{"locations":[{"code":"RUS","name":"Russia","page":"https://macroscope.is/en/country/russia/"}],"indicators":[{"id":"pisa_math","title":"PISA: mathematics, mean score of 15-year-olds","unit":"PISA points"}],"from_year":1950,"to_year":2100,"sections":[{"id":"dyn","title":"How the indicators changed","items":[{"kind":"dynamics","indicators":["pisa_math"],"text":"PISA: mathematics, mean score of 15-year-olds: 468 PISA points in 2003 → 488 PISA points in 2018 (+19 PISA points).","data":{"indicator":"pisa_math","from":2003,"to":2018,"first":468.41,"last":487.79}}]}],"caveat":"Moving together in time does not prove a cause: incomes, cities, education and the era itself act on many indicators at once. These observations suggest where to look, not what causes what.","view_url":"https://macroscope.is/en/chart/?c=RUS&i=pisa_math&from=1950&to=2100&past=1","how_to_read":"text: a ready sentence with numbers; data: the same numbers for calculations. The first indicator is the focus the others are compared with. Relationships are checked in levels (r) and in year-to-year changes (r_changes: the changes have their own linear trend removed; significance corrected for autocorrelation); lag is the shift at which changes line up best. UN errors: actual / projected − 1 for population, births and fertility, actual − projected for migration, life expectancy and mothers' age; IMF: actual − forecast. view_url opens the same view on the site."}