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  1. Economy6 countries

    Ireland and Luxembourg are among the richest countries, yet spend 1.6% and 1.1% of GDP on research

    Israel, $48k6.3%South Korea, $56k4.9%United States, $77k3.4%Norway, $95k1.9%Ireland, $131k1.6%Luxembourg, $127k1.1%Research, % of GDP (2023); label: GDP per person

    Israel, with GDP of $48k per person against Ireland's $131k, spends 6.3%. Norway spends 1.9% of GDP but has more researchers per 1,000 workers than the US: 13 against 10.6.

    Source: World Bank (R&D spending, GDP); OECDOpen on the chart →
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    Wealth per person does not tell what share of its economy a country spends on research. Ireland and Luxembourg, among the richest by GDP per person, spend under 2%, while Israel and Korea, much poorer, spend over 4%. The GDP share and the number of researchers diverge too.

    Bars: research and development spending as a percentage of GDP in the latest year; the label gives GDP per person, thousand dollars at purchasing power parity.

    Spending: World Bank (from UNESCO), gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD), % of GDP. GDP per person: World Bank, 2021 dollars at purchasing power parity. Researchers per 1,000 workers: OECD, full-time equivalents.

    Multinational profits and cross-border workers inflate Ireland's and Luxembourg's GDP, so their research share looks lower than against residents' incomes. Oil makes Norway rich. Money spent on research is not research done.

    A question for this picture

    What share of GDP does China spend on research?

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