{"locations":[{"code":"USA","name":"United States","page":"https://macroscope.is/en/country/united-states/"}],"indicators":[{"id":"rd_spending_ppp","title":"R&D spending, billion dollars","unit":"billion USD PPP, 2020 prices"}],"from_year":1950,"to_year":2100,"sections":[{"id":"dyn","title":"How the indicators changed","items":[{"kind":"dynamics","indicators":["rd_spending_ppp"],"text":"R&D spending, billion dollars: 177.9 billion USD PPP, 2020 prices in 1981 → 847.9 billion USD PPP, 2020 prices in 2024 (×4.8). The trend broke around 2015: change sped up (+12 → +36 a year).","data":{"indicator":"rd_spending_ppp","from":1981,"to":2024,"first":177.8835,"last":847.9351,"breaks":[{"year":2015,"slope_before":11.7,"slope_after":36}]}}]}],"caveat":"Moving together in time does not prove a cause: incomes, cities, education and the era itself act on many indicators at once. These observations suggest where to look, not what causes what.","view_url":"https://macroscope.is/en/chart/?c=USA&i=rd_spending_ppp&from=1950&to=2100&past=1","how_to_read":"text: a ready sentence with numbers; data: the same numbers for calculations. The first indicator is the focus the others are compared with. Relationships are checked in levels (r) and in year-to-year changes (r_changes: the changes have their own linear trend removed; significance corrected for autocorrelation); lag is the shift at which changes line up best. UN errors: actual / projected − 1 for population, births and fertility, actual − projected for migration, life expectancy and mothers' age; IMF: actual − forecast. view_url opens the same view on the site."}