which territory each counts.
- GDP growth: IMF next-year forecasts (18 editions, 2016–2024). On average the outcome was 11.4 pp below the forecast; below it in 72% of cases; typical error ±21.8 pp. The biggest miss was for 2022: IMF, April 2021 expected 43%, the outcome was −19%.
- GDP growth: latest IMF forecast (IMF, April 2026): 2026 — 3%, 2028 — 3.1%, 2031 — 3%.
- Inflation: IMF next-year forecasts (18 editions, 2016–2024). On average the outcome was 1.1 pp below the forecast; below it in 78% of cases; typical error ±1.4 pp. The biggest miss was for 2021: IMF, April 2020 expected 2.3%, the outcome was 0%.
- Inflation: latest IMF forecast (IMF, April 2026): 2026 — 1.8%, 2028 — 2.1%, 2031 — 2.2%.
- Net migration: past UN projections. The outcome was above the projection in 12 of 12 revisions (1998–2022) and below in none; median difference +5.27k a year. The biggest miss: the 1998 revision expected 0 a year for 2020–2025; the outcome was 8.73k a year (for the years of the period so far).
- Net migration: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2030 — 0.68k a year, 2050 — 1.01k a year, 2100 — 0.2k a year.
- Life expectancy, men: past UN projections. The outcome was above the projection in 9 of 12 revisions (1998–2022) and below in 3; median difference +0.6 years. The biggest miss: the 1998 revision expected 77.6 years for 2020–2025; the outcome was 81.3 years (for the years of the period so far).
- Life expectancy, men: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2030 — 82.2 years, 2050 — 85.1 years, 2100 — 90.7 years.
UN projections vs actual
Solid line: actual data, UN WPP 2024 estimates; births and fertility from national statistics from the last year they matched the UN estimate (the UN's figures for the latest years are partly its own projection). Dashed: medium variants of past UN revisions. The table shows what each revision expected for the latest year (or five-year period) with actual data.
Population
persons, 1 July
- Actual
- UN 1998
- UN 2000
- UN 2002
- UN 2004
- UN 2006
- UN 2008
- UN 2010
- UN 2012
- UN 2015
- UN 2017
- UN 2019
- UN 2022
- UN 2024, medium
| Release | Target period | Horizon | Expected | Actual | Actual vs expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UN 1998 | 2023 | 25 years | 528k | 714k | +35.3% |
| UN 2000 | 2023 | 23 years | 524k | 714k | +36.2% |
| UN 2002 | 2023 | 21 years | 542k | 714k | +31.7% |
| UN 2004 | 2023 | 19 years | 518k | 714k | +37.9% |
| UN 2006 | 2023 | 17 years | 531k | 714k | +34.4% |
| UN 2008 | 2023 | 15 years | 597k | 714k | +19.5% |
| UN 2010 | 2023 | 13 years | 684k | 714k | +4.4% |
| UN 2012 | 2023 | 11 years | 651k | 714k | +9.7% |
| UN 2015 | 2023 | 8 years | 661k | 714k | +8% |
| UN 2017 | 2023 | 6 years | 682k | 714k | +4.7% |
| UN 2019 | 2023 | 4 years | 677k | 714k | +5.5% |
| UN 2022 | 2023 | 1 year | 704k | 714k | +1.4% |
Births
births per year
- Actual
- UN 1998
- UN 2000
- UN 2002
- UN 2004
- UN 2006
- UN 2008
- UN 2010
- UN 2012
- UN 2015
- UN 2017
- UN 2019
- UN 2022
- UN 2024, medium
| Release | Target period | Horizon | Expected | Actual | Actual vs expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UN 1998 | 2015–2020 | 20 years | 5.65k | 6.44k | +14% |
| UN 2000 | 2015–2020 | 18 years | 4.58k | 6.44k | +40.6% |
| UN 2002 | 2015–2020 | 16 years | 5.13k | 6.44k | +25.6% |
| UN 2004 | 2015–2020 | 14 years | 4.23k | 6.44k | +52.4% |
| UN 2006 | 2015–2020 | 12 years | 4.17k | 6.44k | +54.3% |
| UN 2008 | 2015–2020 | 10 years | 4.91k | 6.44k | +31.2% |
| UN 2010 | 2015–2020 | 8 years | 6.59k | 6.44k | −2.2% |
| UN 2012 | 2015–2020 | 6 years | 6.38k | 6.44k | +1% |
| UN 2015 | 2015–2020 | 2 years | 7.16k | 6.44k | −10% |
| UN 2017 | 2015–2020 | 0 years | 7.64k | 6.44k | −15.7% |
| UN 2022 | 2023 | 1 year | 7k | 4.52k | −35.5% |
Total fertility rate
children per woman
- Actual
- UN 1998
- UN 2000
- UN 2002
- UN 2004
- UN 2006
- UN 2008
- UN 2010
- UN 2012
- UN 2015
- UN 2017
- UN 2019
- UN 2022
- UN 2024, medium
| Release | Target period | Horizon | Expected | Actual | Actual vs expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UN 1998 | 2015–2020 | 20 years | 1.59 | 1.00 | −36.9% |
| UN 2000 | 2015–2020 | 18 years | 1.21 | 1.00 | −17.1% |
| UN 2002 | 2015–2020 | 16 years | 1.30 | 1.00 | −22.8% |
| UN 2004 | 2015–2020 | 14 years | 1.04 | 1.00 | −3.5% |
| UN 2006 | 2015–2020 | 12 years | 1.01 | 1.00 | −0.2% |
| UN 2008 | 2015–2020 | 10 years | 1.06 | 1.00 | −4.9% |
| UN 2010 | 2015–2020 | 8 years | 1.29 | 1.00 | −22.2% |
| UN 2012 | 2015–2020 | 6 years | 1.19 | 1.00 | −15.5% |
| UN 2015 | 2015–2020 | 2 years | 1.34 | 1.00 | −25.1% |
| UN 2017 | 2015–2020 | 0 years | 1.35 | 1.00 | −25.5% |
| UN 2022 | 2023 | 1 year | 1.13 | 0.66 | −41.4% |
Deaths
thousand deaths per year
- Actual
- UN 1998
- UN 2000
- UN 2002
- UN 2004
- UN 2006
- UN 2008
- UN 2010
- UN 2012
- UN 2015
- UN 2017
- UN 2019
- UN 2022
- UN 2024, medium
| Release | Target period | Horizon | Expected | Actual | Actual vs expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UN 1998 | 2015–2020 | 20 years | 3 | 3 | −22.7% |
| UN 2000 | 2015–2020 | 18 years | 3 | 3 | −15.7% |
| UN 2002 | 2015–2020 | 16 years | 3 | 3 | −15.5% |
| UN 2004 | 2015–2020 | 14 years | 3 | 3 | −9.1% |
| UN 2006 | 2015–2020 | 12 years | 3 | 3 | −9.1% |
| UN 2008 | 2015–2020 | 10 years | 3 | 3 | −11.7% |
| UN 2010 | 2015–2020 | 8 years | 3 | 3 | −6.9% |
| UN 2012 | 2015–2020 | 6 years | 3 | 3 | −9.2% |
| UN 2015 | 2015–2020 | 2 years | 3 | 3 | −9.3% |
| UN 2017 | 2015–2020 | 0 years | 2 | 3 | +10% |
| UN 2022 | 2023 | 1 year | 3 | 3 | +12.7% |
Infant mortality
deaths under age 1 per 1,000 live births
- Actual
- UN 1998
- UN 2000
- UN 2002
- UN 2004
- UN 2006
- UN 2008
- UN 2010
- UN 2012
- UN 2015
- UN 2017
- UN 2019
- UN 2022
- UN 2024, medium
| Release | Target period | Horizon | Expected | Actual | Actual vs expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UN 1998 | 2015–2020 | 20 years | 7.9 | 2.7 | −65.8% |
| UN 2000 | 2015–2020 | 18 years | 6.7 | 2.7 | −59.4% |
| UN 2002 | 2015–2020 | 16 years | 6.9 | 2.7 | −60.4% |
| UN 2004 | 2015–2020 | 14 years | 6.1 | 2.7 | −55.6% |
| UN 2006 | 2015–2020 | 12 years | 6 | 2.7 | −54.9% |
| UN 2008 | 2015–2020 | 10 years | 4.2 | 2.7 | −35.3% |
| UN 2010 | 2015–2020 | 8 years | 4 | 2.7 | −32.1% |
| UN 2012 | 2015–2020 | 6 years | 3.4 | 2.7 | −19.6% |
| UN 2015 | 2015–2020 | 2 years | 3.1 | 2.7 | −13% |
| UN 2017 | 2015–2020 | 0 years | 2.6 | 2.7 | +3.4% |
| UN 2022 | 2023 | 1 year | 2.2 | 2.3 | +4.3% |
Net migration
persons per year
- Actual
- UN 1998
- UN 2000
- UN 2002
- UN 2004
- UN 2006
- UN 2008
- UN 2010
- UN 2012
- UN 2015
- UN 2017
- UN 2019
- UN 2022
- UN 2024, medium
| Release | Target period | Horizon | Expected | Actual | Actual vs expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UN 1998 | 2020–2025* | 24 years | 0 | 8.73k | +9k a year |
| UN 2000 | 2020–2025* | 22 years | 2k | 8.73k | +7k a year |
| UN 2002 | 2020–2025* | 20 years | 2k | 8.73k | +7k a year |
| UN 2004 | 2020–2025* | 18 years | 2k | 8.73k | +7k a year |
| UN 2006 | 2020–2025* | 16 years | 2k | 8.73k | +7k a year |
| UN 2008 | 2020–2025* | 14 years | 2k | 8.73k | +7k a year |
| UN 2010 | 2020–2025* | 12 years | 6.26k | 8.73k | +2k a year |
| UN 2012 | 2020–2025* | 10 years | 5k | 8.73k | +4k a year |
| UN 2015 | 2020–2025* | 8 years | 5k | 8.73k | +4k a year |
| UN 2017 | 2020–2025* | 6 years | 5k | 8.73k | +4k a year |
| UN 2019 | 2020–2025* | 4 years | 5k | 8.73k | +4k a year |
| UN 2022 | 2023 | 1 year | 5k | 8.81k | +4k a year |
Life expectancy at birth, women
years
- Actual
- UN 1998
- UN 2000
- UN 2002
- UN 2004
- UN 2006
- UN 2008
- UN 2010
- UN 2012
- UN 2015
- UN 2017
- UN 2019
- UN 2022
- UN 2024, medium
| Release | Target period | Horizon | Expected | Actual | Actual vs expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UN 1998 | 2020–2025* | 24 years | 82.6 | 85.1 | +2.5 yrs |
| UN 2000 | 2020–2025* | 22 years | 84.2 | 85.1 | +0.9 yrs |
| UN 2002 | 2020–2025* | 20 years | 83.8 | 85.1 | +1.3 yrs |
| UN 2004 | 2020–2025* | 18 years | 84.5 | 85.1 | +0.6 yrs |
| UN 2006 | 2020–2025* | 16 years | 84.6 | 85.1 | +0.5 yrs |
| UN 2008 | 2020–2025* | 14 years | 84.6 | 85.1 | +0.5 yrs |
| UN 2010 | 2020–2025* | 12 years | 85 | 85.1 | +0.1 yrs |
| UN 2012 | 2020–2025* | 10 years | 84.2 | 85.1 | +0.9 yrs |
| UN 2015 | 2020–2025* | 8 years | 84.2 | 85.1 | +0.9 yrs |
| UN 2017 | 2020–2025* | 6 years | 87.7 | 85.1 | −2.6 yrs |
| UN 2019 | 2020–2025* | 4 years | 87.6 | 85.1 | −2.5 yrs |
| UN 2022 | 2023 | 1 year | 88.1 | 85.2 | −2.9 yrs |
Life expectancy at birth, men
years
- Actual
- UN 1998
- UN 2000
- UN 2002
- UN 2004
- UN 2006
- UN 2008
- UN 2010
- UN 2012
- UN 2015
- UN 2017
- UN 2019
- UN 2022
- UN 2024, medium
| Release | Target period | Horizon | Expected | Actual | Actual vs expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UN 1998 | 2020–2025* | 24 years | 77.6 | 81.3 | +3.7 yrs |
| UN 2000 | 2020–2025* | 22 years | 79.2 | 81.3 | +2.1 yrs |
| UN 2002 | 2020–2025* | 20 years | 79.1 | 81.3 | +2.2 yrs |
| UN 2004 | 2020–2025* | 18 years | 80.8 | 81.3 | +0.5 yrs |
| UN 2006 | 2020–2025* | 16 years | 81 | 81.3 | +0.2 yrs |
| UN 2008 | 2020–2025* | 14 years | 81 | 81.3 | +0.2 yrs |
| UN 2010 | 2020–2025* | 12 years | 80.2 | 81.3 | +1 yrs |
| UN 2012 | 2020–2025* | 10 years | 80.2 | 81.3 | +1.1 yrs |
| UN 2015 | 2020–2025* | 8 years | 80.6 | 81.3 | +0.7 yrs |
| UN 2017 | 2020–2025* | 6 years | 81.8 | 81.3 | −0.6 yrs |
| UN 2019 | 2020–2025* | 4 years | 81.7 | 81.3 | −0.5 yrs |
| UN 2022 | 2023 | 1 year | 82.9 | 80.8 | −2.1 yrs |
* The five-year period is not over: the projection is compared with the mean of its years so far (UN facts end in 2023).
IMF forecasts vs actual
Solid line: actual values from the latest IMF edition (data get revised, so we use the newest). Dashed: April editions, current year and five years ahead. The table covers next-year forecasts from all editions: mean error shows bias, mean absolute error shows accuracy.
Real GDP growth
% per year
- Actual (IMF)
- WEO, April editions
| Indicator | Forecasts | Mean error | Mean absolute error | Actual below forecast |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Real GDP growth | 18 | −11.4 pp | 21.8 pp | 72% |
| Inflation | 18 | −1.1 pp | 1.4 pp | 78% |
| Unemployment rate | 18 | +0.3 pp | 0.5 pp | 56% |
| Government gross debt | 2 | 0 pp | 0 pp | 0% |
| Government budget balance | 16 | −12.2 pp | 15.4 pp | 63% |
All indicators
Demography
Births
4.52k births per year latest value, 2023
Live births per calendar year. UN WPP 2024 and national statistics (64 countries, 2015-2025).
Deaths
3 thousand deaths per year latest value, 2023
Deaths per calendar year (UN estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024); past UN revisions for forecast checks.
Natural change
1.1 thousand persons per year latest value, 2023
Births minus deaths in the year (UN). Negative: natural decrease, more deaths than births.
Rate of natural change
1.5 per 1,000 population per year latest value, 2023
Births minus deaths in the year per 1,000 people (UN). With the net migration rate it makes up population growth.
Life expectancy at 65
20.7 years latest value, 2023
Years a person aged 65 would still live at the mortality rates of the year; both sexes (UN).
Infant mortality
2.3 deaths under age 1 per 1,000 live births latest value, 2023
Children per 1,000 live births who die before their first birthday (UN); past UN revisions for forecast checks.
Total fertility rate
0.66 children per woman latest value, 2023
Average number of children a woman would have at the age-specific fertility rates of the year.
Life expectancy at birth, women
85.2 years latest value, 2023
Years a newborn girl would live at the mortality rates of the year (UN).
Life expectancy at birth, men
80.8 years latest value, 2023
Years a newborn boy would live at the mortality rates of the year (UN).
Median age
38.3 years latest value, 2023
Age that divides the population in two halves (UN).
Mean age of mothers at childbirth
32.1 years latest value, 2023
Mean age of mothers at the birth of their children of any order (UN).
Sex ratio at birth
108 boys per 100 girls latest value, 2023
Boys born per 100 girls born (UN).
Crude marriage rate
4.08 marriages per 1,000 people latest value, 2025
Marriages in the year per 1,000 people: marriages from national offices (Korea, Japan, Taiwan, China, the USA, the UK, Russia, Brazil and others, where they publish more than the international databases), Eurostat and the UN, divided by the UN WPP 2024 population. Where most births are within marriage, marriages come before births.
Source: DSEC (Macao)
Marriages
2.95k marriages a year latest value, 2025
Marriages in the year (couples). National offices (Korea, Japan, Taiwan, China, the USA, the UK, Russia, Brazil and others), Eurostat for Europe, the UN for the rest; by year of registration or of occurrence, as each country counts.
Source: DSEC (Macao)
Adolescent fertility rate
0.5 births per 1,000 women aged 15-19 latest value, 2024
Births to women aged 15-19 per 1,000 women of that age (World Bank, from UN World Population Prospects).
Old-age dependency
16.2 persons 65+ per 100 aged 20-64 latest value, 2020
Persons aged 65+ per 100 aged 20-64, every five years (UN).
Children under 15
101 thousand persons, 1 July latest value, 2023
Children aged 0-14 on 1 July: the sum of the five-year groups 0-4, 5-9 and 10-14 (UN; estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024).
Children under 5
29 thousand persons, 1 July latest value, 2023
Children aged 0-4 on 1 July (UN; estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024).
People aged 65 and over
96 thousand persons, 1 July latest value, 2023
People aged 65 and over on 1 July: the sum of the five-year groups from 65-69 to 100+ (UN; estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024).
People aged 80 and over
13 thousand persons, 1 July latest value, 2023
People aged 80 and over on 1 July: the sum of the five-year groups from 80-84 to 100+ (UN; estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024).
Migration
Net migration
8.81k persons per year latest value, 2023
Immigrants minus emigrants per year (UN estimate and projection). Past UN revisions for forecast checks.
Net migration rate
12.34 per 1,000 population per year latest value, 2023
Immigrants minus emigrants per year per 1,000 people: UN net migration divided by the population on 1 July. Comparable across countries of any size.
Personal remittances received
0.3 % of GDP latest value, 2024
Money sent home by people working or living abroad, percent of the receiving country's GDP (World Bank, from IMF balance of payments data).
International migrants, share
59.3 % of population latest value, 2024
People born in another country (foreign citizens where birthplace is not recorded) as a share of the population at mid-year (UN, every five years and 2024).
International migrant stock
427k persons latest value, 2024
Number of people born in another country (or foreign citizens) living in the country at mid-year (UN).
Emigrants, share
20.7 % of home population latest value, 2024
People from the country (born there or its citizens) living in other countries, as a percentage of the population living in the country (UN, International Migrant Stock 2024).
Emigrant stock
149k persons latest value, 2024
Number of people from the country (born there or its citizens) living in other countries at mid-year (UN).
Refugees hosted
0 persons, end of year latest value, 2017
Refugees under UNHCR's mandate (incl. people in refugee-like situations) and other people in need of international protection living in the country; asylum-seekers and internally displaced people are not included.
Source: UNHCR Refugee Data Finder
Refugees hosted per 1,000 people
0 per 1,000 population latest value, 2017
Refugees under UNHCR's mandate and other people in need of international protection living in the country, per 1,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024).
Source: UNHCR Refugee Data Finder
Refugees from the country
0.02k persons, end of year latest value, 2025
Refugees and other people in need of international protection from the country living abroad (UNHCR). Palestine refugees under UNRWA's mandate are not included, so the figure for Palestine is far too low.
Source: UNHCR Refugee Data Finder
Refugees from the country per 1,000 people
0 per 1,000 population of the country latest value, 2025
Refugees and other people in need of international protection from the country per 1,000 people living in it (UNHCR; population: UN WPP 2024). UNRWA refugees not included.
Source: UNHCR Refugee Data Finder
Asylum applications worldwide
0.02 new applications per 1,000 people latest value, 2011
New asylum applications lodged in the country in the year per 1,000 people (UNHCR; cases where a country counts cases rather than people; population: UN WPP 2024). All countries; for Europe there is also Eurostat's series of first-time applicants.
Source: UNHCR Refugee Data Finder
Economy
GDP per capita, PPP
117,098 constant 2021 international $ latest value, 2025
Gross domestic product per person at purchasing power parity, constant 2021 international dollars (World Bank, ICP).
Real GDP growth
4.7 % per year latest value, 2025
Annual change of GDP at constant prices. Actual values and forecasts from IMF WEO editions.
Inflation
0.3 % per year, average latest value, 2025
Change of the annual average consumer price index (IMF WEO).
Government gross debt
0 % of GDP latest value, 2023
General government gross debt, percent of GDP (IMF WEO).
Unemployment rate
1.7 % of labour force latest value, 2025
Unemployed as a share of the labour force (IMF WEO; national definitions).
Unemployment, ILO estimate
2.3 % of labour force latest value, 2025
Unemployed as a share of the labour force by the ILO's single definition: a modelled estimate for every country, including those without surveys (via the World Bank). Unlike the IMF series, one definition for all, but no projections.
Youth unemployment, 15-24
6.8 % of labour force aged 15-24 latest value, 2025
Unemployed as a share of the labour force aged 15-24 (ILO modelled estimate, via the World Bank).
GDP per capita, US dollars
74,465 current US dollars latest value, 2025
GDP per person in current US dollars at market exchange rates (IMF WEO).
Government budget balance
7 % of GDP latest value, 2024
General government net lending (+, surplus) or borrowing (−, deficit), percent of GDP (IMF WEO).
Current account balance
36.3 % of GDP latest value, 2024
Balance of trade in goods and services, income and transfers with the rest of the world, percent of GDP: plus means the country earns abroad more than it spends (IMF WEO).
Society
Urban population
100 % of population latest value, 2025
Share of people living in urban areas as defined by national statistical offices (World Bank, from UN World Urbanization Prospects).
Tertiary enrolment, women
149.6 % gross latest value, 2024
Women enrolled in tertiary education as a share of women in the five-year age group after secondary school; can exceed 100 (UNESCO).
Women with upper secondary education
50.9 % of women 25+ latest value, 2016
Share of women aged 25+ who completed at least upper secondary education (UNESCO).
Female labour force participation
63.1 % of women 15+ latest value, 2025
Share of women aged 15+ who work or look for work (ILO modelled estimate, via the World Bank).
Life expectancy at birth
83.3 years latest value, 2024
Life expectancy at birth, both sexes (World Bank, from UN and national statistics).
Digitalisation
Internet users
89.8 % of population latest value, 2024
Share of individuals who used the Internet in the last three months from any device. ITU data.
Mobile cellular subscriptions
201.1 per 100 people latest value, 2024
Active mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 people; can exceed 100 when people have several SIM cards. ITU data.
Fixed broadband subscriptions
29.9 subscriptions per 100 people latest value, 2024
Fixed subscriptions to high-speed Internet (256 kbit/s or more) per 100 people. ITU data.
Energy
Electricity demand per person
8,719 kWh per person a year latest value, 2024
Electricity demand (generation plus net imports, Ember) divided by the UN WPP 2024 population. A physical measure that is hard to dress up.
Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data
Electricity demand growth
4.8 % per year latest value, 2024
Change in electricity demand from the previous year (Ember). Useful to set against official GDP growth.
Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data
Wind and solar share of electricity
0 % of generation latest value, 2024
Share of wind and solar power in electricity generation (Ember).
Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data
Low-carbon share of electricity
30.8 % of generation latest value, 2024
Share of renewables and nuclear power in electricity generation (Ember).
Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data
Coal share of electricity
0 % of generation latest value, 2024
Share of coal power in electricity generation (Ember).
Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data
Carbon intensity of electricity
474 g CO2e per kWh latest value, 2024
Greenhouse gas emissions of electricity generation per kilowatt-hour (Ember).
Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data
Electricity generation
0.8 TWh per year latest value, 2024
Total electricity generation in the country (Ember). Imports are excluded. A volume, not the share of a fuel.
Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data
Electricity generation emissions
0.4 Mt CO2e per year latest value, 2024
Greenhouse gas emissions of electricity generation (Ember), not of the whole economy.
Source: Ember, Yearly Electricity Data
Security
Deaths in organised violence
0 persons a year latest value, 2025
Deaths in state-based conflict, non-state conflict and one-sided violence against civilians, by where the events took place (UCDP GED, best estimate). 0 means no organised violence above UCDP thresholds (25 deaths a year in one conflict). Events in Gaza and the West Bank are counted for Palestine.
Deaths in organised violence per 100,000
0 per 100,000 people a year latest value, 2025
Deaths in organised violence (UCDP GED) per 100,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024).
Armed conflict in the country
0 0 none, 1 minor, 2 war latest value, 2025
Strongest armed conflict of the year in which the government or territory of the country is disputed (UCDP/PRIO ACD): 1 = 25-999 battle-related deaths, 2 = war, 1,000 or more. In interstate conflicts every primary party is marked even if the fighting was elsewhere (the USA in Iraq, 2003). Historical states are mapped to present-day countries by territory (USSR, Yugoslavia, South Vietnam and others).
Battle deaths
0 persons a year latest value, 2025
Soldiers and civilians killed in combat in state-based armed conflicts on the territory of the country. 1946-1988: PRIO Battle Deaths (best estimate, else the low one; a conflict of several countries split equally); from 1989: UCDP GED by place of the events. For the same conflicts in 1989-2008 PRIO is 1.6 times UCDP, so the drop in 1989 is partly a change of source. One-sided violence against civilians is not included.
Battle deaths per 100,000
0 per 100,000 people a year latest value, 2025
Battle deaths on the territory of the country (PRIO to 1988, UCDP GED from 1989) per 100,000 people (population: UN WPP 2024), from 1950.
Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people)
0.6 per 100,000 people latest value, 2023
An intentional homicide is defined as an unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury.
Purchases and money
Average dietary energy requirement
2,446 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2025
FAOSTAT FS, Average dietary energy requirement (kcal/cap/day). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Commercial bank branches (per 100,000 adults)
44.3 per 100,000 adults latest value, 2024
Commercial bank branches are retail locations of resident commercial banks and other resident banks that function as commercial banks that provide financial services to customers and are physically separated from the main office but not organized as legally separated subsidiaries.
Alcoholic beverages: energy supply
105.71 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Alcoholic Beverages. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Alcoholic beverages: quantity supply
41.28 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Alcoholic Beverages. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Animal products: energy supply
911.09 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Animal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Animal products: fat supply
62.86 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Animal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Animal products: protein supply
79.13 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Animal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Bovine meat: energy supply
69.16 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Bovine Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Bovine meat: quantity supply
18.39 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Bovine Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Cereals excluding beer: energy supply
817.86 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Cereals - Excluding Beer. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Cereals excluding beer: quantity supply
132.73 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Cereals - Excluding Beer. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Coffee and products: energy supply
16.45 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Coffee and products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Coffee and products: quantity supply
16.83 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Coffee and products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Eggs: energy supply
80.79 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Eggs. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Eggs: quantity supply
23.96 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Eggs. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Fish and seafood: energy supply
86.7 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Fish, Seafood. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Fish and seafood: fat supply
2.96 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Fish, Seafood. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Fish and seafood: protein supply
14.28 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Fish, Seafood. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Fish and seafood: quantity supply
61.12 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Fish, Seafood. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Fruits excluding wine: energy supply
74.05 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Fruits - Excluding Wine. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Fruits excluding wine: quantity supply
66.16 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Fruits - Excluding Wine. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Meat: energy supply
545.96 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Meat: fat supply
37.57 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Meat: protein supply
51.43 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Meat: quantity supply
121.23 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Milk excluding butter: energy supply
66.45 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Milk - Excluding Butter. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Milk excluding butter: fat supply
3.69 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Milk - Excluding Butter. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Milk excluding butter: protein supply
3.13 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Milk - Excluding Butter. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Milk excluding butter: quantity supply
41.52 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Milk - Excluding Butter. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Treenuts: energy supply
30.16 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Treenuts. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Treenuts: quantity supply
7.99 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Treenuts. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Vegetal products: energy supply
2,017.46 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Vegetal products: fat supply
62.38 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Vegetal products: protein supply
38.62 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetal Products. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Pigmeat: energy supply
292.12 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Pigmeat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Pigmeat: quantity supply
57.71 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Pigmeat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Poultry meat: energy supply
172.05 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Poultry Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Poultry meat: quantity supply
42.64 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Poultry Meat. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Pulses: energy supply
15.78 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Pulses. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Pulses: quantity supply
0.82 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Pulses. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Starchy roots: energy supply
56.27 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Starchy Roots. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Starchy roots: quantity supply
39.54 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Starchy Roots. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Sugar and sweeteners: energy supply
228.05 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Sugar & Sweeteners. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Sugar and sweeteners: quantity supply
90.37 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Sugar & Sweeteners. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Tea including mate: energy supply
0.5 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Tea (including mate). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Tea including mate: quantity supply
1.28 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Tea (including mate). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
All foods: energy supply
2,928.55 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Grand Total. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
All foods: fat supply
125.24 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Grand Total. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
All foods: protein supply
117.74 g/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Grand Total. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Vegetable oils: energy supply
363.33 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetable Oils. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Vegetable oils: quantity supply
14.95 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetable Oils. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Vegetables: energy supply
97.97 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetables. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Vegetables: quantity supply
135.46 kg/cap latest value, 2023
FAOSTAT FBS, Vegetables. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Households and NPISHs final consumption expenditure (% of GDP)
30.1 % of GDP latest value, 2025
This field includes expenditure on goods and services by the Household and NPISH sector for the direct satisfaction of human needs or wants, whether individual or collective. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.
Source: Households and NPISHs final consumption expenditure (% of GDP)
Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure per capita (constant 2015 US$)
21,074.7 constant 2015 US dollars latest value, 2025
This field includes expenditure on goods and services by the Household and NPISH sector for the direct satisfaction of human needs or wants, whether individual or collective. The core indicator has been divided by the general population to achieve a per capita estimate.This indicator is expressed in constant prices, meaning the series has been adjusted to account for price changes over time. The reference year for this adjustment is 2015. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.
Source: Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure per capita (constant 2015 US$)
Minimum dietary energy requirement
1,891 kcal/cap/d latest value, 2025
FAOSTAT FS, Minimum dietary energy requirement (kcal/cap/day). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Adjusted savings: net national savings (% of GNI)
22.8 % of gross national income latest value, 2021
Net national savings are equal to gross national savings less the value of consumption of fixed capital. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross National Income (GNI) which is the total income earned by all residents within an economic territory during an accounting period. It is equal to gross domestic product plus earned income receivable from abroad minus earned income payable abroad.
Caloric losses at retail distribution
2.73 % latest value, 2025
FAOSTAT FS, Incidence of caloric losses at retail distribution level (percent). Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
Health
COVID economic support index
71 mean index 0–100 latest value, 2022
Mean daily national OxCGRT index with all days present, archived 2020–2022. Codes policies, not compliance, effectiveness or causal impact. Average follows source treatment of vaccination groups.
COVID containment and health index
58.3 mean index 0–100 latest value, 2022
Mean daily national OxCGRT index with all days present, archived 2020–2022. Codes policies, not compliance, effectiveness or causal impact. Average follows source treatment of vaccination groups.
COVID government response
59.9 mean index 0–100 latest value, 2022
Mean daily national OxCGRT index with all days present, archived 2020–2022. Codes policies, not compliance, effectiveness or causal impact. Average follows source treatment of vaccination groups.
COVID policy stringency
43.1 mean index 0–100 latest value, 2022
Mean daily national OxCGRT index with all days present, archived 2020–2022. Codes policies, not compliance, effectiveness or causal impact. Average follows source treatment of vaccination groups.
Diabetes prevalence (% of population ages 20 to 79)
8.1 % of people aged 20-79 latest value, 2024
Diabetes prevalence refers to the percentage of people ages 20-79 who have type 1 or type 2 diabetes. It is calculated by adjusting to a standard population age-structure.
Hospital beds (per 1,000 people)
5.3 per 1,000 people latest value, 1970
Hospital beds include inpatient beds available in public, private, general, and specialized hospitals and rehabilitation centers. In most cases beds for both acute and chronic care are included.
Source: Hospital beds (per 1,000 people)
Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people)
3.8 per 1,000 people latest value, 2018
Nurses and midwives include professional nurses, professional midwives, auxiliary nurses, auxiliary midwives, enrolled nurses, enrolled midwives and other associated personnel, such as dental nurses and primary care nurses.
Physicians (per 1,000 people)
1.6 per 1,000 people latest value, 1987
Physicians include generalist and specialist medical practitioners.
Source: Physicians (per 1,000 people)
Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people)
59 per 100,000 people latest value, 2024
Incidence of tuberculosis is the estimated number of new and relapse tuberculosis cases arising in a given year, expressed as the rate per 100,000 population. All forms of TB are included, including cases in people living with HIV. Estimates for all years are recalculated as new information becomes available and techniques are refined, so they may differ from those published previously.
Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population)
11.2 % of population latest value, 2023
Prevalence of undernourishment is the percentage of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normal active and healthy life. Data showing as 2.5 may signify a prevalence of undernourishment below 2.5%.
Culture and time
International tourism, receipts (current US$)
9,442,000,000 current US dollars latest value, 2020
International tourism receipts are expenditures by international inbound visitors, including payments to national carriers for international transport. These receipts include any other prepayment made for goods or services received in the destination country. They also may include receipts from same-day visitors, except when these are important enough to justify separate classification. For some countries they do not include receipts for passenger transport items. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
International tourism, number of arrivals
5,897,000 arrivals per year latest value, 2020
International inbound tourists (overnight visitors) are the number of tourists who travel to a country other than that in which they have their usual residence, but outside their usual environment, for a period not exceeding 12 months and whose main purpose in visiting is other than an activity remunerated from within the country visited. When data on number of tourists are not available, the number of visitors, which includes tourists, same-day visitors, cruise passengers, and crew members, is shown instead. Sources and collection methods for arrivals differ across countries. In some cases data are from border statistics (police, immigration, and the like) and supplemented by border surveys. In other cases data are from tourism accommodation establishments. For some countries number of arrivals is limited to arrivals by air and for others to arrivals staying in hotels. Some countries include arrivals of nationals residing abroad while others do not. Caution should thus be used in comparing arrivals across countries. The data on inbound tourists refer to the number of arrivals, not to the number of people traveling. Thus a person who makes several trips to a country during a given period is counted each time as a new arrival.
Everyday environment
Air transport, passengers carried
2,053,176 passengers per year latest value, 2023
Air carrier data per country refers to passengers carried by airlines registered in that country regardless of the origin or destination of the passengers.
Access to electricity (% of population)
100 % of population latest value, 2024
Access to electricity is the percentage of population with access to electricity. Electrification data are collected from industry, national surveys and international sources.
Land temperature anomaly
1.01 °C latest value, 2025
FAOSTAT ET, Meteorological year. Published exact annual central values only; missing/suppressed values and inequality bounds are excluded from the annual series. Source flags, units, period and release retained in typed tables. Food supply is availability, not actual intake; land areas are not prices; diet cost uses source PPP definitions; land temperature is relative to 1951–1980.
Source: FAO: FAOSTAT
People using safely managed drinking water services (% of population)
100 % of population latest value, 2024
The percentage of people using drinking water from an improved source that is accessible on premises, available when needed and free from fecal and priority chemical contamination. Improved water sources include piped water, boreholes or tubewells, protected dug wells, protected springs, and packaged or delivered water.
Source: People using safely managed drinking water services (% of population)
People using safely managed sanitation services (% of population)
80 % of population latest value, 2024
The percentage of people using improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households and where excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and treated offsite. Improved sanitation facilities include flush/pour flush to piped sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines: ventilated improved pit latrines, composting toilets or pit latrines with slabs.
Source: People using safely managed sanitation services (% of population)
Work and skills
Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)
96.5 % of people aged 15+ latest value, 2016
Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.
Source: Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)
Children out of school (% of primary school age)
10.8 % of primary-school-age children latest value, 2024
Children out of school are the percentage of primary-school-age children who are not enrolled in primary or secondary school. Children in the official primary age group that are in preprimary education should be considered out of school.
Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP)
3.5 % of GDP latest value, 2023
General government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers) is expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. General government usually refers to local, regional and central governments.
Source: Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP)
Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate)
66.3 % of population aged 15+ latest value, 2025
Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed.
Source: Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate)
Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate)
67.8 % of population aged 15+ latest value, 2025
Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
Source: Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate)
Learning poverty: Share of Children at the End-of-Primary age below minimum reading proficiency adjusted by Out-of-School Children (%)
7.2 % of children of end-of-primary age latest value, 2021
The share of 10-year-olds who cannot read and understand a short passage of age-appropriate material—in other words, those who are below the “minimum proficiency” threshold for reading. This measure is defined as the union of two deprivations: 1) schooling deprivation and 2) learning deprivation. A child is considered schooling-deprived (SD) if he or she is of primary school age and out-of-school. The dimension of learning deprivation (LD) applies only for children in school, and identifies those pupils who are below the minimum proficiency level (MPL) for reading, as defined by the Global Alliance to Monitor Learning (GAML), measured in standard learning assessments, and reported in the context of the SDG 4.1.1b monitoring. This “union approach” to measurement reflects the choice that, as presented in the SDGs, all age 10 children must be both in school and learning. The final learning poverty measure combines the two dimensions in a single indicator using the following formula: LP = SD + [(1-SD) x LD]
Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)
94.1 % of relevant age group latest value, 2024
Primary completion rate, or gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, is the number of new entrants (enrollments minus repeaters) in the last grade of primary education, regardless of age, divided by the population at the entrance age for the last grade of primary education. Data limitations preclude adjusting for students who drop out during the final year of primary education.
Source: Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)
Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)
3.3 % of employment latest value, 2025
Vulnerable employment is contributing family workers and own-account workers as a percentage of total employment.
Source: Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)
Literacy rate, youth total (% of people ages 15-24)
99.8 % of people aged 15-24 latest value, 2016
Youth literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15-24 who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.
Share of youth not in education, employment or training, total (% of youth population)
5 % of youth aged 15-24 latest value, 2016
The share of youth not in education, employment or training (also known as “the NEET rate”) conveys the number of young persons not in education, employment or training as a percentage of the total youth population. Youth not in education are those who were neither enrolled in school nor in a formal training program (e.g. vocational training). For the purposes of this indicator, youth is defined as all persons between the ages of 15 and 24 (inclusive).
Source: Share of youth not in education, employment or training, total (% of youth population)
Science, space and technology
GitHub developer accounts at year end
37,660 accounts latest value, 2025
Fourth-quarter end snapshot; includes inactive accounts/organizations/repositories. GitHub Innovation Graph: public GitHub activity only. Geography reflects mode location, not nationality. Suppressed small groups are not zeros; not a professional-programmer count.
Source: GitHub Innovation Graph
GitHub git pushes
103,270 git pushes latest value, 2025
Sum of all four published quarters of git pushes. One push may include multiple commits. GitHub Innovation Graph: public GitHub activity only. Geography reflects mode location, not nationality. Suppressed small groups are not zeros; not a professional-programmer count.
Source: GitHub Innovation Graph
GitHub organizations at year end
1,100 organizations latest value, 2025
Fourth-quarter end snapshot; includes inactive accounts/organizations/repositories. GitHub Innovation Graph: public GitHub activity only. Geography reflects mode location, not nationality. Suppressed small groups are not zeros; not a professional-programmer count.
Source: GitHub Innovation Graph
GitHub repositories at year end
62,174 repositories latest value, 2025
Fourth-quarter end snapshot; includes inactive accounts/organizations/repositories. GitHub Innovation Graph: public GitHub activity only. Geography reflects mode location, not nationality. Suppressed small groups are not zeros; not a professional-programmer count.
Source: GitHub Innovation Graph
High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)
0 % of manufactured exports latest value, 2024
High-technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery.
Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)
0.3 % of GDP latest value, 2024
Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.
Researchers in R&D (per million people)
4,634.1 full-time equivalents per million people latest value, 2024
The number of researchers engaged in Research &Development (R&D), expressed as per million. Researchers are professionals who conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models techniques instrumentation, software of operational methods. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.
Patent applications, residents
2 applications per year latest value, 2021
Patent applications are worldwide patent applications filed through the Patent Cooperation Treaty procedure or with a national patent office for exclusive rights for an invention--a product or process that provides a new way of doing something or offers a new technical solution to a problem. A patent provides protection for the invention to the owner of the patent for a limited period, generally 20 years.
Source: Patent applications, residents
Women among researchers
38.5 % of researchers latest value, 2024
Share of women among researchers in all sectors (business, government, higher education, non-profit), by headcount: each person counts once, however many hours they spend on research. Not the share among paper authors or inventors. UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), indicator FRESP.THC.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS): science, technology and innovation
Patent applications by origin, worldwide
12 applications per year latest value, 2024
All applications for patents for inventions filed in a year by applicants from the country at any patent office worldwide — at home and abroad (direct filings and PCT national phase entries). Country = first applicant's address (origin), not the filing office. Applications, not grants; one invention filed in five countries counts five times. Residents' filings at their own office are a separate series, resident_patent_applications. WIPO IP Statistics Data Center (the last update is stated in the export file).
Source: WIPO IP Statistics Data Center
Patent applications abroad by origin
4 applications per year latest value, 2024
Applications for patents for inventions filed in a year by applicants from the country at foreign and regional offices (such as the European Patent Office): how much the country's inventions seek protection in other markets. Country = first applicant's address; applications, not grants. WIPO IP Statistics Data Center (the last update is stated in the export file).
Source: WIPO IP Statistics Data Center
Religion and beliefs
Christians — population share
10.1 % of population latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Christians — population
70 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Muslims — population share
0.5 % of population latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Religiously unaffiliated — population share
67.6 % of population latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Religiously unaffiliated — population
460 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Buddhists — population share
19.6 % of population latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Buddhists — population
130 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Other religions — population share
2.2 % of population latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Other religions — population
20 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Religious diversity — country rank
35 rank among 201 latest value, 2020
Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Religious diversity index
5.8 index points (0–10) latest value, 2020
Pew index, 0–10, based on seven broad groups. 10 means seven equal groups; 0 means everyone belongs to one group. Does not measure religious freedom, intensity of belief or conflict. Values below 0.1 are retained as bounds in the table. Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Religious composition: balance between two groups
7.5 index points (0–10) latest value, 2020
Pew index, 0–10, based on seven broad groups. 10 means two equal groups, which may be any two religions. It is not an affiliated/unaffiliated index. Does not measure religious freedom, intensity of belief or conflict. Values below 0.1 are retained as bounds in the table. Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Religiously affiliated — population share
32.4 % of population latest value, 2020
Macroscope calculation: total population minus Unaffiliated. A subtotal of six religious groups, not an eighth group or a count of believers in God. Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Religiously affiliated — population
220 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Macroscope calculation: total population minus Unaffiliated. A subtotal of six religious groups, not an eighth group or a count of believers in God. Pew estimates for all ages in 2010 and 2020 from the same revised 2025 release. Harmonised census/survey religious identification, not practising believers. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist or without beliefs. Other religions include folk traditions, Sikhs, Jains, Baha’is and others. The 2026 appendix displays shares below 0.1% as <0.1%; the interactive table displays populations below 10,000 as <10,000; these are retained as bounds in dimensions.operator and omitted from exact chart points. Other counts are rounded to 10,000 and shares to 0.1 percentage point. No intervening years are filled. Affiliated is a derived subtotal of the six religious groups and must not be added to them. Regions/world overlap with countries and must not be summed. Diversity ranks describe only the seven broad groups; a larger rank means less diversity, not less freedom.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious composition, 2010 and 2020
Government restrictions on religion
1.2 index points (0–10) latest value, 2023
Pew coding of published materials for 2023, 198 countries and territories. Scores from 0 to 10, not population percentages. GRI covers government restrictions; SHI covers hostile acts by private individuals and groups. They measure different things and must not be summed. North Korea is not scored due to insufficient reliable observations; missing is not no restrictions. Released June 15, 2026.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious restrictions and social hostilities
Social hostilities involving religion
0.1 index points (0–10) latest value, 2023
Pew coding of published materials for 2023, 198 countries and territories. Scores from 0 to 10, not population percentages. GRI covers government restrictions; SHI covers hostile acts by private individuals and groups. They measure different things and must not be summed. North Korea is not scored due to insufficient reliable observations; missing is not no restrictions. Released June 15, 2026.
Source: Pew Research Center: religious restrictions and social hostilities
Christians among immigrants — share
16.2 % of migrants latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Christians among immigrants — population
70 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Muslims among immigrants — share
0.8 % of migrants latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Religiously unaffiliated among immigrants — share
61.3 % of migrants latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Religiously unaffiliated among immigrants — population
250 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Buddhists among immigrants — share
20.1 % of migrants latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Buddhists among immigrants — population
80 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Hindus among immigrants — share
0 % of migrants latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Jews among immigrants — share
0 % of migrants latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Other religions among immigrants — share
1.7 % of migrants latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Christians among emigrants — share
13.1 % of migrants latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Christians among emigrants — population
20 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Muslims among emigrants — share
0.2 % of migrants latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Religiously unaffiliated among emigrants — share
17.4 % of migrants latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Religiously unaffiliated among emigrants — population
30 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Buddhists among emigrants — share
21.7 % of migrants latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Buddhists among emigrants — population
30 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Hindus among emigrants — share
0 % of migrants latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Jews among emigrants — share
0 % of migrants latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Other religions among emigrants — share
47.6 % of migrants latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Other religions among emigrants — population
70 thousand persons latest value, 2020
Pew 2024 estimates of international migrant stocks at seven dates, 1990–2020. Incoming means migrants living in a country; Outgoing means people from that country living abroad. These are not annual flows or shares of all residents. Based on international migrant data and estimates of religious composition, not a census of practising believers. Incoming and Outgoing overlap; world totals must not be added to countries. Counts are rounded to 10,000; smaller counts remain <10,000 bounds and are omitted from exact chart points. Shares use migrants in the same direction as denominator, rounded to 0.1 percentage point; 0.0% does not establish absence. Shares for 22 Incoming records with zero total are undefined and omitted. Vatican City Incoming is missing. Unaffiliated does not mean atheist. This release is not spliced with the revised 2025 all-population estimates.
Source: Pew Research Center: religion of international migrants
Religion very important: WVS
6.5 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2019
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Religion not at all important: WVS
19.6 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2019
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Never attend services: WVS
54.3 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2019
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Never pray: WVS
46.9 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2019
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Identify as religious: WVS
14.4 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2019
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Identify as non-religious: WVS
26.2 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2019
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Identify as atheists: WVS
59.3 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2019
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Do not believe in God: WVS
58.2 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2019
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Believe in God: WVS
41.3 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2019
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Believe in life after death: WVS
29.9 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2019
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Believe in hell: WVS
31 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2019
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Believe in heaven: WVS
34 % of all weighted respondents latest value, 2019
WVS7 published tables of Joint EVS/WVS v5.0.0, 66 country/territory samples, 2017–2023. Separate EVS samples are excluded to avoid duplication. Percentages use the full weighted sample, including do-not-know, refusal and other missing responses in the denominator; this differs from EVS valid percentages. gwght retains the original national WVS weights, not population-size country weights. The weighted TOTAL is retained and is not the actual interview count. F034/Q173 distinguishes a religious person, a non-religious person and an atheist; the original WVS response does not say “convinced” although the joint harmonized heading does. Affiliation, self-description and belief are distinct questions; there is no separate agnostic category. The year is the survey reference year from the year variable, not the publication year; India is 2023. Great Britain and Northern Ireland remain separate regions. Published dashes remain unprinted cells, not exact zeros. No confidence intervals or representative global aggregate are available in these tables. Source: EVS/WVS (2024), Joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022 Dataset v5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14320; tables dated 2024-06-30; WVS7 v6.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24. Selected published aggregates for non-commercial analysis; original microdata are not redistributed.
Source: WVS7: public EVS/WVS tables
Catholics — population, 2010 estimate
30 thousand persons latest value, 2010
Historical all-age estimates for 2010 from Pew’s 2011 release, 232 countries/territories. Pew’s 2025 revision does not update this detailed split: do not splice into the revised Christian total series. Affiliation, not practice. Protestant includes Anglicans and independent churches; Orthodox includes Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches. Other Christians include, among others, Latter-day Saints and Jehovah’s Witnesses under the source classification. Counts of at least 10,000 are rounded to 10,000; <1,000 and <10,000 remain bounds in the typed table only. The source states that <10,000 means 1,000–9,999, not zero. World is the sum of the five regions in the same release. Netherlands Antilles and Channel Islands are not assigned to a single present-day country. Geography follows the 2011 release; South Sudan is separate. Macroscope analysis. Pew Research Center bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. The opinions expressed herein, including any implications for policy, are those of the author and not of Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center has published the original content in English but has not reviewed or approved this translation.
Source: Pew: Christian traditions, 2010 estimates (2011 release)
Markets and valuations
Private-sector credit / GDP
117.04 % of GDP latest value, 2025
Financial resources supplied to the private sector by financial corporations relative to GDP. Includes loans and other debt claims; country coverage differs. Neither government debt nor mortgages alone. Source definition: Domestic credit to private sector refers to financial resources provided to the private sector by financial corporations, such as through loans, purchases of nonequity securities, and trade credits and other accounts receivable, that establish a claim for repayment. For some countries these claims include credit to public enterprises. The financial corporations include monetary authorities and deposit money banks, as well as other financial corporations where data are available (including corporations that do not accept transferable deposits but do incur such liabilities as time and savings deposits). Examples of other financial corporations are finance and leasing companies, money lenders, insurance corporations, pension funds, and foreign exchange companies. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.
Bank nonperforming loans
4.43 % of gross loans latest value, 2025
Loans 90+ days overdue or unlikely to be repaid in full divided by gross loans, before provisions and collateral deductions. National rules and coverage can differ. Source definition: The indicator measures the proportion of a deposit taker’s loan portfolio that is impaired or at risk of default. It is calculated as the ratio of non-performing loans (NPLs) to total gross loans, where NPLs are defined as loans that are past due by 90 days or more or are otherwise considered unlikely to be repaid in full without the realization of collateral. Both non-performing loans and total gross loans should be reported at their gross book value, without deducting for loan-loss provisions or collateral. This indicator provides a key measure of asset quality and potential credit risk in the banking system.
Industry and waste
Manufacturing, share of GDP
0.6 % of GDP latest value, 2024
Manufacturing value added (ISIC section C: factories, excluding mining, utilities and construction) as a percentage of GDP. The share can fall while output grows if the rest of the economy grows faster. World Bank, WDI. Source note: Manufacturing includes industries classified in ISIC (Rev. 3) major division C and is defined as the physical or chemical transformation of materials or components into new products. Value added is the contribution to the economy by a producer or an industry or an institutional sector, which is estimated by the total value of output produced and deducting the total value of intermediate consumption of goods and services used to produce that output. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.
Industry incl. construction, share of GDP
4.7 % of GDP latest value, 2024
Value added of industry in the broad sense (mining, manufacturing, utilities and construction; ISIC B-F) as a percentage of GDP. World Bank, WDI. Source note: Industry (including construction) corresponds to ISIC (Rev.4) divisions 05-43. It is comprised of mining, manufacturing, construction, electricity, water, and gas industries. Value added is the contribution to the economy by a producer or an industry or an institutional sector, which is estimated by the total value of output produced and deducting the total value of intermediate consumption of goods and services used to produce that output. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.
Manufacturing value added per person
413 constant 2015 US$ per person latest value, 2015
Manufacturing value added at constant 2015 US dollars divided by population (UN WPP 2024): factory output net of inputs, not revenue. World Bank, WDI. Source note: Manufacturing includes industries classified in ISIC (Rev. 3) major division C and is defined as the physical or chemical transformation of materials or components into new products. Value added is the contribution to the economy by a producer or an industry or an institutional sector, which is estimated by the total value of output produced and deducting the total value of intermediate consumption of goods and services used to produce that output. This indicator is expressed in constant prices, meaning the series has been adjusted to account for price changes over time. The reference year for this adjustment is 2015. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.
Manufacturing value added per person (UNIDO)
396 constant 2020 US$ per person latest value, 2025
Manufacturing value added (ISIC section C) per person at constant 2020 US dollars. UNIDO National Accounts Database via the UN SDG database (indicator 9.2.1). Differs from the World Bank series by its base year (2020 rather than 2015) and UNIDO estimates for countries without recent accounts. Series: Manufacturing value added per capita (constant 2020 United States dollars).
Source: UNIDO via the UN SDG database: manufacturing value added
Manufacturing, share of GDP (UNIDO)
0.6 % of GDP latest value, 2025
Manufacturing value added as a percentage of GDP, constant prices. UNIDO via the UN SDG database (indicator 9.2.1). Series: Manufacturing value added (constant 2020 United States dollars) as a proportion of GDP (%).
Source: UNIDO via the UN SDG database: manufacturing value added
E-waste formally collected
3.3 kg per person a year latest value, 2023
E-waste collected and documented by formal take-back systems, kg per person a year. Collected is not recycled: part is exported or lost; undocumented collection and recycling are not included. UNITAR (Global E-waste Monitor) via the UN SDG database.
Source: UNITAR Global E-waste Monitor via the UN SDG database
E-waste recycled
3.3 kg per person a year latest value, 2023
E-waste recycled in documented, environmentally sound conditions, kg per person a year. UNITAR (Global E-waste Monitor) via the UN SDG database.
Source: UNITAR Global E-waste Monitor via the UN SDG database
Municipal waste per person (World Bank)
633 kg per person a year latest value, 2022
Municipal solid waste generation, kg per person a year (kg a day × 365). Municipal solid waste: households plus similar waste from shops, institutions and streets — excluding industrial, construction and mining waste. One reported year a country, the years differ. World Bank, What a Waste 3.0 (2026).
Municipal waste sent to recycling
1 % of municipal waste latest value, 2022
Share of municipal waste sent to recycling, as reported by the country. Sent is not the same as recycled: sorting rejects and exports are included; composting and incineration are not. Municipal solid waste: households plus similar waste from shops, institutions and streets — excluding industrial, construction and mining waste. One reported year a country, the years differ. World Bank, What a Waste 3.0 (2026).
Education and skills
PISA: reading, mean score of 15-year-olds
510 PISA points latest value, 2022
Mean score in the OECD PISA test of reading literacy. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. PISA scale: in the cycle when the domain was first the major one (2000) the OECD mean = 500, standard deviation = 100; the series is comparable from 2000. A 10-15 point change between cycles is often within the error (standard errors and significance are in the education_pisa dataset). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.
PISA: mathematics, mean score of 15-year-olds
552 PISA points latest value, 2022
Mean score in the OECD PISA test of mathematical literacy. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. PISA scale: in the cycle when the domain was first the major one (2003) the OECD mean = 500, standard deviation = 100; the series is comparable from 2003. A 10-15 point change between cycles is often within the error (standard errors and significance are in the education_pisa dataset). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.
PISA: science, mean score of 15-year-olds
543 PISA points latest value, 2022
Mean score in the OECD PISA test of scientific literacy. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. PISA scale: in the cycle when the domain was first the major one (2006) the OECD mean = 500, standard deviation = 100; the series is comparable from 2006. A 10-15 point change between cycles is often within the error (standard errors and significance are in the education_pisa dataset). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.
PISA: reading, share of 15-year-olds below baseline
12.7 % of students latest value, 2022
Share of 15-year-olds who did not reach Level 2 in the PISA reading literacy test (below 407 points) — the level the OECD treats as the baseline for full participation in life and learning. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. Shares are comparable from 2009 (for reading, the latest OECD reports give shares only from 2009). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.
PISA: mathematics, share of 15-year-olds below baseline
8.5 % of students latest value, 2022
Share of 15-year-olds who did not reach Level 2 in the PISA mathematical literacy test (below 420 points) — the level the OECD treats as the baseline for full participation in life and learning. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. Shares are comparable from 2003 (for reading, the latest OECD reports give shares only from 2009). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.
PISA: science, share of 15-year-olds below baseline
7.4 % of students latest value, 2022
Share of 15-year-olds who did not reach Level 2 in the PISA scientific literacy test (below 410 points) — the level the OECD treats as the baseline for full participation in life and learning. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. Shares are comparable from 2006 (for reading, the latest OECD reports give shares only from 2009). In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.
PISA: mathematics, share of top performers (Levels 5-6)
28.6 % of students latest value, 2022
Share of 15-year-olds reaching Level 5 or 6 in the PISA mathematics test (607 points or more): they solve complex modelling and reasoning tasks. Tested: 15-year-old students (aged 15y3m-16y2m, grade 7 or above), a sample in each country; every three years, the 2021 cycle postponed to 2022 because of COVID. Shares are comparable from 2003. In 2015 the test moved from paper to computer and to a new scaling model: the link to earlier cycles holds, with a link error of a few points. In 2022 several countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and others) missed sampling standards — compare with caution. Values come from the trend tables of the latest OECD report listing the country (PISA 2022, else 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009 Vol. V). China took part only as provinces (B-S-J-G/Z, Shanghai), not shown here; Russia took part 2000-2018, not in 2022; Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia 2015 are not comparable and not shown, nor is Viet Nam reading 2022. Source: OECD, PISA 2022 Results, Vol. I.
TIMSS: mathematics, grade 4
582 TIMSS score latest value, 2023
Average score of students in their fourth year of school (usually grade 4, about 10 years old) in the international TIMSS mathematics test. The TIMSS scale was set in 1995: 500 is the mean of that cycle's countries and 100 points is one standard deviation; the test is repeated every 4 years, and a country's scores from different cycles are comparable when IEA includes them in its trend table. Year is the test year. In 2019 about half the countries tested on computer (eTIMSS), linked to paper through a bridge sample; in 2023 almost all did. Some countries test the next grade up (Norway, South Africa, Turkey) to keep the average age above the IEA minimum. Values IEA flags as not reliably measured (more than 25% of students too low to estimate) are left out. Russia took part until 2019 and is not in TIMSS 2023. Figures come from the TIMSS 2023 trend tables; for countries absent in 2023, from the TIMSS 2019 report. Source: IEA, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.
Source: IEA Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)
TIMSS: science, grade 4
536 TIMSS score latest value, 2023
Average score of students in their fourth year of school (usually grade 4, about 10 years old) in the international TIMSS science test. The TIMSS scale was set in 1995: 500 is the mean of that cycle's countries and 100 points is one standard deviation; the test is repeated every 4 years, and a country's scores from different cycles are comparable when IEA includes them in its trend table. Year is the test year. In 2019 about half the countries tested on computer (eTIMSS), linked to paper through a bridge sample; in 2023 almost all did. Some countries test the next grade up (Norway, South Africa, Turkey) to keep the average age above the IEA minimum. Values IEA flags as not reliably measured (more than 25% of students too low to estimate) are left out. Russia took part until 2019 and is not in TIMSS 2023. Figures come from the TIMSS 2023 trend tables; for countries absent in 2023, from the TIMSS 2019 report. Source: IEA, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.
Source: IEA Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)
PIRLS: reading, grade 4
536 PIRLS score latest value, 2021
Average score of students in their fourth year of school (usually grade 4, about 10 years old) in the international PIRLS reading comprehension test. The PIRLS scale was set in 2001: 500 is the mean of that cycle's countries and 100 points is one standard deviation; the test is repeated every 5 years, and a country's scores from different cycles are comparable when IEA includes them in its trend table. Year is the cycle year. In 2021, because of COVID-19, some countries tested the same children at the beginning of grade 5 (at least 4 months older: the United States, Ireland, Hungary, Croatia, Lithuania and others) and six tested a year later (England, Australia, Brazil, Iran, Israel, South Africa); about half the countries tested on computer (digitalPIRLS). Some countries test the next grade up (Norway, grade 5). Values IEA flags as not reliably measured (more than 25% of students too low to estimate) are left out. Russia took part in every cycle 2001-2021; Moscow City is a separate participant. Figures come from the PIRLS 2021 trend tables; for countries absent there, from the PIRLS 2016 report. Source: IEA, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.
Source: IEA Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)
PIRLS: grade 4 students below the Low reading benchmark
4 % of students latest value, 2021
Share of students in their fourth year of school (about 10) who score below 400 PIRLS points, the Low International Benchmark: finding an explicitly stated detail in a simple text. Computed as 100 minus the IEA-published percentage reaching 400 (whole percentages). The PIRLS scale was set in 2001: 500 is the mean of that cycle's countries and 100 points is one standard deviation; the test is repeated every 5 years, and a country's scores from different cycles are comparable when IEA includes them in its trend table. Year is the cycle year. In 2021, because of COVID-19, some countries tested the same children at the beginning of grade 5 (at least 4 months older: the United States, Ireland, Hungary, Croatia, Lithuania and others) and six tested a year later (England, Australia, Brazil, Iran, Israel, South Africa); about half the countries tested on computer (digitalPIRLS). Some countries test the next grade up (Norway, grade 5). Values IEA flags as not reliably measured (more than 25% of students too low to estimate) are left out. Russia took part in every cycle 2001-2021; Moscow City is a separate participant. Figures come from the PIRLS 2021 trend tables; for countries absent there, from the PIRLS 2016 report. Source: IEA, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.
Source: IEA Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)
Education and work
Unemployment aged 25 and over: basic education (ILO)
2.2 % of labour force latest value, 2016
Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25 and over with basic education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, UNE_DEAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.
Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)
Unemployment aged 25 and over: intermediate education (ILO)
1.6 % of labour force latest value, 2016
Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25 and over with intermediate education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, UNE_DEAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.
Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)
Unemployment aged 25 and over: advanced (tertiary) education (ILO)
1.1 % of labour force latest value, 2016
Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 25 and over with advanced (tertiary) education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, UNE_DEAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.
Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)
Unemployment aged 15-24: basic education (ILO)
4.8 % of labour force latest value, 2016
Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 15-24 with basic education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, UNE_DEAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.
Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)
Unemployment aged 15-24: advanced (tertiary) education (ILO)
5.6 % of labour force latest value, 2016
Unemployed as a share of the labour force, people aged 15-24 with advanced (tertiary) education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, UNE_DEAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.
Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)
Employment aged 25 and over: basic education (ILO)
67.4 % of population latest value, 2016
Employed as a share of the population, people aged 25 and over with basic education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, EMP_DWAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.
Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)
Employment aged 25 and over: advanced (tertiary) education (ILO)
89.9 % of population latest value, 2016
Employed as a share of the population, people aged 25 and over with advanced (tertiary) education. ILO (ILOSTAT) from national labour force and other surveys: a country appears only in years with a survey; these are not ILO modelled estimates. Levels are the ILO aggregate of national classifications (by ISCED): basic up to lower secondary, intermediate upper secondary and post-secondary, advanced tertiary. Unreliable flags and survey type are in the labour_education_ilostat dataset. Source: ILO, EMP_DWAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_RT_A.
Source: ILO, ILOSTAT — unemployment and employment by level of education (national surveys)
Same region: Asia
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