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  1. Fertility7 countries

    Israel and Korea spend the most on research, 6.3% and 4.9% of GDP; they have 2.87 and 0.8 children per woman

    Israel, research 6.3% GDP2.87South Korea, research 4.9% GDP0.80Sweden, research 3.6% GDP1.42United States, research 3.4% GDP1.57Japan, research 3.4% GDP1.14Germany, research 3.2% GDP1.32Finland, research 3.1% GDP1.30Children per woman

    Finland and South Korea have the most researchers per 1,000 workers, 17.8 and 17.6. The US spends 3.4% of GDP on research and has 1.57 children per woman: research does not predict births.

    Source: World Bank (R&D spending); UN; OECDOpen on the chart →
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    The countries that put the most into research sit at opposite ends on births: Israel has one of the highest rates among rich countries, Korea one of the lowest in the world. Research and children simply stand side by side here; neither explains the other.

    Bars: children per woman in the latest year; the label gives the country's research spending as a share of GDP, from the largest at the top to the smallest.

    Research spending: World Bank (from UNESCO), % of GDP; the top places are among countries over a million people with data from 2020 or later. Births: total fertility rate, UN or national statistics, latest year. Researchers per 1,000 workers: OECD, full-time equivalents; Israel has no such series.

    The years differ: spending 2023, births 2024–2025. In Israel and Korea most research is paid for and done by companies. A coincidence within one country says nothing of cause.

    A question for this picture

    How have births changed in Korea and Israel since 2000?

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